Top Positions Research Articles

Fábrica de líderes: a influência da USP na formação da elite dirigente nacional

The University of São Paulo (USP) is acknowledged for its scientific and cultural significance. This article investigates the extent of USP’s influence on the shaping of Brazil’s governing elites. The study is founded on a quantitative analysis of the academic background of individuals occupying top positions in the federal public administration (Presidents of the Republic, Presidents of the Central Bank, Ministers of State, leaders of the Legislative, Judiciary, and the Public Prosecutor Service) from the 1930s to the present day. The data reveals that usp has made a significant contribution to the education of high-ranking federal members across various spheres, with its influence being predominant. The participation of USP alumni varies over time and between different political regimes, being more pronounced during democratic periods. Moreover, other higher education institutions have also played crucial roles in the formation of governing elites. The diversity of institutions attended by government members reflects the complexity and dynamics of the formation of Brazilian elites, influenced by political and social changes over time.

The Impact of “Retail Media” on Online Marketplaces: Insights from a Field Experiment

A part of retail media wherein sponsored product listings are interleaved with organic product listings in the search results is a large and growing phenomenon. In this paper, we study the impact of displaying sponsored listings at top positions for the platform. Analyzing data from a large-scale field experiment at a leading online marketplace in India, we find nuanced results that substantially vary across product categories. In the electronics category, the sponsored listings receive fewer clicks than the organic listings that they replace. Surprisingly, this effect is reversed in the clothing category, in which the ads perform better than the displaced organic listings, suggesting that sponsored listings might help the platform identify new high-relevance products and improve search rankings for these categories. At the search level, we find that increasing the fraction of sponsored listings (by about 10% points) in the search results does not affect the performance in any product category. This implies that ads bring in additional revenue for the marketplace yet do not hurt overall consumer response (in the short run). We theorize that the variation across categories occurs because of differing degrees of information asymmetry on product relevance between the marketplace and the sellers.

دوافع تعرض الشباب السعودي لصفحات المؤثرين على شبكة الإنترنت وعلاقتها باتجاهاتهم نحو العمل

The study aims to investigate the relationship between the motivations that drive Saudi youth to engage with influencer pages on the internet and their attitudes towards work. This will be achieved by monitoring their motivations for engagement and comparing them with their attitudes toward traditional employment and online work. The study belongs to descriptive research and employs a media survey methodology. The study sample was represented in Saudi youth, totaling 400 individuals, including both males and females. Out of this sample, 312 individuals were selected based on their exposure to influencer pages on the internet. Data was collected using a questionnaire as the survey instrument. The study reached a set of results, among the most notable of which are as follows: Snapchat emerged as the top social media platform preferred for following influencers, with a percentage of 67.1%. TikTok came in second place with a percentage of 52.9%. The motivations of entertainment and leisure, along with staying informed about news in general, shared the top position among the reasons why the participants in the study followed influencer pages on social media. In the second position, the motivation was to gain new ideas for work. Saudi youth selected the page of Ahmed Al Shugairi as the most followed influencer page for them, followed by Faiz Al-Maliki in the second position, and Najla Al Wadaani in the third position. Additionally, the statement "Combining traditional work and online work is possible" ranked at the forefront of the study sample's attitudes towards work, with a tendency towards agreement. Following this, the statement "Influencer pages have helped me acquire information that can be beneficial in the professional field" came in the second position.

Density functional theory studies on dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde on Pt(1 1 1) surface at different coverage

Platinum metal exhibits excellent catalytic activity and selectivity in many important chemical reactions. In this paper, density functional theory is used to study the adsorption configurations of oxygen in methanol on Pt(111) surface and dehydrogenation reaction (CH3OH → CH2O) at different coverage. It is found that methanol molecules prefer to adsorb at the top position of Pt(111) at various coverage levels. With the coverage increases, the adsorption capacity of methanol decreases rapidly, and then tends to flatten until the coverage reaches 1/6. The product of CH2O is formed by two-step dehydrogenation process. The energy barrier for both dehydrogenations increase first and then decreases with increasing coverage. The lowest energy barrier for both dehydrogenations occurs on the Pt(111) surface with coverage of 1/6 (Ea, OH = 0.66 eV, Ea, CH = 0.16 eV). Therefore, coverage of 1/6 is the optimal coverage for CH3OH generating CH2O on the Pt(111) surface.

When Will It Be Our Turn to Lead? An Evaluation of Women's Perceptions on Barriers to Access the Top Positions in Educational Institutions' Leadership in Kenya

This study evaluated women's perceptions of barriers to accessing the top positions in organisations' leadership in Kenya. The study had 3 specific objectives: to determine the women leaders' perceptions of the barriers to accessing top organisational leadership in Kenya; to establish how much support women leaders get in their attempt to access top organisational leadership in Kenya; to investigate the barriers women leaders face in their attempt to access top organisational leadership positions in Kenya. The research was a descriptive study preferred because it provides a comprehensive and accurate picture of the study subjects and to describe the inherent relationships, patterns, and trends demonstrated by the data analysed. The study findings were: women progression to top offices has not been easy, for example over 55% of the female Deputy Principals had stagnated for over 10 years in the same position without promotion. According to the study, about 22% of the respondents blamed patriarchy and gender stereotypes for their lack of promotion. Finally, the study found that family roles remains critical for the respondents. For example, 44% feared that promotion may result being sent far from home, while 39% did not apply for promotions due to family roles

From Cadres to Managers: The Double-hundred Action Programme and China's State-owned Enterprise Reform

Abstract Reforming China's state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is a complex endeavour. Among recent initiatives, the double-hundred action (DHA) programme stands out for its ambition, especially in its aim to revamp corporate governance structures and management systems. A notable change is that top executive positions are now open to a wider and more diverse candidate pool and are no longer restricted to Party cadres. Based on fieldwork and interviews at a DHA-selected enterprise, this paper explores the DHA's impact on SOE functioning and governance. Our research reveals unanimous support among top executives for the policy, despite stringent performance appraisals and limitations on future promotion opportunities. The policy has significantly transformed recruitment, performance evaluation and remuneration within the enterprise under study. However, although top executive recruitment is no longer tied to Party membership, the Party still exerts its influence through key appointments on the board of directors.

High-power ultrasound facilitation of the generality for LiFePO4 regeneration

Renowned for its remarkable electrochemical performance, temperature stability, safety attributes, and long-lasting durability, the LiFePO4 battery has gained prominence in diverse applications, particularly within the electric vehicle sector. Despite not holding the top market position, approximately 69 % of global batteries comprise LiFePO4, raising concerns about a potential increase in discarded batteries. Present research predominantly concentrates on extracting valuable materials such as Co, Li, Ni, and Mn, frequently sidelining spent LiFePO4 batteries due to their perceived limited recoverable content compared to NMC and LCO batteries. However, LiFePO4 batteries removed from electric vehicles retain approximately 80 % of their initial capacity, with the cathode material sustaining a robust crystal structure. Here, direct recycling techniques employing a green reducing agent like ascorbic acid have shown promise in rectifying lithium vacancies and anti-sites in spent LiFePO4 through high power ultrasonic reactions. This work delves into exploring the influence of different lithium sources and Li + concentrations on the structure and electrochemical performance of regenerated LiFePO4. The direct regeneration of LiFePO4 showcases a favorable crystal structure that maintains stable phase transitions during charge and discharge processes. RLFP-0.2 M exhibits discharge specific capacity of 154.71 mAh∙g−1. It indicates RLFP-0.2 M maintains a discharge specific capacity of 132.89 mAh∙g−1 after 200 cycles at 1C current, retaining a remarkable capacity retention rate of 93.56 %. This study demonstrates that high-power ultrasonication is a universally applicable, low-energy, highly efficient, operationally simple, and environmentally friendly method for direct recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries. Our research not only investigates the influence of various lithium sources and Li + concentration but also optimizes the recycling process for spent LiFePO4 batteries. Additionally, it provides an experimental foundation and reference for the recycling of other power batteries, contributing to achieving green direct recycling of various power batteries.

Numerical investigation study on tensile-shear failure behavior of rock bolts in inclined strata mining tunnels

In response to the problem of severe deformation and failure of the surrounding rock of the mining tunnels in inclined strata, a tensile-shear failure numerical model of rock bolts was adopted to analyze the rock bolts failure behavior and the surrounding rock mechanical response, and explore the influence of different factors on rock bolts failure. The results indicate that: (1) As angle between the rock bolt and the interface decreases, the shear force of increases, and the rock bolt is easier to fracture. The maximum displacement is 250.2 mm of fractured position. A new evaluation index of shear axis ratio was proposed. The larger the shear axis ratio, the rock bolt is easier to fracture. The shear axis ratio at the interface has increased by 95 % compared to the non interface. (2) The plastic zone and the surrounding rock deformation exhibit the same inclination trend as the strata. In final state, the maximum deformation is 297.7 mm at the bottom and top position perpendicular to the rock bolts at the interface. At the moment of rock bolts fracture, the interface displacement of surrounding rock immediately increased by about 10 mm. And the stress in the surrounding rock decreased about 1 MPa. The weakening effect of surrounding rock stress shifts with the change of rock bolt fracture position. The stress at the arch waist decreases by 44 %, the stress at the arch crown decreases by 25 %. When the fracture of the rock bolts at the arch crown and arch waist ends, the stress at the side wall begin to decrease by 40 %. (3) As the inclination angle increases, the deformation of the surrounding rock and the number of rock bolt failures increase. The range of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock gradually increases, and the degree of rock bolts asymmetric fracture more aggravated. As the diameter of the rock bolt increases, the fractured number of the rock bolts and range of plastic zone decreases.

The dynamics of Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba’s 2015 campaign for the Commonwealth’s secretary-generalship

ABSTRACT Whereas scholarship has not focused on Botswana-Commonwealth relations, at least two Batswana have served in top leadership positions of the Commonwealth. Botswana’s Foreign Affairs minister, General Mompati Merafhe (1994–2008), became the longest serving chairperson of Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG). Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba served two-terms as Deputy Secretary-General from 2008 to 2014. She went on to contest the Secretary-General position in 2015 against a British candidate, and while she agonisingly lost by just two votes, the odds were stacked against her. This paper unravels the dynamics of the campaign and election held in Malta in 2015 and concludes that had President Ian Khama of Botswana not been aloof and engaged more with international organisations, Masire-Mwamba might have triumphed. Khama could have evoked Botswana’s historical links with the Caribbean, and capitalised on the sharp division and rivalry in the Caribbean Commonwealth community to get the critical votes Masire-Mwamba needed. Such an analysis accords with some Caribbean perspectives. Interestingly, Botswana was ingloriously linked to the Caribbean when Khama’s government was accused of having plagiarised Jamaica’s 50th anniversary independence logo for Botswana’s golden jubilee celebration in 2016.

Финансирование промышленных парков

In the article, the authors address the issue of financing industrial parks. The authors of the article point out the need to provide subsidies for the creation of technology and industrial parks only to regions with a low level of socio-economic development, with mandatory private co-financing. The authors indicate that industrial parks, within the framework of the provided federal budget funds, will receive funding from 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the creation of 14 parks for a total amount of 5,7 billion rubles. The purpose of the study is to provide ready-made infrastructure, which is a way to stimulate the development of new industrial projects. The article discusses the experience of the creators of industrial infrastructure. The authors consider five projects that took the top positions in the funding ranking: Kurgan region (industrial park “Stalmontazh”), Republic of Karelia (technopark “Onezhsky”), Republic of Khakassia (industrial park “Tasheba”), Novgorod region (industrial technology park “Transvit”), Altai Territory (industrial technology park “Component”). As a result of the implementation of the event, it is planned to create at least 20 industrial parks and technology parks by 2024, which will accommodate at least 150 residents and create 1,5 thousand jobs. The volume of investments of management companies in the implementation of new projects in 2023–2024 will be at least 3 billion rubles. The newly created areas of these parks accommodate at least 680 residents, who have created more than 9 thousand jobs. The article discusses an example of launching production using the example of industrial parks in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The implementation of the group’s strategy continues to develop industrial competence centers specializing in the localization of key technological solutions. For the Sollers and UAZ model range, localization of power units will ensure increased competitiveness and increased production volumes.

Carbon emissions, female CEOs and earnings management

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the association between carbon emissions and earnings management (EM). This study also considers the effect of female CEOs on the association between carbon emissions and EM.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the carbon disclosure project (CDP) for carbon emissions data, the Compustat database for financial information and the ExecuComp database for female CEOs. The empirical sample of this study consists of 1,692 firm-year observations in the USA that voluntarily participated in the CDP survey from 2007 to 2015. Regression analysis and robustness tests are conducted for this study and both accrual and real EM are considered.FindingsThis study provides evidence that firms with female CEOs who voluntarily disclose their carbon emissions information engage in less real EM. Thus, the presence of female CEOs moderates the association between carbon emissions and EM. This study/paper also finds a positive association between carbon emissions and real EM, although there is an insignificant association between carbon emissions and accruals EM.Practical implicationsThe association between carbon emissions and EM has important implications for investors, regulators and policymakers. This study suggests that policymakers should improve the conditions that promote inclusion of females in the top management positions to constrain EM.Originality/valueThis study focuses on the USA, which is one of the major contributors to carbon emissions in the world. The presence of female CEOs moderates the association between carbon emissions and EM and firms with female CEOs show a greater impact on EM.

Experimental study on rooftop flow field of building based on the operation of vertical-axis wind turbines

Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) demonstrate good adaptability for harnessing wind energy on the building rooftops. However, knowledge gaps still exist in the understanding of the wind resources on the rooftop, the operation of VAWTs, and its effect on the wind field. To add new knowledge on this subject, the operation of wind turbines modeled by the NACA0018 airfoil on the rooftop of a building is experimentally studied via wind tunnel. The results indicate that flow above the rooftop of building shows an obvious speed reduction due to the blunt body effect of the turbines, and the turbulence intensities are dramatically enhanced. The different tip-speed ratios, wind directions, and installation locations of wind turbine have significant effect on flow field on the roof. Due to the flow characteristics above the rooftop, the power spectral density of the fluctuating wind speed exhibits high energy below the top position of the VAWT on the rooftop. Additionally, the wind profiles and probability distribution of the wake of VAWTs on the rooftop are analyzed and mathematically fitted for quantifying wind field characteristics rooftop turbines on the roof. For the VAWTs investigated in this study, the impacts of the operation of VAWTs on the wind field are non-negligible on the roof of building. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights for the optimal placement of VAWTs and utilization of wind energy on the rooftops.

Women in top echelon positions and firm internationalisation strategies: What do we know? How do we know? Where should we be heading?

While women in top echelon positions and firm internationalisation have been investigated separately for an extended period, the intersection between the two has seldom been explored. This study reviews 55 publications analysing the effect of women in top echelon positions on firm internationalisation. Our review relies on the ADO–TCM framework and the microfoundational approach. Following the Theories–Contexts–Methods (TCM) framework, previous research is outlined describing: (1) theories, i.e., gender-related theories; (2) contexts, i.e., women’s top echelon position and country where women operate; (3) methods, i.e., research methods, the consideration and measurement of gender, sample, and years. Following the Antecedents–Decisions–Outcomes (ADO) framework and the microfoundational approach, emerging findings are classified into: (1) antecedents of firm internationalisation by distinguishing between those related to microfoundation (i.e., characteristics of women in top echelon positions), the discrete context (i.e., firm characteristics), and the omnibus context (i.e., characteristics of the countries of origin, destination and public stimulation programmes); (2) characteristics of the decisions regarding firm internationalisation (i.e., entry mode, export propensity, and propensity to foreign direct investments); (3) outcomes of firm internationalisation (i.e., export intensity, percentage of foreign equity ownership, number of foreign direct investments, number and characteristics of destination countries, investment success and performance, and other outcomes). Based on this, research gaps are identified and a research agenda is offered.

THE EFFECT OF PUSH & PULL FACTORS ON HALAL TOURISM ON THE MOTIVATION OF MALAYSIAN TOURIST TO INDONESIA USING RELIGIOSITY AS A MODELING VARIABLE

Based on the inbound country in the last five years, Timor Leste is in the top position for tourists entering Indonesia. Meanwhile, Malaysia, the neighboring country with the largest number of Muslims, occupies the second position. This condition is not necessarily due to Indonesia's potential to attract Muslims as a Halal Tourism destination. Aligned with the condition, based on BPS data & the Ministry of Tourism, in 2019 there were more than 15 million tourists coming to Indonesia, 22% of whom were Muslims. This number is less than Muslim tourists who come to neighboring countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Turkey. Therefore, in this study will be examined regarding Motivation and Intentions to Travel, especially for prospective Malaysian tourists to Indonesia. The independent variables in this study are Pull Factor Motivation (X1), Push Factor Motivation (X2) and Religiosity (X3). Religiosity (X3) is also a moderating variable in its effect on the motivation of Malaysian tourists to Indonesia. The dependent variable in this study is the Motivation of Malaysian Tourists (Y), which can be measured by various dimensions in the instrument of Indonesia as a tourist destination. The research results show that the push and pull factor do not have a direct influence on the motivation of Malaysian tourists but has an indirect effect on religiosity as a moderate variable. The religiosity variable with indicators of religious beliefs, principles and activities directly influences the motivation of Malaysian tourists to Indonesia. Based on the research result, religiosity influences the motivation of Malaysian tourists to come to Indonesia. For this reason, the Government needs to consider aspects of religiosity in the promotion strategy and services for foreign tourists, especially Malaysian tourists.

Effects of Land uses on Soils Quality in Rwandan Central Plateau Agro-Ecological Zone

Conversion of land use from forest to agricultural uses modifies soil quality through physiochemical soil properties changes. This study was conducted in Rwanda’s central plateau agro-ecological zone to evaluate the effect of forest and agricultural land uses on soil quality. The study was conducted in 2020. Soil samples were collected at the top, middle and bottom positions of each of the two land uses. We analyzed soil bulk density, soil moisture content, soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Av P), and CEC for each position of the land uses. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in GENSTAT version 13. The results revealed that soil properties were significantly affected by land use change. Analysis of variances (LSD<0.05) results showed, however, that treatments were not significantly different within the same land use. The results showed that treatments from top position of forest lands had the highest mean values for soil organic matter and total N parameters with the respective mean values of 6.58 %, and 0.37 %. Treatments from middle position of forest lands had the highest mean values for soil moisture content and Av P parameters respectively with 23.60 % and 29.56 ppm. But, soil bulk density was high on top position of agricultural land with a mean value of 1.49 g/cm3. Land users are advised to apply crop and soil management techniques which maintain soil quality and productivity on agricultural lands.

Does Female on Board Affect M&A Participating Firms’ Performance? Empirical Evidence from India Using Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

The aim of this research is to examine the impact of gender diversity and female leadership position on the firm performance of Indian listed firms participating in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities. Available research has focused on a small sample of firms and considered ‘gender diversity’ as the only variable. Bearing this in mind, this study focusses on the leadership positions females hold on corporate board along with gender diversity affecting the firm performance measures for the sample of M&A participating firms, as M&As lead to major restructuring of the board. The ‘gender diversity’ is measured with the number of females present on corporate board as directors, ‘leadership position’ is measured with females holding the position either as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Chairperson on the board. The study employs panel data set for Indian non-financial National Stock Exchange listed M&A participating firms for the period 2013–2020. Using a system of GMM dynamic panel estimates, the study analyses the relationship between gender diversity and females’ varied leadership position on the firm performance measures, that is, return on asset, Tobin’s q. The findings reveal that there is a positive association between gender diversity and firm performance measures. Females holding the top leadership positions as either CEO or Chairperson on the board positively impact the firm performance measures. This study adds to the existing literature on gender diversity at the board level and M&A literature in the Indian context. JEL Codes: G 3, G 34, J 16

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK-LIFE BALANCE AND EMOTIONAL CONTENTMENT AMONG WORKING MOTHERS AND IN THEIR MOTHERHOOD

Purpose: This research study aims to investigate the relationship between work-life balance and emotional contentment among working mothers and in their motherhood as well. This paper aims to explore how working mothers make sense and respond to their professional desires, responsibilities and expectations within the context of motherhood. It also seeks to explore what it takes for mothers to live up to their potential at work, what it takes for mothers to reach top positions in their field of work and the challenges they face. With the growing number of mothers participating in the workforce globally, understanding how work-life balance influence their emotional well-being is essential for promoting overall family and societal harmony. Emotional contentment will be gauged by measuring positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and overall emotional well-being. The ultimate attempt in this research is made to understand if mothers are really, emotionally content in their lives at the end of the day, and with the ultimate aim of pooling opinions as to which incentives, strategies or measures can help reduce the conflict between family life ,work and emotional Contentment. In this paper attempt was made to understand the WLB and Contentment of women from all walks of life in all sectors and in all industries. But hardly there were any who were really content and happy. It is hypothesized that a higher level of work-life balance will be positively associated with increased emotional contentment among working mothers. Design: This research and study is taken from secondary data, like google scholar, Research Gate, Academia, literature review, journals books and blogs Findings: The findings from this research will contribute to the existing literature by shedding light on the factors influencing emotional well-being among this particular demographic group. In all of the findings there was the absence of emotional contentment with the mothers. Its either just satisfied with the job and work -life balance or just managing with the challenges. But there is no real contentment in their lives really. The conclusions may assist employers, policy makers, and working mothers themselves in developing strategies and policies aimed at improving work-life integration and promoting emotional happiness, joy and fulfilment in their lives. Originality Value: There is a deep exploration of the specific relationship between Work-life balance and emotional contentment among working mothers. The focus on emotional contentment specifically among working mothers is relatively limited in the literature. This research seeks to fill the gap by investigating how work-life balance, and various factors influence the emotional well-being of working mothers to achieve contentment. Paper Type: Literature Review paper KEYWORDS: work-life balance, emotional contentment, working mothers, well-being, family support, flexible work arrangements, autonomy.

English Assessing Banking Sector Performance: A Comparative Camel Study between Public and Private Banks

Purpose: To assess and determine the top-performing Indian public and private banks while examining any discernible disparities in their financial performance. Methodology: 12 public and 20 private banks were evaluated for financial performance from 2019 to 2023, using composite ranking and independent sample t-tests. Findings: All banks met the mandatory minimum requirement of a 9% Capital Adequacy Ratio, as revealed by the study results. The Bandhan Bank was the best performer in “Capital Adequacy” and “Earning Ability”, HDFC in “Asset Quality” and “Management Quality”, and Bank of India and IDBI Bank in “Liquidity Adequacy” parameters. Kotak Mahindra Bank secured the top position in the overall ranking, followed by IndusInd Bank and HDFC Bank. Punjab & Sind Bank, Bank of Maharashtra, and UCO Bank occupied the bottom positions. Nevertheless, most of these banks lied in a similar rank region over the last five years except Bandhan Bank, RBL Bank, and DCB Bank, who had achieved substantial success. The test results indicated a significant difference in rank performance between public and private banks in the CAMEL model, except for ratios involving liquid assets to total deposits and total assets. Lastly, looking at the trend, the study found that private banks dominated the banking industry and grew faster than public banks. Moreover, public banks were not efficiently managing advances and assets, resulting in higher NPA. Practical implication: The result of this study will be significant to regulators, government, investors, customers, and management in making decisions based on market risk.

Convolutional Neural Networks Applied to Lung Image Detection: Model Comparison and Optimal Selection

The topic of pulmonary health has become a prevalent concern among the public, making monitoring lung health a crucial subject. Numerous researchers have proposed models or methods for detecting pulmonary images, and their effectiveness has been confirmed. However, in the domain of pulmonary image detection, there is a systematic comparison to identify the most suitable and efficient method. Therefore, the theme of this study is to discover, through comparative analysis, the model method most fitting for current pulmonary image detection. The research methodology is outlined as follows: firstly, introduce popular model methods in the current context; secondly, summarize and record the accuracy of each model in pulmonary image recognition; and finally, conduct a horizontal comparison to derive conclusions regarding the optimal model method. This study reveals that Feature Fusion exhibits an outstanding accuracy of 97.79% in pulmonary image recognition, securing the top position. In contrast, Transformer has the lowest accuracy, yet it still reaches 78.9%. Therefore, Feature Fusion emerges as the most promising model method currently deserving widespread promotion in the field of pulmonary image detection.

Competition, Survival Issue, and Performance Constraints of Banks: Evidence from Ethiopian Private Commercial Banks

Banks are financial institutions that are crucial to the accomplishment of development objectives because they transfer money from surplus to deficit parties. This study examines the competition, survival, and performance constraints of commercial banks in Ethiopia using the DEA and CAMEL frameworks from 2015 to 2020. The nonparametric (DEA) approach was applied to approximate the overall technical efficiency score of the banks under consideration. The empirical study used twelve private commercial banks operating in Ethiopia, excluding four banks because of a lack of appropriate and audited financial data and no risk assessment between the study periods. The result of the study reveals that under CRS, except for Abyssinia, Anbesa, and Nib International Banks, the remaining banks are more efficient. Under VRS, while Abyssinia Bank was less efficient, other banks were found to be more efficient. Under scale efficiency, Abyssinia, Anbesa, and Nib International Banks were found to be less efficient, while the remaining banks were more efficient. The composite ranking of the CAMEL framework portrays that Awash International Bank, Zemen, and Wegagen Banks were found in the top three ranks, while Cooperative Bank of Oromia, Dashen, and Abyssinia Banks were found in the bottom position. The regression result demonstrates that the ratios of total capital to total assets, loans to assets, total loans to total deposits, and CAR have a positive effect on bank profitability, whereas the ratio of total loans to the number of branches has a statistically negative and significant influence on the return on assets.