Top Priority Research Articles

Aligning Development Aid toward Sustainable Development Goals: When and Where is Aid Effective on the Health Workforce?

Ensuring universal health coverage is one of the top priorities under the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization recognizes the critical role of the health workforce in promoting this mission. However, developing countries throughout the world often experience shortages in the health workforce, especially during pandemic outbreaks such as coronavirus disease 2019. Governments and humanitarian organizations worldwide have supported health workforce development through development aid, but many questions remain about its effectiveness. Therefore, this study investigates whether development aid is effective toward health workforce growth, in general, and when and where the aid is effective within various segments of the health workforce, in particular. Furthermore, the study explores the role of government behavior in recipient countries and the introduction of SDG-3 on aid effectiveness for the health workforce. Analyzing data pertaining to 134 developing countries using fixed-, moderating-, threshold-effects regression models and event study methods, we derive the following results: First, all forms of development aid contribute positively to the health workforce from a “universal” perspective. Second, we establish that aid can be an effective catalyst for “physicians and clinical officials” and the “total health workforce” only when the current workforce density of the corresponding workforce segment exceeds a certain threshold. Thus, countries with severe shortages in the total health workforce as well as physicians and clinical officials, have difficulty reaping the dividends of health personnel development aid. Fortunately, we find a breakthrough from the perspective of “nurses and midwives” wherein the development aid is shown to be always effective for this leading segment of the health workforce. Finally, it is shown that increased government health expenditure, government effectiveness of recipient countries, and the introduction of SDG-3.c significantly enhance aid effectiveness. Our study directly benefits funding managers with development aid allocation and implicitly enhances donor recognition and confidence in health personnel development aid, thereby supporting the universal health coverage goals of the United Nations and the World Health Organization.

A Comparative Study of the Diagnostic Value of Once and Twice Nasopharyngeal, Oropharyngeal, and Anal Swabs, and Saliva Specimens in COVID-19 Infection

Background: Since the emergence of COVID-19 and the pandemic declaration, this disease has become the top priority for global healthcare systems. The standard diagnostic tool for COVID-19 involves conducting imaging studies alongside real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests on nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal samples. Objectives: Given the potential extrapulmonary involvement of COVID-19, our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of double pharyngeal sampling, as well as the use of saliva and anal swabs. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 102 pediatric patients suspected of having COVID-19. After the routine nasopharyngeal sampling, additional samples were collected from the nasopharynx, saliva, and anal canal. These samples were subjected to RT-PCR testing using Taq Man's probe-based technology. The statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Kappa agreement measurement. Results: In this study, with a COVID-19 prevalence of 92.2%, we compared the diagnostic efficacy of different methods. When having at least one positive sample was considered the gold standard, double nasopharyngeal sampling exhibited the highest sensitivity, followed by RT-PCR of saliva and anal swabs (94.9%, 92.9%, and 91.9%, respectively). When double sampling was considered the gold standard for diagnosis, saliva RT-PCR showed the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value (93.6% and 40.0%, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the specificity and positive predictive value between anal swabs and saliva RT-PCR. However, when anal swabs and saliva were compared with only one nasopharyngeal sample, anal swabs performed slightly better than saliva. Conclusions: While the combination of double sampling from the nasopharynx and oropharynx, along with anal swabs and saliva, proved effective for diagnosing COVID-19, routine use of these methods may not be cost-effective. However, during periods of epidemic control, when comprehensive case identification is crucial, these methods may warrant consideration for more extensive investigations.

Prioritizing Asthma Treatment Drugs through Multicriteria Decision Making.

Asthma is a medical condition characterized by inflammation, narrowing, and swelling of a person's airways, leading to increased mucus production and difficulties in breathing. Topological indices are instrumental in assessing the physical and chemical attributes of these asthma drugs. As resistance to current treatments continues to emerge and undesirable side effects are linked to certain medications, the search for novel and enhanced drugs becomes a top priority. In this study, the examination of 19 distinct asthma medications was focused. In this study, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) modeling, in combination with multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) technique VIKOR (VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje) were employed on asthma drugs, to achieve the most favorable rankings for each asthma drug, taking into account their distinct properties. The topological indices employed for QSPR modeling were Randic index, reciprocal Randic index, Zagreb indices, hyper-Zagreb index, harmonic index, geometric arithmetic index, and forgotten index.

Plant biomarkers as early detection tools in stress management in food crops: a review.

Plant Biomarkers are objective indicators of a plant's cellular state in response to abiotic and biotic stress factors. They can be explored in crop breeding and engineering to produce stress-tolerant crop species. Global food production safely and sustainably remains a top priority to feed the ever-growing human population, expected to reach 10 billion by 2050. However, abiotic and biotic stress factors negatively impact food production systems, causing between 70 and 100% reduction in crop yield. Understanding the plant stress responses is critical for developing novel crops that can adapt better to various adverse environmental conditions. Using plant biomarkers as measurable indicators of a plant's cellular response to external stimuli could serve as early warning signals to detect stresses before severe damage occurs. Plant biomarkers have received considerable attention in the last decade as pre-stress indicators for various economically important food crops. This review discusses some biomarkers associated with abiotic and biotic stress conditions and highlights their importance in developing stress-resilient crops. In addition, we highlighted some factors influencing the expression of biomarkers in crop plants under stress. The information presented in this review would educate plant researchers, breeders, and agronomists on the significance of plant biomarkers in stress biology research, which is essential for improving plant growth and yield toward sustainable food production.

The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis.

Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are both neglected tropical diseases that affect millions of people around the world. Leishmaniasis is currently the second most widespread vector-borne parasitic disease after malaria. The World Health Organization records approximately 0.7-1 million newly diagnosed leishmaniasis cases each year, resulting in approximately 20,000-30,000 deaths. Also, 25 million people worldwide are at risk of Chagas disease and an estimated 6 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine are currently used to treat leishmaniasis. Also, nifurtimox and benznidazole are two drugs currently used to treat Chagas disease. These drugs are associated with toxicity problems such as nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, in addition to resistance problems. As a result, the discovery of novel therapeutic agents has emerged as a top priority and a promising alternative. Overall, there is a need for new and effective treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, as the current drugs have significant limitations. Peptide-based drugs are attractive due to their high selectiveness, effectiveness, low toxicity, and ease of production. This paper reviews the potential use of peptides in the treatment of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Several studies have demonstrated that peptides are effective against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, suggesting their use in drug therapy for these diseases. Overall, peptides have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, but more research is needed to fully investigate their potential.

Application of Gaussian mixture models to quantify the upper background threshold for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in U.S. surface soil.

Studies on the occurrence and environmental distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have clearly demonstrated their ubiquity in surface soil as a result of historic and ongoing emissions from various manufacturing and industrial activities worldwide. Given global efforts to characterize and mitigate risk from point source-impacted sites, there is, thus, an urgent need to quantify nonpoint source threshold concentrations (i.e., background) to support site management decisions particularly for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) as a top priority. Accordingly, this study evaluated the application of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) fitted to log-transformed PFOS concentrations using nation-wide metadata consisting of thousands of surface soil samples representative of both background and aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) impacts with unknown proportion. Multiple GMMs were fitted for a given number of components using different methods to account for bias associated with a marginal non-detect fraction (n = 8%) including exclusion, substitution, and imputation. Careful evaluation of the rate of change among multiple goodness-of-fit measures universally justified fitting a 2-component GMM; thus, discriminating between background and AFFF-impacted samples among the metadata. Background threshold PFOS concentrations were defined as the intersection of the probability density functions and ranged between 1.9 and 13.8µg/kg within a broader concentration range extending up to ~ 50,000µg/kg reflecting AFFF impacts. By demonstrating an innovative statistical approach that intelligently incorporates different criteria for model selection, this research makes significant contributions to risk mitigation efforts at point source-impacted sites and lays the groundwork for future targeted regulatory actions.

Universal Adaptive Differential Wavelet Energy-Based Protection Scheme for an AC Microgrid

A protection engineer’s top priorities are the detection of faults and the recognition of faulty phases. Modern distribution networks are interconnected; thus, any breakdown poses a hazard to the entire system. One of the challenges with microgrids is developing an effective protection scheme. In this paper, a new scheme has been proposed that effectively detects faults in the grid-connected, as well as off-grid modes also radial and looped topology of the microgrid. The scheme can adapt to the system changes and even detects the high resistance faults in a low-voltage distributed feeder. Moreover, various non-fault events such as load switching, capacitor switching, DG outage, section cutoff, and external faults have also been considered for evaluation. The performance of the scheme has also been tested for changes in fault inception angles, fault types, fault locations, simultaneous, evolving, and composite faults. The suggested method has also been tested using real-time data from the OPAL-RT simulator. The results demonstrate that the suggested scheme is suitable for real-time practical applications for the protection of microgrid feeders. Further, a comparative study has been done to prove that the proposed scheme is better than several existing protection schemes considered in this paper.

An Intelligent Classification Framework for Complex PQDs Using Optimized KS-Transform and Multiple Fusion CNN

Intelligent classification of multiple power quality disturbances (PQDs) is a top priority in pollution control of the power grid. However, the large-scale application of renewable energy introduces lots of nonlinear and impact loads, which makes the PQDs more complex and challenges the effectiveness of conventional detection frameworks. In this paper, a novel framework based on optimized Kaiser window-based S-transform (OKST) and multiple fusion convolutional neural network (MFCNN) is proposed to identify multiple complex PQDs. First, the OKST is used for the time-frequency positioning of PQDs, where an improved control function is proposed to meet different detection requirements of time-frequency. Additionally, the parameters of the control function are adjusted automatically using maximum energy concentration. Then, the MFCNN based on residual networks (ResNets) is further proposed to extract and classify these time-frequency features automatically. In MFCNN, feature information is fused using different convolution kernels at a 2-dimensional level, which can effectively reduce information loss and improve classification performance. The network model is set up using the Pytorch platform, and the dataset containing 28 types of PQDs and 2 types of nonlinearly mixed PQDs is built to test our framework. The result shows that the proposed OKST-MFCNN obtains an average accuracy of 99.38% under the 20 dB noise level, which is more accurate and robust than some advanced PQDs detection frameworks. Moreover, the accuracy of 97.94% is achieved with satisfactory real-time performance in hardware platform experiments, proving its superior identification performance for complex PQDs.

Intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis quarters with ceftiofur does not cause anbiotic residues in adjacent untreated quarters.

The study was carried out in dairy cows to elucidate whether treatment of clinical mastitis quarters with Spectramast® LC (ceftiofur hydrochloride, 125 mg, Zoetis) created a reason for discarding milk from adjacent untreated healthy quarters. The antibiotic was infused once daily in the affected mammary quarter for four days. Forty-nine cows were evaluated after diagnosis of clinical mastitis in three or fewer udder quarters. In all cases, quarters that did not receive treatment had milk samples collected one day after the end of treatment. All milk samples from untreated quarters were below the maximum permissible limit for the presence of antibiotic residues after analysis with the BetaStar S Combo test. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics may explain this finding. We conclude that it is feasible to use milk from untreated quarters of animals that have been treated with Spectramast® LC. We also reiterate the need to carry out tests with other pharmacological bases, and that the results found in this experiment cannot be extrapolated to other drugs.Dairy cattle have considerable importance in the development of the Brazilian economy, being directly linked to economic and social progress. In the first half of 2020, 12.1 billion liters of milk were produced in Brazil and in 2019, there was a new record of 25.01 billion liters produced (IBGE, 2020). This production comes from a wide variety of production systems, coming from smallholder farmers as well as from large companies that use the latest technologies available on the market. Dairy production is a complex activity. For one to obtain economical success, several aspects must be monitored. Maintaining the health of animals is a top priority, and the literature suggests that various diseases are a common challenge for dairy producers. Mastitis is the main disease that affects dairy cows, responsible for considerable economic loss and significant zootechnical and productive challenges (Ruegg, ). It is considered the second leading cause of cow culling in dairy herds, behind reproductive problems. Mastitis is characterized by infection of the mammary gland and may or may not occur with inflammation, generating changes in the mammary tissue and properties of the milk. It is classifield into clinical or subclinical mastitis, according to presence or absence of clinical signs, and into contagious or environmental based on the causative agent (Correa et al., ).

Determining Rice Farming Risk Priorities in North Aceh Regency.

North Aceh is the main rice-producing district in the Indonesian province of Aceh. This research aims to determine the level of risk, the impact of risk, and the risks that must be prioritized in rice farming businesses in North Aceh Regency. The type of data used in this research is primary and secondary data. Data was collected using a survey method involving 180 respondents using a snowball sampling technique. The data analysis method used in this research is the Risk Calculator method. Risk Calculator is a method for determining priority risks. We found that the risks that need to be a top priority are bird pest attacks, rat pest attacks, Kresek disease attacks, blast disease attacks, and the risk of expensive farm labor wages and high harvest costs.

Kesehatan sebagai Hak Asasi: Perspektif Filosofis tentang Hukum Kesehatan

The benefits of this research include improving health policies and laws that are more in line with Pancasila values and community needs. This research can also provide a better understanding of the right to health as a human right and contribute to stronger health advocacy. Thus, research on health as a human right from a philosophical perspective in health law has important relevance in ensuring the fulfillment of the right to fair, equitable and quality health for all Indonesian citizens. This research uses a multidisciplinary approach that integrates normative juridical law, specifically using a legislative approach and a philosophical perspective. Health development is a top priority with a focus on increasing health system resilience, response to crisis situations, and policies that are responsive to community needs. Thus, the implementation of the Pancasila Philosophy in the Health Law involves values such as mutual cooperation, social justice, balance, divinity and independence, which aim to realize health services that are inclusive, fair and in line with the needs of the Indonesian people.

Human Capital Strategic dan Dampaknya terhadap Kinerja Karyawan: Pendekatan Literature Review

Human Capital is the main capital of the organization in supporting the achievement of organizational performance. Currently, Human Capital is an interesting thing for organizations. Every organization strives to optimize the potential of its human resources in order to achieve organizational goals, so that appropriate steps and strategies are needed regarding the application of Human Capital. The purpose of writing this article is to explore and summarize the literature review related to human capital in the company. so that it can find out alternative strategies that can be done by companies in order to improve employee performance. This article uses a literature review approach with content analysis techniques using secondary data from various journals. The results of the literature review can be conveyed that, Human Capital Management is a top priority to improve employee performance. Companies must be able to maintain and improve Human Capital systems and strategies, there needs to be a good strategy in building human capital such as by including company goals in line with employee goals and involving employees in every decision making. Employees are more likely to stay with organizations that have the same values and goals as them. The results of this study should be taken into consideration for companies in implementing Human Capital strategies as an effort to build a good organizational climate, so that it has an impact on achieving employee performance which indirectly also has an impact on competitive and sustainable company growth.

Smart Agriculture untuk Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Berbasis Lora di Desa Kalipadang-Benjeng Gresik

Increasing agricultural production is a top priority in agricultural development. There are many agricultural problems to be managed. One way to increase rice production is to pay attention to irrigation conditions. In addition to irrigation, rising temperatures also affect the process of flowering and grain filling. At high temperatures, grain because of rice agricultural production will calcify, resulting in a decrease in grain quantity and grain mass. Temperature spikes can also reduce the viability and size of the seeds when they reach the ripe stage. Apart from water and air, farmers also need to pay attention to soil pH and humidity. Many farmers do not yet have accurate indicators to determine soil quality, most farmers only use estimates, the application of the estimation method causes the quality of the soil in paddy fields to be infertile. To overcome this problem, a tool is made to predict the condition of agricultural land by taking data on temperature, humidity, air pressure, soil pH, soil moisture, and water flow rate. The data is then sent to a database to be displayed on a web server, so that farmers can monitor land conditions. It is expected that the parameter results obtained can be used as a preventive measure for farmers when conditions occur that can reduce rice productivity. That way, the condition of the land can be maintained so that crop failure can be minimized. This tool will be implemented in one of the rice fields of the residents of Kalipadang-Benjeng-Gresik Village. Based on data taken using an NPK sensor, wet soil has an average NPK content of 29.3 (Nitrogen); 41 (Phosphorus); 82 (Potassium). Moist soil has an NPK level of 28 (Nitrogen); 40 (Phosphorus); 82 (Potassium), and dry soil has an NPK level of 27.5 (Nitrogen); 39.7 (Phosphorus); 79.1 (Potassium). It can be said that soil moisture is directly proportional to NPK levels.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT LOGISTICS IN OPTIMIZING TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURES

Nowadays, transport infrastructure is a crucial component of any social and economic system. The arrangement of infrastructure is a top priority in economic activity due to the globalization of international logistics. This study aims to comprehensively analyse the transport infrastructure system regarding architectural objects. It also seeks to identify the main issues of the management paradigm in the industry and options for solving them. The research employed general scientific methods of cognition, including logical and structural analysis, comparison, theoretical modelling, abstraction, induction, and deduction, as well as statistical methods, specification, generalization, and formalization. The article examines innovative approaches to developing transport infrastructure in the international logistics system. The authors analysed the main issues, challenges, and achievements of managing the architectural component of transport infrastructure. The paper concludes that the effective use of transport infrastructure capabilities is essential for increasing the productivity of economic processes. The authors also identified the position and role of architectural objects in the international logistics system.

Effect of Nasa Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) Concentration and Varieties on Growth and Production of Lettuce Plants (Lactuca Sativa L.) with the DFT Hydroponic System

Effect of Nasa Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) Concentration and Varieties on Growth and Production of Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa L.) with DFT Hydroponic System. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a short-lived leaf vegetable that can be grown in both highlands and lowlands. Generally consumed in a raw state so that hygiene is a top priority. Currently the demand for lettuce has not been fulfilled optimally, this is due to constraints in cultivation which causes low quality and yield of lettuce production. Efforts to increase lettuce production can be done by adding organic fertilizers as a source of plant nutrition and selecting the right lettuce varieties. This study aims to determine the interaction between the concentration of Nasa LOF fertilizer and lettuce varieties on the growth and production in hydroponic cultivation with DFT system. This study used a factorial randomized block design with a 2-factor treatment design. The first factor is the concentration of Nasa LOF with 3 levels, namely 4 mL/L; 6 mL/L; 8 mL/L and the second factor is the lettuce variety with 3 levels, namely the new grand rapid variety of lettuce; karina; kriebo le 873 which consisted of 3 groups. The results of this study showed an interaction between the concentration of Nasa LOF and lettuce varieties on the observed variables of plant height (24 DAP and 31 DAP), number of leaves (31 DAP) and wet weight per lettuce plant (31 DAP). The single treatment of Nasa LOF concentration had no significant effect on all variables observed in lettuce. The single treatment of lettuce varieties affected the observed variables of plant height (10 DAP and 17 DAP), number of leaves (24 DAP) and root length (10 DAP, 17 DAP, 24 DAP, and 31 DAP)

Mental health nurses' empathy towards consumers with dual diagnosis: A descriptive study.

This study aimed to assess mental health nurses' empathy towards consumers with dual diagnosis in Australian mental health settings. The research question was What is mental health nurses' empathy towards consumers with co-existing mental health and drug and alcohol problems? A cross-sectional survey was carried out to understand mental health nurses' empathy. The convenience sample included 96 mental health nurses from various mental health settings with experience working with consumers with dual diagnosis. We assessed empathy using the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire. We utilised SPSS™ software to analyse both the descriptive data and multiple-regression. The mean empathy score was 47.71 (SD 8.28). The analysis of the association between demographic variables and individual subscales showed an association between the clinical setting and empathy (p = .031) and sympathetic physiological arousal (p = .049). The work sector was associated with sympathetic physiological arousal (p = .045) and conspecific altruism (p = .008). Emotional contagion (β = .98, p < .001), emotional comprehension (β = 1.02, p < .001), sympathetic physiological arousal (β = 1.01, p < .001) and conspecific altruism (β = 10.23, p < .001) predicted mental health nurses' empathy. This study found that most mental health nurses showed empathy towards consumers with dual diagnosis. Mental health nurses who are more empathetic towards their consumers experience emotional contagion. They understand emotions better, show sympathetic physiological responses and exhibit kind behaviour towards consumers. Further research is required to understand how mental health nurses adapt to consumers' emotional states in different mental health settings. This information can help clinicians make better decisions about care quality for consumers with dual diagnosis. This study addressed mental health nurses' empathy towards consumers with dual diagnosis. Mental health nurses showed increased empathy towards consumers with dual diagnosis. The empathy levels vary based on age, clinical setting, work sector and work experience. Mental health nurses' empathy levels were predicted by emotional contagion, emotion comprehension, sympathetic physiological arousal and conspecific altruism. Empathy enhancement among mental health nurses, particularly towards consumers with dual diagnosis, is crucial and should be regarded as a top priority by healthcare leaders and educators. Outlined by the Consensus-Based Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies (CROSS). No Patient or Public Contribution.

Bilingualism and Translation: A Teaching Proposal

In Italy the teaching of translation as a specific skill for bilingual speakers is normally not included in the programs of Russian special schools, the so-called subbotnie školy, where the development of language skills (especially listening, writing and grammar accuracy) in heritage speakers generally takes top priority. As already pointed out in other works (Perotto 2020, 2022), the activity of translation exerts an important influence on the cognitive development of the child, especially if bilingual. It helps him/her not only to differentiate and develop two parallel linguistic and cultural systems, but to approach them with a greater metalinguistic and cultural awareness. On the basis of translations made by bilingual participants to the international Cultural Bridge competition, Russian-Italian an Russian-English parallel corpora were created for the analysis of translation difficulties of heritage speakers living in Italy and USA. These difficulties will be analyzed separately or comparatively on the Sketch engine platform, providing some basic indications for a more targeted teaching of translation. The use of corpora can be an important teaching tool to improve heritage speakers’ linguistic competence and translation awareness.

Evaluation and Comparison of Facial Appearance Using the Golden Ratio: An Anthropometric Study in Preschool and School-Going Children of Santhal Tribe in West Bengal.

Introduction Golden ratio and beauty are two inseparable sides of the same coin and have been studied for centuries by the Greeks. This divine ratio is defined as an invincible parameter in aesthetic dentistry to measure looks, symmetry, and balance. Being beautiful and handsome also boosts confidence in today's children and therefore is a top priority for young growing kids. However, there is no study done to define facial measurements based on the golden ratio in preschool and school-going children that can succor aesthetics in formative years. The purpose of this research was to evaluate facial proportions in the vertical dimension, quantify them in reference to the golden ratio, and analyze the association with gender among preschool and school-going children of the Santhal tribe in the Bankura district. Materials and methods A total of 399 subjects, 198 children of 3-5 years with primary teeth and 201 children of 6-12 years with mixed dentition, were selected from schools in villages of Bankura district, West Bengal, India. The subjects were made to relax in a sitting position and a digital vernier caliper was used to record the following vertical facial parameters: total facial height (TFH), trichion-gnathion distance (Tr-Gn), and subnasale-gnathion distance (Sn-Gn). The total facial height was correlated with sexual dimorphism and dentition. The ratio of Tr-Sn/Sn-Gn was calculated and compared with the golden ratio. The ratio was classified as normal (if it was between 1.6 and 1.699, i.e., normal to the golden ratio value), long (if it was more than 1.699, i.e., more than the golden ratio value), or short (if it was below 1.6, i.e., less than the golden ratio value). This facial analysis based on the golden ratio was correlated to sexual dimorphism and dentition. The data were recorded, compared with gender, and statistically analyzed using the unpaired t-test and Chi-square test. Results The total facial height was larger in males than females in both primary and mixed dentition; however, the value was highly significant in primary dentition. Tr-Sn/Sn-Gn ratios were lower in the longfacial categoryin both males and females in both preschool and school-going children. The values were statistically significant in these ratios for both dentitions. Conclusion The majority of children in the Santhal tribe of Bankura in West Bengal did not conform to the golden ratio and showed long faces. There was a significant association of facial features with sexual dimorphism. Clinical significance The early prediction of facial features in children and its confirmation with the established golden ratio can be considered an imperative parameter to comprehend facial aesthetics and symmetry.

An implementation science focused practice‐based research network for rural community pharmacies: RURAL‐CP

AbstractPractice‐based research networks (PBRNs) support the translation and evaluation of evidence‐based practices and interventions on a large scale and have primarily been used in primary care settings. Few pharmacy PBRNs exist. Our objective is to describe the composition and characteristics of the Rural Research Alliance of Community Pharmacies (RURAL‐CP), which is the first PBRN exclusively for rural community pharmacies. For each enrolled pharmacy, a pharmacist liaison completed a survey that assessed the pharmacy's operational characteristics, including business operations, human resource management, division of clinical responsibilities, technology and enhanced services, organizational context, and research priorities. Additionally, up to five other pharmacy staff members completed a brief survey on organizational context. Descriptive statistics were calculated. As of May 2023, there were 126 pharmacies across seven southeastern states that were enrolled in RURAL‐CP. Most pharmacies (91%) were independent pharmacies and operated 6 days per week (82%). On average, pharmacies employed 10 staff members and most trained student pharmacists. Pharmacies offered valuable services in their community, including immunizations, naloxone dispensing, and medication delivery. Blood glucose testing was the most common point‐of‐care (POC) test offered, and most pharmacies were interested in expanding POC offerings, particularly A1c testing and cholesterol screening. RURAL‐CP pharmacies have, on average, relatively strong organizational contexts and readiness for change. Pharmacists' top research priorities were expansion of clinical services, reimbursement, patient adherence, and addressing diabetes and hypertension. Although not generalizable to all rural pharmacies, results indicate that rural pharmacies deliver many important services in their communities and are interested in increasing services provided.

Factor Analysis of the Application of Patient Safety Target Targets The Risk of Falling in the Emergency Room of the Hospital

Patient safety is a program that aims to reduce the number of unexpected events. Patient safety has become a global issue for hospitals, a top priority to be implemented and is something that is much more important than just service efficiency, it is related to issues of quality and hospital image. Patient safety is a hospital service system that provides safer patient care, to prevent further injuries, namely by setting service standards related to creating an incident reporting system and follow-up. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between age, education, training, infrastructure and knowledge of nurses on the implementation of patient safety on the risk of falls in the emergency room at Tenriawaru District Hospital. Bone. The research method is a cross sectional approach. In this study the population was nurses in the emergency room at Tenriawaru District Hospital Bone. The sampling technique used total sampling involving all 16 nurses as respondents, using the Chi-Square test. This research was conducted in October 2023