Top-level Design Research Articles

Study on the Regulatory Model of Cross-border Flows of Personal Data: Chinas Perspective

Personal data has become a crucial component of today's digital economy and trade. In recent years, nations have been proactively investigating the problem of cross-border data flows from a global viewpoint. China has gradually introduced relevant laws and regulations, including the Network Security Law of the PRC and the Personal Information Security Law of the PRC to protect personal information, among which are avenues for resolution that deal with the safeguarding of private information. Despite the internal circumstances in China, it is important to further explore the top-level design system and practical research in this area. This paper uses the literature research method and comparative research method as its main research methods, in accordance with the current views of relevant scholars both domestically and abroad, presents the US and Europe's effective implementation of legislative regulations to control data flow in China, and researches the specific practical issues of the Chinese legal framework governing the transfer of personal data across borders, to help guide how to regulate transnational personal data issues in China.

Impact of Green Finance on Regional Green Innovation Performance

Green finance (GF) is a new financial service that supports green and low-carbon (GLC) transformation. Whether green finance (GF) can effectively improve regional green innovation performance (GIP) by optimizing resource allocation and increasing factor input is a key question for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs): environmental, economic, and society. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2007 to 2021, this paper explores the impact of GF on GIP and analyzes the mechanisms of the effect. The findings of this paper indicate that GF plays a significantly positive role in promoting regional GIP, increasing both quantity and quality. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that GF has a considerable incentive effect on carbon reduction technology, and the innovation incentive effect of GF is much greater in regions where the attention paid to the environment is high or there is a low natural endowment. Mechanism analysis reveals GF improves GIP by optimizing financial resource allocation and increasing R&D factor input. Therefore, this paper proposes the following suggestions: (1) The central government should improve the top-level design of the GF policy system and provide financial support for GLC transformation and the achievement of SDGs. (2) Local governments should explore diversified development paths for GF according to their own characteristics, stimulate market entities’ enthusiasm for GLC transformation, and improve regional green innovation performance so as to achieve coordinated and sustainable development of the environment, economy, and society.

The Role and Prospect of Emission Trading in the Optimal Allocation of Environmental Resources

The emission trading system is an important institutional innovation which effectively uses market mechanisms to improve the efficiency of environmental governance, and plays an important role in exploiting the potential of emission reduction for government and enterprise, which would realize the optimal allocation of environmental resources. The study analyses the design mechanism of emission trading system, the crucial parts including verification of emission rights, paid use for resources, emission trading, reserve and control mechanism, as well as management and incentive policies. Thereby, the current problems of emission trading system in China have been found out, including the deficiency of top-level design, ineffective cohesive mechanism between different systems, inactive trading market, and insufficient supporting policy guarantee policy. Based on the development trend of national policies and the practical problems faced by emission trading, the study proposes four prospects for the emission trading efforts. First, the issuance of guidance documents for deepening the emission trading system at the national level is an important foundation for the development of the emission trading system. Second, convergence between the emission rights trading and the emission permit system is the inevitable trend of the development of the system. Third, working on promoting the construction of a trading system dominated by market mechanisms is the focus of the optimal allocation of resources and environment. Last, establishing and improving relevant supporting mechanisms is an important guarantee for the stable development of the emission rights trading market and the efficient allocation of environmental resources.

The coupling mechanism of farmland transfer and farmland mortgage: Taking the Jinshan District of Shanghai as an example

Taking the mortgage loan mechanism of farmland management rights in Jinshan District of Shanghai as an example, we analyzed the coupling mechanism between farmland transfer and farmland mortgage according to a case analysis and system evolution theory. We explored the comparative advantages and inherent limitations. The results showed that the linkage between farmland transfer and farmland mortgage has a Pareto nature, which can achieve a two-way mutual promotion and spiral development of the coupling system. The comparative advantages of the coupling mechanism of farmland transfer and farmland mortgage include source screening, process standardization, information symmetry, and comprehensive subsidies. The inherent limitations include the instability of the management right of flow transformation; the difficulty of land value evaluation; and the difficulty of mortgage disposal, unsustainability, and social risks. The benign coupling between farmland transfer and farmland mortgage likely triggered the market driving force and formed an operating mechanism that is “market driven and government promoted”; however, the capital supply of rural finance has not been consistent with the scale of agricultural production and management. With the deepening of this coupling, the systemic risk of the rural land financial market has spread from a farmland financial market to a farmland transfer market, and the degree of risk has become greater and the degree of harm has become deeper. Therefore, the government should strengthen the top-level design and improve the following key links: (1) encouraging and guiding the signing of medium- and long-term farmland transfer contracts; (2) establishing professional farmland value evaluation institutions; (3) building an effective exit mechanism for financial institutions; and (4) establishing a standardized farmland management right redemption mechanism.

Exploration of Business English Teaching Mode in Applied Undergraduate Colleges Based on OBE Concepts

In the context of globalization, the demand for business English professionals is increasing, placing the application-oriented undergraduate institutions under the critical responsibility of cultivating business English graduates with practical abilities and professional competencies. However, the traditional teaching model tends to prioritize the impartation of linguistic knowledge, neglecting the cultivation of actual application skills, which fails to meet market demands. The Outcome-Based Education (OBE) philosophy, which is guided by learning outcomes and emphasizes the development of students' abilities, offers new insights for educational reform. This article reviews the current state of research on business English teaching models in application-oriented undergraduate institutions, highlighting the shortcomings of traditional models. Based on the OBE concept, this article explores the reconstruction of training objectives, the optimization of curriculum systems, the reform of teaching methods, and the improvement of evaluation systems as four core elements, and proposes implementation strategies involving strengthening top-level design, faculty development, school-enterprise cooperation, and information technology construction. These measures not only enhance the quality of education but also boost students' competitiveness in the workplace, providing valuable references for the reform of business English teaching models in application-oriented undergraduate institutions.

Research on Financial Regulation and Sustainable Development of Real Estate Markets

The sustainable development of real estate is related to the interests of all parties, and it is of great significance to strengthen the macro-control and supervision of the real estate market to promote the sustainable development of the property market. This paper, taking Hangzhou as an example, points out that changes have occurred in Hangzhou's current macro-control policy system and the latest regulatory policies through literature review and case analysis. These changes are based on land supply, developer credit management, presale fund supervision, and financing credit support for enterprises, etc. These policies have played a positive role in the current sustainable development and transaction of Hangzhou's real estate. However, in the long run, there are still shortcomings in the top-level design of regulatory policies, policy implementation, and regulatory systems. This paper believes that in order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of Hangzhou's real estate market, improvements need to be made in policy optimization, regulatory models, and regulatory systems, so as to better play the unique role and value of policy regulation and better serve the overall economic situation. The research of this paper will also play a positive reference role for the real estate regulatory policies of other cities.

Analysis of Low-Carbon Contribution Pathways for Resource-Based Cities under the Dual Carbon Goals: The Case of Tangshan, China

China is still the biggest carbon emission entity at present, which is mostly produced by resource-based cities. It means that actions to control carbon emissions in order to mitigate the greenhouse effect are urgently needed. The purpose of this study is to examine resource-based cities' low-carbon development strategies after the dual carbon regulations were put into place. Using a literature review as the research technique, this paper uses Tangshan as an example to explore the current condition, difficulties that exist, and Policy recommendations for resource-based cities looking to improve in a low-carbon manner. The result shows that there are now some clear issues with resource-based cities' low-carbon growth routes: high reliance on high-emission industries, the incomplete top-level design, and “the intensifying competitive pressure from surrounding cities. The following optimization suggestions have been proposed for the above-mentioned issues. The optimization direction of resource-based areas should be to clarify the top-level design, increase competitiveness, and continue to increase industrial carbon emission reduction. In other words, this kind of cities should reduce the dependence of urban development on high-polluting industries and attract talent to cope with external competitive pressures requires the government to coordinate and cooperate across departments, so that under the dual carbon goals they can achieve carbon reduction in resource-based cities which are under the dual carbon goals.

Exploration of Entrepreneurship Education Model and Practice in Five-Year Integrated Vocational Education Stage

Against the backdrop of the “20 Articles of Vocational Education,” how to promote high-quality vocational development, build a comprehensive, adaptive, and targeted entrepreneurship education model, promote student employment and entrepreneurship, and improve the quality of talent cultivation has become an important issue in the talent cultivation of five-year vocational colleges. This article takes students in the five-year integrated vocational education stage as the research object, starting from the development of the industrial economy, talent employment competitiveness, and students’ innovation ability, to expound on the practical significance of entrepreneurship education. Combining top-level design, curriculum setting, faculty strength, and practical bases, it analyzes the problems existing in and explores the entrepreneurship education model and practical strategies in the five-year integrated vocational education stage from four aspects: transforming vocational education concepts, classifying and constructing curriculum systems, attaching importance to the construction of entrepreneurial and entrepreneurial faculty, and relying on multi-party collaborative platforms.

Analysis of the Construction of Core Literacy of Students in Vocational Undergraduate Education

Vocational undergraduate education has evolved from its initial stages to a full-scale implementation, achieving historic milestones along the way. However, its appeal still lags significantly behind that of general education. The development of students’ core competencies in vocational undergraduate education faces several challenges, including the need for improvements in top-level design, a stronger focus on connotation development, and an upgraded linkage mechanism. To address these issues, it is suggested to refine the top-level design, enhance internal motivation, and build a robust vocational education ecosystem.

Analysis of the Application and Prospects of Intelligent Technology in Sustainable Railway Operations

With the rapid development of technology, intelligent technology plays an increasingly important role in the sustainable operation of railways. This paper explores the application and prospects of intelligent technology in sustainable railway operations, emphasizing its key roles in enhancing operational efficiency, strengthening safety assurance, optimizing passenger experience, and promoting environmental protection and energy conservation. Through intelligent dispatching, real-time monitoring, big data prediction, personalized services, and mobile ticketing technologies, the railway system achieves efficient resource allocation and service innovation. The intelligent transformation of railways demonstrates significant economic and social benefits, contributing to emission reduction targets and sustainable development. Future efforts should focus on strengthening top-level design, technological innovation, standard construction, and network security to advance the intelligent railway process and co-create a new era of smart, green, and efficient railway transportation.

Mission-Based Design and Retrofit for Energy/Propulsion Systems of Solar-Powered UAVs: Integrating Propeller Slipstream Effects

Over twenty Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SPUAV) designs exist worldwide, yet few have successfully achieved uninterrupted high-altitude flight. This shortfall is attributed to several factors that cause the actual performance of SPUAV to fall short of expectations. Existing studies identify the propeller slipstream as one of these adverse factors, which leads to a decrease in the lift–drag ratio and an increase in energy consumption. However, traditional design methods for SPUAVs tend to ignore the potential adverse effects of slipstream at the top-level design phase. We find that this oversight results in a reduction in the feasible mission region of SPUAVs from 109 days to only 46 days. To address this issue, this paper presents a high-fidelity multidisciplinary design framework for the energy/propulsion systems of SPUAVs that integrates the effects of a propeller slipstream. Specifically, deep neural networks are employed to predict the lift–drag characteristics of SPUAVs under various slipstream conditions, and the energy performance is further analyzed by evaluating the time-varying state parameters throughout a day. Subsequently, the optimal solutions for the energy/propulsion systems specific to certain latitudes and dates are obtained through optimization design. The effectiveness of the proposed design framework was demonstrated on a 30-m wingspan SPUAV. The results indicated that, compared to the traditional design method, the proposed approach led to designs that more effectively accomplished closed-loop flight in designated regions and prevented the reduction of the feasible mission region. Additionally, through the targeted retrofit of the energy/propulsion systems, SPUAVs exhibited enhanced adaptability to the solar radiation characteristics of different mission points, resulting in a further expansion of the feasible mission region. Furthermore, this research also explored the variation trends in optimal solutions across different latitudes and dates and investigated the reasons and physical mechanisms behind these variations.

Research on Informatization and Intelligent Transformation of Financial Management in Financial Enterprises

This paper focuses on the financial management information and intelligent transformation of financial enterprises. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and challenges of financial management in financial enterprises, this paper expounds the application status of information technology and intelligent technology in financial management, and analyzes the driving factors of the transformation of information technology and intelligent financial management. At the same time, this paper focuses on the application of big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other key technologies in financial data processing, decision support, risk control, data security and other aspects. Finally, it puts forward the implementation path of financial management informatization and intelligent transformation, including top-level design, process optimization, talent training and so on.

Research on the path of industrial revitalization to promote rural revitalization

Industrial revitalization is the premise, foundation and key to achieving the rural revitalization strategy. Industrial revitalization is the primary task and central issue of the rural revitalization strategy. The Chinese medicinal materials industry covers the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, with a long industrial chain, high added value and strong driving force, and plays an important role in promoting rural economic and social development. Bozhou City is rich in Chinese medicinal resources, has a good foundation for the Chinese medicinal materials industry and distinctive characteristics. It is a dominant and characteristic industry and a people-enriching industry in Bozhou City and even Anhui Province. This paper investigates the development status of the rural Chinese medicinal materials industry in three counties and one district in Bozhou City, analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and challenges of the Chinese medicinal materials industry in Bozhou City in promoting rural industrial revitalization. On this basis, a systematic and specific implementation path and guarantee system for the Chinese medicinal materials industry in Bozhou City to help rural industrial revitalization are designed, including top-level design, improving infrastructure construction, cultivating modern business organizations, integrating the development of Chinese medicinal materials industry, and strengthening the construction of various industrial chains of rural Chinese medicinal materials production, processing, warehousing and logistics, and brand marketing, etc., and building a guarantee system in four aspects: organizational coordination, financial support, talent training, and scientific and technological support.

Contrasting Non-Timber Forest Products’ Case Studies in Underdeveloped Areas in China

Enhancing the sustainability of the non-timber forest products industry has dual significance for both the management of local forest resources and socio-economic development. This paper adopts a systems theory perspective to construct an analytical model for the sustainable development of non-timber forest products, based on a “social-economic-natural” framework. By analyzing case studies of non-timber forest products industry sustainability from four underdeveloped counties in China, the paper derives the following main conclusions and insights: The sustainability of non-timber forest products development models is influenced by factors such as resource endowments and institutional environments and includes both single and composite models. Underdeveloped regions can achieve considerable sustainability in the development of non-timber forest products, but this requires a rational allocation of six key elements—policy, model, stakeholders, natural resources, funding, and technology—to stimulate industry growth. To promote the sustainable development of this industry, optimization should be pursued across five aspects: “policy leadership and top-level design to guide industry development”, “selection of appropriate development models based on local natural endowments and socio-economic foundations”, “large enterprise-driven mechanisms to form multi-stakeholder interest connections”, “focus on product technology research and development, and establishment of technical training mechanisms”, and “market-driven funding to develop product sales markets”.

China’s Taiwan integration policy: The limitations of top-level design in the Xi era

Under Xi Jinping’s leadership, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has undergone a significant shift in its approach toward Taiwan, moving from a strategy characterized by economic concessions to one focusing on integration. Xi’s new strategic approach for the state’s united front work vis-a-vis Taiwan is characterized as ‘top-level design’ which divides such work vertically. The central government is responsible for developing policies and appointing competent functional agencies to collaborate with the State Council’s Taiwan Affairs Office on implementing China’s Taiwan policy while local governments are tasked with implementation. The CCP has designated Fujian Province an experimental site for policy trials towards realizing its Taiwan integration policy. Accordingly, this article examines the effectiveness of these united front operations in Fujian. Despite the provincial government’s diverse initiatives and substantial resources, implementation outcomes have fallen short of expectations. This study’s most salient finding indicates that, within the CCP’s top-level design framework, provincial officials lack both the willingness and capacity to implement policies on Taiwan. The incentive structure designed for government officials fails to motivate them, while their newly delimited authorization constrains them.

Exploring the spatial spillover effects of Yangtze River Delta ports on urban economic growth.

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) ports are pivotal in shaping the Yangtze River Economic Belt and advancing urban economies across China. This article utilizes panel data from 20 cities with ports in the YRD area, spanning from 2011 to 2020, using the spatial Durbin model to explore how these ports influence urban economic growth. The findings indicate that: (1) The YRD ports significantly contribute to economic growth in both the port cities and their surrounding areas, with the indirect impact on neighboring cities being more substantial than the direct effect on the cities themselves; (2) The beneficial spillover effects of the YRD ports on the economic growth of nearby cities vary in intensity over different spatial ranges, marked by distinct boundary effects and geographical attenuation. The influence extends up to approximately 110km; (3) Within the various elements impacting the economic growth of cities in the YRD, financial development prominently exhibits a threshold effect on urban economic growth; (4) Upon analyzing heterogeneity, inland and coastal port cities manifest divergent spillover effects, with inland port cities predominantly exerting a positive spillover on adjacent regions. Accordingly, in order to eventually achieve the shared prosperity of the region's economy, it is recommended that a strong top-level design be established and that efforts be made to transform the YRD region into a core region a diffusion and driving effect.

Is it really better to "die" than "live"? Reflections on the practice of "death with dignity" in China.

To analyze the causes of the controversy caused by "death with dignity" in China, and to provide some useful thoughts for the practical exploration of "death with dignity." By combing the periodical literature, legal texts and practice, we find that the Medical Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, which was revised and passed by China in 2022, recognized the legal effect of "living will" for the first time in legislation, which triggered a wide-ranging social discussion on "death with dignity" and brought many controversies. Due to the influence of traditional culture, policies and laws, medical service supply capacity and other factors, death with dignity suffers from great practical resistance. The exploration of "death with dignity" system needs to start with the problems encountered in practice, focusing on cultivating a good system implementation environment, strengthening the top-level design of "death with dignity" system, and improving the national social security system for hospice care.

Progress, Challenges, and Strategies for China’s Natural Gas Industry Under Carbon-Neutrality Goals

In recent years, the Chinese government has introduced a series of energy-saving, emission-reducing, and environmentally protective policies. These policies have gradually decreased the proportion of high carbon-emitting energy consumption, such as coal, in China’s energy structure. The proportion of natural gas consumption as a clean energy source has been increasing year by year. In the future, with the deepening decarbonization of the energy structure, the applied scope of natural gas utilization will expand, increasing demand. Therefore, this study first evaluated the development of China’s natural gas industry from the perspectives of development evolution, technological applications, and industry achievements. Secondly, based on the current situation of conventional and unconventional natural gas development, both resources and technological potential were analyzed. By taking several typical projects in the natural gas industry as examples, medium- and long-term prospects for natural gas development were planned and predicted. Building on this analysis, we employed the SWOT method to examine the development prospects of China’s natural gas industry and propose development goals. Finally, based on top-level design considerations and previous research analysis, suggestions and measures were proposed for technology implementation, regional layout, industrial chain collaboration, and support policies. These recommendations aim to provide planning support and management references for the development of China’s natural gas industry.

The transformation of 20-year social participation policies of older people in China: Network analysis and text analysis.

Social participation of older adults is a crucial component of China's aged care services and an important strategy for actively addressing the aging population. Analyzing policy texts on older people's social participation can inform future policy formulation and the development of relevant programs. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the transformation of China's social participation policies for older people from 1999 to 2023, employing institutional network analysis and policy text analysis. A two-dimensional policy analysis framework was constructed based on the perspective of "policy tools and social participation stages." Using Rost Content Mining 6.0 and Nvivo 11.0 Plus software, 55 national-level policy texts were coded. Structural analysis of policy-issuing subjects and topic words was conducted to visualize the findings. The analysis revealed that the policy-issuing subjects demonstrated strong authority but weak coordination, with a lack of communication and cooperation across subjects. The use of policy tools was imbalanced, with an over-reliance on supply-type tools and insufficient use of demand-type tools. Additionally, the lack of effective policy tools to support various social participation stages has limited policy implementation. With technological advancement and changing needs of the elderly population, there is a need for a more systematic and forward-looking top-level design of elderly social participation policies: accelerating the systematization and precision of technological elements in policies for elderly social participation, integrating social organizations via technological platforms to mobilize diverse stakeholder engagement, and addressing the digital divide between the elderly and new technologies is imperative.

Research Status, Practical Dilemmas, and Optimization Strategies of Blended Teaching in Universities

Blended teaching has emerged as a prominent subject in the recent reform and innovation of higher education. It has become imperative and guiding for colleges and universities to embrace a mixed teaching approach that aligns with the evolving needs of education and teaching in the new era. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research status surrounding blended teaching, encompassing fundamental issues, teaching design, practical guidance, teaching effectiveness, and evaluation. By critically examining the current challenges associated with blended teaching, this study proposes optimization strategies including enhancing student participation and interaction, promoting deep learning, improving teachers’ preparedness, teaching technologies, and curriculum design capabilities, strengthening top-level design, and perfecting evaluation and incentive mechanisms. These strategies provide new directions for the reform of blended teaching.