Torque Loss Research Articles

Efficacy of upper-incisor torque control with clear aligners: a retrospective study using cone-beam computed tomography.

The objectives of this retrospective clinical study were to evaluate the efficacy of clear aligners on upper-incisor torque control, with the expectation of providing guidance for clinics. Pretreatment (T0) and posttreatment (T1) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 47 patients with a nonextraction treatment using clear aligners were obtained and 120 upper-incisors with torque ≥5° were selected. Voxel-based superimpositions were performed using Dolphin imaging software and achieved movements were then measured. Difference between achieved and predicted movement (DAPM) and the efficiency for upper-incisor torque were used to evaluate the torque control efficacy. The achieved torque movement with clear aligners was lower than predicted significantly, as the mean efficiency was 46.81±33.95%. Additionally, the achieved incisor movement of the crown and root differed significantly from the predicted movement, especially root movement. Clear aligners struggle to control upper-incisor torque, particularly root movement. In that case, overcorrection is necessary to prevent torque loss. Clear aligners remain a limitation on torque control and overcorrection should be considered.

Online Adaptive Set of Virtual Voltage Vectors for Stator Current Regulation of a Six-Phase Induction Machine Using Finite State Model Predictive Controllers

Virtual voltage vectors (VVV) have been used for the control of multi-phase induction machines, where different sub-spaces appear related to the torque production and losses generation. In the literature, several sets of VVV have been used, aiming at reducing harmonic content while maintaining a low computational burden. This paper proposes the use of different sets of VVV to regulate the stator current of multi-phase drives using finite-state model predictive controllers. In the proposal, only one set is active at each control period. This active set is obtained through a preliminary analysis using performance maps. As a result, a method is derived for the online selection using the current operating point. The selection is based on a simple computation from variables usually measured on variable-speed drives. Results are provided for a symmetrical six-phase IM, showing that the proposal improves the closed-loop performance of the multi-phase drive with a low computational cost.

Neuromuscular fatigability of plantar flexors following continuous and intermittent contractions.

The purpose of this study is to investigate if a continuous muscle contraction (CON) is more fatiguing than an intermittent exercise (INT) performed until task failure. To get a more comprehensive picture of neuromuscular fatigability, in addition to the commonly used maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), we assessed the maximal torque sustainability (i.e., the ability to maintain a high level of torque for 1 min). Fourteen subjects performed a plantar flexors MVC of 1-min duration (MVC1-MIN) before and after CON or INT contractions at 40% MVC until task failure. Despite a greater torque-time integral for the INT task, a similar MVC reduction was found after both exercises. On the contrary, a greater torque loss during the MVC1-MIN was observed after the CON exercise and it was positively correlated to the mean exercise torque. These results reveal that, for exercises performed until exhaustion, the contraction pattern (i.e., CON vs. INT) affects the ability to maintain a high level of torque, but does not influence the maximal torque production capacity. Thus, we demonstrate that maximal torque production and sustainability are two distinct and complementary characteristics of neuromuscular fatigability. Consequently, when considering both capacities, it results that, an exhausting CON contraction is more fatiguing than an exhausting INT effort. This highlights the importance of simultaneously evaluating both capacities when exploring neuromuscular fatigability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides new information about the influence of the contraction pattern (i.e., continuous and intermittent) on the development of neuromuscular fatigability when exercise is performed until exhaustion. Maximal torque production is similarly reduced by both exercises, whereas maximal torque sustainability is impaired only after the continuous exercise. To evaluate neuromuscular fatigability, we then recommend using a sustained maximal voluntary contraction since this measure allows to concurrently collect information on complementary aspects of neuromuscular fatigability.

Torque analysis and stator windings influence research on negative-salient permanent magnet synchronous motor

Compared with the traditional motor, the negative-salient permanent magnet synchronous motor (NSPMSM) has the characteristics of wide-speed range, strong overload capacity and uneasily demagnetized permanent magnet. In this paper, a new rotor structure of NSPMSM is proposed by using magnetic bridge to increase the d-axis inductance (Ld) and W-type permanent magnet to decrease the q-axis inductance (Lq). Firstly, the electromagnetic torque performance of NSPMSM was analyzed from the parameters of permanent magnet (PM) thickness, magnetic bridge length, eccentricity distance and air-gap length using finite element method. At the same time, the electromagnetic torque ripple and cogging torque of the NSPMSM are further analyzed, which provides an effective basis for evaluating the optimal performance of the NSPMSM. Secondly, the effects of different stator slots and different winding layers on the air-gap magnetic flux density, electromagnetic torque, power and eddy current loss of PM of the NSPMSM were analyzed by finite element method under the condition of same rotor. The advantages and disadvantages of different windings are summarized, and the constant-power speed range of the NSPMSM is calculated, which provides the basis for the study of the flux weakening properties of the new motor. The results of theoretical analysis agree with those of simulation analysis, which verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the new motor.

A Tensile Rotary Airborne Wind Energy System—Modelling, Analysis and Improved Design

A unique rotary kite turbine designed with tensile rotary power transmission (TRPT) is introduced in this work. Power extraction, power transmission and the ground station are modelled in a modular framework. The TRPT system is the key component of power transmission, for which three models with different levels of complexity are proposed. The first representation is based on the stationary state of the system, in which the external and internal torques of a TRPT section are in equilibrium, referred to as the steady-state TRPT model. The second representation is a simplified spring-disc model for dynamic TRPT, and the third one is a multi-spring model with higher degrees of freedom and more flexibility in describing TRPT dynamics. To assess the torque loss on TRPT, a simple tether drag model is written for the steady-state TRPT, followed by an improved tether drag model for the dynamic TRPT. This modular framework allows for multiple versions of the rotor, tether aerodynamics and TRPT representations. The developed models are validated by laboratory and field-testing experimental data, simulated over a range of modelling options. Model-based analysis are performed on TRPT design, rotor design and tether drag to understand any limitations and crucial design drivers. Improved designs are explored through multi-parameter optimisation based on steady-state analysis.

Cephalometric Evaluation of Maxillary Incisors Torque and Vertical Changes Utilizing Standard Edgewise Mechanics

In 1995 Gebeck & Merrifield studied a successful and unsuccessful treated Class I and Class II’s samples; they found a -1.33 mm intrusion in the former and a 0.80 mm extrusion in the latter. The purpose of this article was to perform a cephalometric evaluation of maxillary incisors torque and vertical changes. We studied a sample of 129 patients, 30 males and 99 females, taken from The Charles H. Tweed Foundation Long Term Study, at pretreatment mean age 12.93 years, posttreatment mean age 16.19 years and follow up post retention mean age 29.83 years, a 13.88 years interval. The records were collected from private practitioners across the North American continent who used Standard Edgewise Mechanics and were members of the Charles H. Tweed Foundation. All patients were Class I and II American whites treated with the extraction of 4 premolars. We found an Upper anterior incisal edge to PP vertical linear measurement 28.7 and 29.2 mm, +0.53 mm (p<0.019) from pretreatment to posttreatment. The average Upper 1 to SN angle was 103.2 ° at pretreatment and 100.1° at posttreatment, -3.2° (p<0.000), Upper 1 to PP 111.0° and 108.9°, -2.2° (p<0.000), the three of them statistically significant. Conversely, Upper 1 to commissure was not. The four measurements were also statistically significant posttreatment to follow up, upper anteriors kept losing torque after posttreatment, and less upper anteriors surface was below the commissure. Some torque loss and vertical extrusion can be expected while treating patients with extractions of four premolars, therefore, upper incisor inclination increase and vertical change by itself cannot determine the success of treatment.

Reduction of Torque Ripple and Loss in Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Magnetic Wedge

Reduction of Torque Ripple and Loss in Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Magnetic Wedge

Simulation and Field Studies on an Innovative Downhole Machine Designed for Ultrashort-Radius Horizontal Well Drilling Engineering

Ultrashort-Radius Horizontal Well (URHW) drilling engineering plays an important role in increasing the recovery factor of old oilfields. By sidetracking old wellbores at a very high build-up rate, the URHW can effectively exploit the residual oil near old wellbores. Currently, the main problem faced in URHW drilling engineering is the reduced torque received by drill bits owing to the increased friction between the flexible drilling assembly and wellbore as the horizontal section extends, which greatly limits oil production from a single trip. To tackle this problem, we proposed an innovative machine design, a Dynamic Flexible Drill Rod (DFDR), to provide extra torque near the drill bit to extend the horizontal section of the URHW. The interior structure and working principle of the DFDR were illustrated. The mechanical properties of the DFDRs critical load-bearing part were examined via simulation. The torque and pressure loss characteristics were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. Corresponding modifications were made to optimize the design, with model machines produced accordingly. Field trials were carried out based on old wellbores in Chunliang District, Shengli Oilfield. The DFDR-based technique extended the URHWs horizontal section in this area by 13.38% on average.

A Curve-fit Traction Coefficient Relation of Mixed EHL Line Contact with Hydraulic Fluid and Steel Surfaces

Accurate modeling of hydraulic gear machine meshing torque loss, considering possible asperity contact, is required for better prediction of its hydromechanical efficiency. A model for predicting the mixed thermal EHL line contact traction coefficient is implemented in this study, considering experimental density and viscosity properties. Simulation results of traction coefficient are validated with experiments at two operating conditions. The defining components of the traction coefficient, the asperity load ratio and the hydrodynamic component are obtained at wide range of inputs. Finally, explicit curve-fit formulations of the asperity load ratio and the hydrodynamic component of traction coefficient are created in terms of input non-dimensional variables, which can be used for modeling the torque loss in a simple yet accurate way.

Optimization of Disk Magnetic Coupler Based on Orthogonal Test and Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm

In order to solve the optimization problem of the disk magnetic coupler, the two optimization schemes, the orthogonal test and multiobjective genetic algorithm, were used to optimize the disk magnetic coupler to maximize the magnetic torque while reducing the eddy current loss, and then the correctness of the optimization results was verified by electromagnetic simulation experiments. The eddy current loss and magnetic torque of the optimized disk magnetic coupler were normalized by using the comprehensive evaluation function. After orthogonal test and multiobjective genetic algorithm optimization, the comprehensive evaluation value of the disk magnetic coupler increased by 2.43 times and 3.30 times, respectively, and the optimization effect of multiobjective genetic algorithm is more significant. The relative errors between theoretical and simulated values of the maximum magnetic torque and eddy current loss by multiobjective genetic algorithm are 2.22%–4.72% and 1.13%–6.41%, respectively, suggesting that the optimization method is feasible. The research results show that the multiobjective genetic algorithm optimization can significantly improve the performance of magnetic disk coupler, which can provide theoretical and technical basis for the design of disk magnetic coupler.

Formulation and Mixing Conditions of Magnetic Composite Materials used for Magnetic Wedges in an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

An interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) is characterized by its high efficiency. However, torque ripple and loss occur because of the spatial harmonics generated by air-gap permeance fluctuations. This study clarified that slot harmonic components can be suppressed by inserting magnetic wedges made of a magnetic composite material in the slot opening of an IPMSM. First, the authors examined the torque and loss characteristics by varying relative permeability and saturation magnetic flux density of magnetic wedges using finite element analysis (FEA). Results indicated that the torque ripple and loss could be suppressed when relative permeability of the magnetic wedge was μr = 10 to 22 and the saturation magnetic flux density was Bs = 0.5 to 0.75T. Furthermore, the authors produced magnetic composite materials made of various soft magnetic material powders and examined their magnetic properties and viscosities. Results showed that a magnetic composite material with optimal magnetic properties and injectable viscosity could be manufactured using Fe-Si-Al with a low volume fraction.

Evaluation of Stability of Implants Placed Simultaneously with Lateral Window Sinus Augmentation using Putty Alloplastic Bone Substitute: A Prospective Interventional Study

Introduction: Lateral window sinus augmentation is done to augment the vertical sinus height for implant placement. Putty alloplasts have been used due to their longer resorption time and provide resistance to implant insertion. Although, widely used, the stability and bone loss around implants placed simultaneously following sinus augmentation with putty bone graft has not been evaluated. Aim: To evaluate the effect of putty alloplastic bone substitute on implant stability. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery at SGT Dental College and Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India. The duration of the study was two years and 11 months, from December 2014-November 2016. A total of 15 implants were placed simultaneously after lateral window sinus augmentation. Primary implant stablity measurements were done using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA). Vertical Bone Height (VBH), Maximum Insertion Torque (MIT) and Crestal Bone Loss (CBL) were measured till six months of follow-up. The data was analysed using standard statistical analyses with Shapiro-Wilk-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman’s correlation co-efficient. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 58±3.04 years. A total of 15 implants were placed in 12 patients. Adequate primary stability was achieved with MIT &gt;36 N/cm2 in 9/15 patients whereas, in 6/15 patients the MIT was ≤36 N/cm2 . The implants showed 100% survival rate. Postoperative bone gain obtained was in the range of 7.89 mm to 11.9 mm, with a mean of 9.92 mm. Acceptable levels of implant stability were obtained after six months. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that, putty bone alloplast can serve as an adequate bone substitute in simultaneous implant placement after lateral window sinus augmentation and help in achieving stability.

Comparative evaluation of biological, mechanical, and patient-reported outcomes of angulated screw channel abutments versus multi-unit abutment-retained single-unit implant restorations in the anterior esthetic zone: An-in vivo study.

The study aimed to evaluate biological, mechanical, and patient reported parameters associated with ASC abutments and MU abutments for the fabrication of screw retained implant crowns in the anterior esthetic zone. For the study, 20 patients were selected and implants were placed within the constraints of prosthetic envelope. Later, the screw retained crown was fabricated. Biological parameters (including implant survival rate, marginal bone levels using cone beam computed tomography, and soft tissue assessment using periodontal indices) were measured at the time of crown placement and 1 year follow up. Mechanical parameter (screw loosening) was calculated using removal torque loss (RTL) values obtained at the time of crown placement and 1 year follow up. Patient reported parameters were evaluated using a questionnaire at 1 year follow up. All data were tabulated, statistically analyzed, and compared using SPSS version 23 IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA. Implant survival was found 100% in both the groups. The marginal bone level reduced considerably in both the groups from baseline to 1 year follow up. The MU abutment group had slightly less marginal bone loss than the ASC abutment group. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups' periodontal indices at baseline and 1-year follow-up values. At baseline, the RTL value was substantially lower (P <0.003) in the ASC abutment group than in the MU abutment group, however at the 1-year follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in RTL or screw loosening between the two groups. Patient-reported data showed no statistically significant difference. Within the constraints of this study, it was suggested that both ASC and MU abutments provide equally promising results in terms of biological, mechanical, and patient-reported parameters in the anterior esthetic region for single screw-retained crowns.

Total loss torque waveform estimation for a turbocharged diesel engine

The indicated (gas) torque is a key parameter for reciprocating engine. It reports on various aspects of the engine, such as the quality of the combustion process, the fuel combustion rate and the average effective pressure. This is a good indicator of the stability of the engine at work. The form of the instantaneous indicated torque is precious information for the control and diagnosis of the engine. The study of the simulation of crankshaft dynamics illustrates the need to know the total loss torque (i.e. the addition of friction torque, auxiliary torque and load torque) to achieve the indicated torque. To date, it has proven difficult to obtain an accurate predictive expression of the instantaneous total loss torque. This expression includes adequate simulation of friction of all moving parts of the engine (piston ring and skirt, crankshaft bearings, valve gear...), auxiliaries and load. Based on experimental results conducted on a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine, this work offers a simple and practical solution for estimating the total torque loss. The proposed method makes it possible to successfully estimate total torque losses under a wide range of engine operating conditions. The result prediction has been confronted to experimental data.

Modified Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Electric Vehicle Applications

This research article explores a comparative investigation on synchronous reluctance motor (SyRM) for electrified transportation system. The SyRM has salient features like absence of magnet, singly excited but it shrinks its application due to high torque ripple aspects. The novelty of the proposed work is the rib and flux barrier of the rotor in SyRM are modified in order to achieve low torque ripple without affecting the average torque of the motor. Analysis in the electromagnetic domain infers to enhance the sustainability and reliability of the transportation system. So, it results in the reduction of torque ripple, leads to minimize the acoustic noise. This article delivers the geometric optimization to achieve SyRM with low torque ripple. The finite elemental analysis infers the torque ripple, losses and unbalanced magnetic force for SyRM. The notched and round barrier type SyRM with one-layer results acts as superior motor among different layers and geometries. The experimental arrangement is carried out in real time vehicle and the results are obtained for different loading conditions and validated with FEA findings.

Dynamic Strategy for Effective Current Reduction in Brushless DC Synchronous Motors Fault Tolerant Operation

This work presents a flexible strategy for RMS current reduction of healthy phases for brushless DC synchronous motors (BLDC) operating in phase opening failure, avoiding motor degradation without reducing its performance and allowing safe shutdown when a phase failure is detected. After the diagnosis of an open-phase failure, a corrective action divided into three steps is proposed. First, the traditional Six-Step operating mode with 120° electric degrees is changed to a new operating mode that uses the two healthy phases at 180° electric degrees to reduce torque loss due to phase failure. Second, a trapezoidal shape (with adjustable angles according to the RMS current level) is imposed as a current reference for the controller to reduce the current level and, consequently, improve the efficiency of the motor. Third, the passband of the speed control loop is reduced to minimize the influence of speed oscillations in controller failure. The experimental results presented show that the mode of operation with the proposed dynamic current reduction strategy allows an approximate reduction of up to 27% in the effective current and up to 41% in the motor temperature variation, compared to the usual failure mode of operation of the BLDC motor without the proposed strategy. The dynamics of change in the trapezium angle allowed a weighting between the current level and the oscillation of the speed, preventing the motor in phase failure from having a high-speed variation.

Abutment removal torque and implant conical surface morphological changes after standardized artificial aging: An in vitro study

Statement of problemZirconia abutments have become popular as they provide favorable esthetic outcomes. However, studies investigating how abutment material affects abutment screw torque performance and implant conical surface morphological changes in internal conical connection systems are scarce. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of abutment material on abutment removal torque and implant conical surface morphological changes in internal conical connection implant–abutment assemblies of 2 diameters after simulated long-term oral use. Material and methodsThirty abutments of 3 materials (1-piece titanium, 1-piece zirconia, zirconia with alloy base) and 2 diameters (regular, narrow) made by the original manufacturer were connected to internal conical connection implants and subjected to a standardized artificial aging process consisting of thermal cycling and mechanical cyclic loading with parameters corresponding to anterior and posterior mastication scenarios simulating long-term oral use. An abutment removal torque test was done before and after aging. Morphological changes in the implant conical contact surface were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Initial and after-aging torque loss values were calculated and analyzed separately with 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc tests (α=.05). ResultsAll specimens survived artificial aging. For initial and after-aging torque loss, the 1-piece zirconia groups showed significantly greater values (P<.001) for both diameters. In the SEM observation, the 1-piece zirconia groups showed distinct widespread surface damage while the other groups exhibited only minor damages. ConclusionsRegardless of diameter, 1-piece zirconia abutments tend to induce more abutment removal torque loss and implant conical surface morphological changes than those with metal connections, both initially and after simulated long-term oral use. Zirconia abutments with an alloy base performed similarly to 1-piece titanium abutments.

Three-dimensional Analytical Modeling of Axial Flux Permanent Magnets Maglev Motor

The three-dimensional(3D) analytical model of the magnetic field in an Axial Flux Permanent Magnets Maglev Motor(AFPMMM) is proposed and investigated the influence of the structural parameters on electromagnetic characteristics. Firstly, the topology and working principle of the AFPMMM is introduced, and the model is transferred into a mathematical model in 3D cartesian coordinate. Then, the volume integral method and equivalent current sheets model is applied to find the 3D magnetic field distribution function of Halbach rotor. A unified form expression can be obtained by two dimensional discrete fourier transform (2-D DFT) is applied on the 3D magnetic field distribution function. Thirdly, the conductive and nonconductive regions of AFPMMM will be formulated by the second order vector potential (SOVP) to built the 3D analytic model. The expression of the lift force, torque and power losses was derived. Besides, the relationship between electromagnetic characteristics and structural parameters of the AFPMMM were analyzed based on 3D analytic model and validated using the 3D finite element analysis(FEA). Finally, the experiments based on a small scale prototype are carried out to verify the analytical results.

In Vitro Comparison of Loss of Torque between Gold and Titanium Alloy Abutment Screws in Dental Implants without Any Cyclic Loads.

To find and compare the amount of screw loosening in gold and titanium alloy abutment screws without any cyclic load, this study was performed. A total of 20 implant fixture screw samples with 10 gold abutment screws from Osstem and 10 titanium alloy abutment screws from Genesis. Implant fixtures were placed into the acrylic resin using a surveyor to maintain the same path of insertion. Using a hex driver and calibrated torque wrench, initial torque was given according to the manufacturer's recommendation. One vertical and other horizontal lines were drawn over the head of the hex driver and resin block. Acrylic block position was standardized using a putty index in a fixed table and using a tripod stand a digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) camera was positioned with its horizontal arm facing the floor, as well as perpendicular to the acrylic box. Photographs were taken immediately after the application of the initial torque given as per the manufacturer's recommendation and 10 minutes after the initial torque. Re-torque of 30 and 35 N cm was given to gold and titanium alloy abutment screws respectively. Photographs were taken again in that same position immediately after re-torquing and 3 hours after re-torquing. The photographs were uploaded into the Fiji-win64 analysis software and the angulations were measured in each photograph. Both the gold and titanium alloy abutment screws exhibited screw loosening after initial torquing. There was a significant difference in the amount of screw loosening between gold and titanium alloy abutment screws after initial torquing and no change in the abutment screw position after three hours of re-torquing. Re-torquing of both gold and titanium alloy abutment screws after 10 minutes of initial torquing should be performed routinely for retaining the preload and minimizing the screw loosening even before loading the implant fixture. Gold abutment screws may have the ability to retain the preload better than the titanium alloy abutment screws after initial torquing, re-torquing may be necessary after 10 minutes to reduce the settling effect in a routine clinical procedure.

Circulating microRNA levels after exercise-induced muscle damage and the repeated bout effect.

The neuromuscular system can quickly adapt to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), such that it is less affected by subsequent damaging exercise, a phenomenon known as the repeated bout effect (RBE). Circulating muscle-specific microRNAs (myomiRs) may be able to potentially predict the long-lasting maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque deficit (>24 h), an indicator of EIMD. We aimed to investigate: 1) how plasma myomiR levels are modified by the RBE and 2) whether plasma myomiRs can predict the long-lasting MVC torque deficit. Nineteen participants performed two identical bouts of loaded downhill walking separated by 2 wk. MVC torque, creatine kinase (CK) activity, myoglobin (Mb) concentration, and myomiR levels were measured before and up to 48 h after exercise. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the ability of these markers to predict the largest MVC torque loss beyond 24 h postexercise. Similar to MVC torque, CK activity, and the Mb concentration, the relative abundance of certain myomiRs (hsa-miR-1-3p, and hsa-miR-133a-3p) was less affected after the second bout of exercise relative to the first bout. The CK activity, Mb concentration, and level of several myomiRs (hsa-miR-1-3p, hsa-miR-133a-3p, and hsa-miR-206) correlated with long-lasting MVC torque loss. Multiple regression showed that the best combination of markers to predict the long-lasting deficit of MVC torque included several myomiRs, Mb, and CK. Certain myomiR levels increased less after exercise bout 2 than after exercise bout 1, indicating the presence of the RBE. The measurement of myomiR levels in combination with Mb concentrations and CK activity could improve the prediction of the long-lasting MVC torque deficit.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study is the first to show that plasma muscle-specific microRNA (myomiR) levels can be modified by the repeated bout effect, as their levels increased less after the second exercise bout relative to the first. This study is also the first to suggest that myomiR levels could be used to partially predict maximal voluntary contraction torque loss at 24 h postexercise (i.e., the magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage). Interestingly, the combined measurement of certain myomiR levels with those of myoglobin and creatine kinase improved the predictive value.