Topography Of Lymph Nodes Research Articles

Single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography visualization of sentinel lymph nodes for lymph flow guided nodal irradiation in oral tongue cancer.

PurposeTo evaluate correlation of single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) data on lymph flow (LF) from oral tongue cancer (OC) and the topography of lymph nodes (LN) metastases; to determine the clinical value of lymph flow guided radiotherapy (LFGRT).Materials and methodsSPECT-CT visualization of LF from the OC lesions was performed after peritumoral injection of 99mTc-phytate in 26 primary patients with clinical stage cT1-2N0M0 disease. We determined the individual drainage (unilateral/bilateral) from the tumor, and localization of sentinel LNs according to the neck levels. Metastases in LNs were verified with histology and a 2-year follow-up.ResultsSPECT-CT detected bilateral LF in 10 (38.5%) of 26 patients; in 16 (61.5%) cases the drainage was unilateral. Histology revealed LNs metastases in three cases; regional recurrences were diagnosed in other four patients. In all seven observations metastases were located at the same site and level as the sentinel LNs. In eight (30.8%) of 26 patients sentinel LNs were visualized unilaterally at levels Ib–IIa; in five cases, unilaterally at levels I–IIa–III. In these patients, LFGRT demonstrated 59%–70% reduction of irradiated volume, and 26%–42% and 51%–70% decrease of the mean dose to the spinal cord and the contralateral parotid gland. In patients with a bilateral drainage the reduction of doses absorbed by the spinal cord and contralateral parotid gland was 19% and 6%, respectively.ConclusionLocalization of sentinel LNs determined by SPECT-CT corresponds to the localization of metastatic LNs in terms of side and levels.

Topography of lymph nodes around the right main bronchus

The study is based on the study of 30 organ complexes from the human thoracic cavity, distributed into 5 age groups with 10-year interval, 6 observations in each group: 1st age group – 20–30 years, 2nd age group – 31–40 years, 3rd age group – 41–50 years, 4th age group – 51–60 years, 5th age group – 61–70 years. All medications were taken from people without heart and lung pathology at forensic autopsy according to the generally accepted method. Based on the results obtained, topographic features of lymph nodes location around the right main bronchus are given, which is of practical interest.

Morphological Aspects of the Superficial Lymph Nodes of Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Background: The giant anteater is a Xenarthra of the Myrmecophagidae family. It is classified in Brazil as vulnerable specie, however, in Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul it is probably extinct. In an attempt to contribute to the preservation of the species, many injured animals are referred for treatment and rehabilitation, but the lack of information about morphology may hinder a more efficient clinical-surgical approach. The knowledge on the topography, dimensions and morphology of lymph nodes of a given species is essential for medical practice. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the general morphology of the superficial lymph nodes of Myrmecophaga tridactyla.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten cadavers of adult Myrmecophaga tridactyla were used in this study. They were fixed and preserved with 10% formaldehyde solution and dissected throughout their length to locate their superficial lymph nodes. Lymph nodes of each center were removed for mesoscopic analysis. Measurements of width, length and thickness were obtained by a digital caliper. The superficial lymph nodes observed in the head were the mandibular and the intermandibular, while in the neck were identified superficial cervical and deep cervical lymph nodes. In the thoracic limbs, the axillary and the axillary accessory lymph nodes were present. In the pelvic limbs just one lymph node, the femoral, was observed, located in the thick subcutaneous fascia of the medial surface of the thigh. The main anatomical differences found in the lymph nodes of M. tridactyla are the absence of parotid, popliteal and subiliac lymph nodes and the presence of intermandibular lymph nodes and the developed femoral lymph nodes, which are unique in the pelvic limbs of this species. Moreover, some superficial lymph nodes were formed by several small lymph nodes, forming clusters, as observed in the proper and accessory axillary and femoral lymph nodes.Discussion: The lymph nodes of the head, neck and forelimbs of the M. tridactyla followed the pattern observed in domestic animals and rats, while the morphological pattern of the lymph nodes of the head and the hindlimb differed from that described in domestic animals. Different from the dogs and ruminants where a range of superficial lymph nodes can be normally palpated, such as the mandibular; retropharyngeal; superficial cervical; subiliac; popliteal; mammary and superficial inguinal, only the femoral lymph nodes are palpable in M. tridactyla. The main reasons for this are the greater thickness of the skin and the absence of certain classic lymphocytes in the anteater. The peculiar anatomical features of the head and neck of M. tridactyla may have induced changes in the lymph centers of these regions when compared to the morphologic pattern of the terrestrial mammals in general. The lymph drainage of the neck, forelimbs and trunk wall was considered to be similar to that of dog, since there is equivalence of lymph nodes between these two species. The lymphatic afferents of the abdominal wall, gluteal region and hindlimbs are probably directed to the large femoral lymph nodes, which differs from domestic animals, whose lymph are mainly drained to the subiliac, ischiatic and popliteal lymph nodes. The anatomical differences related to the number, size and topography of the lymph nodes observed in M. tridactyla may be relevant in the medical procedures of this species.

Morphological study of lymphatic drainage and lymph nodes of mammary glands in doe

Direct relations between human and animal cancers are not completely understood, but the fact that metastasis is identical it’s well recognized. The investigation of lymphatic metastasis in mammary neoplasia or in malignant melanoma in rabbits requires a good knowledge of the topography of main superficial lymph nodes that drains superficial structures. This study aims to perform a detailed description of the lymphatic drainage and the topography of lymph nodes that drain the mammary glands in doe. Using colored solution injection technique, we study the topography of sentinel lymph nodes that drain the mammary glands in ten rabbits. Macroscopically and histological analyses were performed. Lymphatic drainage of the thoracic and cranial abdominal mammary gland (T and A1) was achieved by ventral accessories axillary lymph nodes, in a variable number, from one lymph node in two subjects, two lymph nodes in five subjects, even three lymph nodes in three subjects. This group of ventral accessories axillary lymph nodes represents a distinct group of axillary lymph center in rabbits, being localized at the dorsal border of pectoral ascendant muscle on the lateral thoracic vein trajectory. Caudal abdominal and inguinal mammary glands (A2 and I) drainage was achieved by mammary lymph nodes, belonging inguinofemoral lymph center. They are willing in dorso-lateral part of last mammary gland, embedded in adipose tissue, two lymph nodes on each side. Results presented in this study encourage the use of induced mammary tumor in rabbits as an animal model to study the lymphatic metastatic spread in mammary neoplasia. Also, the data obtained can be used to differentiate the lymph nodes which drain superficial structures in rabbits and improvement of surgical treatment in case of developing mammary tumors.

Dose distribution from intracavitary radium and supplementary external irradiation with regard to topography of lymph nodes in carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

(1970). Dose Distribution from Intracavitary Radium and Supplementary External Irradiation with Regard to Topography of Lymph nodes in carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix. Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 33-54.

Clinical Topography of Lymph Nodes

Clinical Topography of Lymph Nodes