Tooth Gear Research Articles

Presenting a 'Dynamic Original Model' Used to Study Toothed Gearing with Parallel Axes

Nearly all the models studied the dynamic on gearing with axes parallel, is based on mechanical models of classical (known) who is studying spinning vibration of shafts gears and determine their own beats and strains of shafts spinning; sure that they are very useful, but are not actually join formed of the two teeth in contact (or more pairs of teeth in contact), that is not treated physiology of the mechanism itself with toothed gears for a view that the phenomena are dynamic taking place in top gear flat; model [1] just try this so, but the whole theory is based directly on the impact of teeth (collisions between teeth); this paper will present an original model that tries to explore the dynamic phenomena taking place in the plane geared couple from the geared transmissions with parallel axes.

Method for Improving the Strength Properties of Motor Vehicle Transmission Parts

A method to improve the strength properties of transmission parts of motor vehicles by application of a wear-resistant coating by an ultrasonic method making it possible to obtain thin highstrength layers is proposed. When applying the alloy material over the processed surface, an analytical method of elaborate selection a coating strengthener is used. The results of a study of toothed gear wheels of the transmission of motor vehicles with respect to strength, wear resistance, and noisiness of their work are presented.

RACK RAILWAY - A WAY TO THE TOP

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT Today there are more than 160 rack railways around the world. Constantly (in winter and summer) about 60 of them operate. Half of all permanent roads are in Switzerland, where, as is known, more than 61 % of the territory is occupied by mountains. A rack railway is a special type of railway with a steep incline, which has toothed wheel gearings, usually located between track rails. The author tells in some detail about the history of their creation, construction and operation. Currently, they are used as a means of moving along tourist routes in mountainous terrain or as urban passenger transport (for example, in Budapest, Zurich or Stuttgart). At the same time, the Swiss rack railways are profitable. In the territory of Russia, there are no rack railways. This despite the fact that in Russia there are also many mountain territories (≈ 33 %). And, as the author rightly points out, rack railways could promote their development and organization of activities that contribute to the development of the local community and the country as a whole. Keywords: mountain relief, tourism, rack railway, history, gear wheel, toothed wheel gearing, turn mechanism, spring shock absorber, Blenkinsop system, Abt system, Marsh system, Riggenbach system, Strub system, Morgan system, Loсher system, Lamell system.

Strategia szlifowania kształtowo-podziałowego kół zębatych na szlifierkach Höfler

The strategy of implementation of grinding operation of toothed gears with use of profile dividing method on Höfler grinding machines is presented. Results of this operation will depend on adopted strategy and machining conditions and the type of tool.

Case study on the effectiveness of gear fault diagnosis technique for gear tooth defects under fluctuating speed

Gears are very reliable parts of wind turbines and normally contribute for more than 5 years without failure when operated under fluctuating speed conditions. This case study presents the effectiveness of gear fault diagnosis techniques to highlight cracked tooth, chipped tooth and missing tooth gear under fluctuating speed conditions. Various measuring parameters such as overall vibration acceleration and envelope-detected acceleration were calculated for vibration signal, and sound intensity and sound pressure were calculated for acoustic signal. A statistical indicator kurtosis was also calculated for both vibration signal and acoustic signal. These measuring parameters were then compared with showing the fault detection capability of techniques employed under fluctuating speed and also under different loading conditions. The detection of faults by kurtosis of acoustic signal is found most efficient. For low load conditions, envelope-detected acceleration of vibration signal can also support fault diagnosis under fluctuating speed conditions.

ANALYSIS OF CONTACT AND BENDING STRESSES IN GEARBOX SWITCHING UNDER LOAD

The work analyses contact stresses that occur within the active surface of toothed gears as well as bending stresses that take place at the tooth root. Contact stresses have been designated at the beginning of the singletooth engagement area within the pitch point and in the end of single-tooth engagement area. Designation of bending stresses at the tooth root has been made by applying the interteeth force to the external point of single-tooth engagement. The calculated numerical values of contact and bending stresses were compared to fatigue contact durability σH lim and fatigue bending strength σF lim that were obtained experimentally. Calculations of contact stresses and bending stresses were done with multi-criterion optimisation, which makes it possible to select such geometrical parameters of toothed gears that allow utilizing fatigue durability σH lim and σF lim in reference to a given material and technology of manufacturing toothed gears.

Advanced Design of a Gear Shaving Cutter with the Screw Cutting Edges for Finish Machining of Teeth of Gearwheels

Известны конструкции инструментов для чистовой обработки зубьев эвольвентных зубчатых колес со спирально-винтовыми режущими кромками, выполненными на одной боковой стороне витков. Обработка зубчатых колес производится при согласованном вращении инструмента и детали вокруг своих осей и перемещении их относительно друг друга в осевом направлении детали, причем обработка правой и левой стороны профиля зубьев возможна только после переустановки колеса. Недостатком этих инструментов является сложность конструкции и технологии изготовления. Известна конструкция инструмента червячного типа для чистовой обработки зубьев эвольвентных зубчатых колес (авторы Н. А. Чемборисов, Р. М. Хисамутдинов, В. А. Авдеев), выполненного с непрерывными винтовыми режущими кромками, при этом его винтовая поверхность имеет прямоугольный профиль. Недостатком этого инструмента является то, что режущий клин при его работе имеет не вполне удовлетворительную геометрию: передние и задние углы на режущих кромках практически равны нулю. Известен также инструмент (шевер) для чистовой обработки зубьев эвольвентных зубчатых колес, выполненный с непрерывными винтовыми режущими кромками, отличающийся от конструкции Чемборисова Н. А. и соавторов тем, что режущий клин имеет конструктивно выполненный задний угол (авторы Н. В. Сморкалов, В. П. Скрипин, В. П. Птицын, Ю. Ф. Белугин). Последовательная обработка правой и левой стороны профиля зубьев колеса разными винтовыми режущими кромками данным инструментом обеспечивает повышение его стойкости, а также существенно уменьшает вспомогательное время, исключая необходимость переустановки колеса и тем самым повышает производительность процесса. Разработана усовершенствованная конструкция шевера с винтовыми режущими кромками для чистовой обработки зубьев зубчатых колес, которая позволяет улучшить врезание инструмента в металл, уменьшить деформацию стружки и улучшить ее сход, уменьшить силу и мощность резания.

Load sharing by tooth pairs in involute toothed harmonic drive with conventional wave generator cam

A harmonic drive is a two gear epicyclic drive with a gear set of circular ring gear (RG), a flex rimmed external toothed gear (FG) and an oval cam. FG, with oval cam inside, takes non-circular gear shape encounters improper teeth mating with RG, having only two teeth difference. Consequently, interferences occur at several tooth pairs even at no load. These are inherent and obvious. Overcoming such interferences and further with applied load estimation of load sharing by tooth pairs poses a complex problem. In solving it, first, tooth stiffness of internal gear and external gear are derived in the present investigation. A method of estimating the load shared by the multiple tooth pairs in contact is proposed. The load distribution pattern in proportion to the tooth deformation is considered. Load shared by contacting tooth pairs is estimated and stresses in FG cup are found out using FEM. Finally, such results are compared with experimental results, which have good agreement.

From design to manufacturing of asymmetric teeth gears using computer application

The asymmetric cylindrical gears, with involutes teeth profiles having different base circle diameters, are nonstandard gears, used with the aim to obtain better function parameters for the active profile. We will expect that the manufacturing of these gears became possible only after the design and realization of some specific tools. The paper present how the computer aided design and applications developed in MATLAB, for obtain the geometrical parameters, in the same time for calculation some functional parameters like stress and displacements, transmission error, efficiency of the gears and the 2D models, generated with AUTOLISP applications, are used for computer aided manufacturing of asymmetric gears with standard tools. So the specific tools considered one of the disadvantages of these gears are not necessary and implicitly the expected supplementary costs are reduced. The calculus algorithm established for the asymmetric gear design application use the „direct design“ of the spur gears. This method offers the possibility of determining first the parameters of the gears, followed by the determination of the asymmetric gear rack’s parameters, based on those of the gears. Using original design method and computer applications have been determined the geometrical parameters, the 2D and 3D models of the asymmetric gears and on the base of these models have been manufacturing on CNC machine tool asymmetric gears.

Agricultural robot designed for seeding mechanism

In the field of agriculture, plantation begins with ploughing the land and sowing seeds. The old traditional method plough attached to an OX and tractors needs human involvement to carry the process. The driving force behind this work is to reduce the human interference in the field of agriculture and to make it cost effective. In this work, apart of the land is taken into consideration and the robot introduced localizes the path and can navigate itself without human action. For ploughing, this robot is provided with tentacles attached with saw blades. The sowing mechanism initiates with long toothed gears actuated with motors. The complete body is divided into two parts the tail part acts as a container for seeds. The successor holds on all the electronics used for automating and actuation. The locomotion is provided with wheels covered under conveyor belts. Gears at the back of the robot rotate in equal speed with respect to each other with the saw blades. For each rotation every tooth on gear will take seeds and will drop them on field. Camera at the front end tracks the path for every fixed distance and at the minimum distance it takes the path pre-programmed.

RANCANG BANGUN MESIN PENCUCI RUMPUT LAUT BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI HYBRID

Potensi rumput laut yang sangat besar dan kebutuhan pasar yang amat tinggi, maka perlu adanya pengembangan mesin pengolah rumput laut yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah yang berlipat ganda dari produk tersebut. Adapun penelitian yang dilakukan adalah sebatas proses pencucian rumput laut dari proses pengolahan secara keseluruhan, dengan membuat rancang bangun mesin pencuci rumput laut berbasis teknologi hybrid, yaitu menggunakan penggabungan sumber energi yang dihasilkan dari sistem pedal dan sistem tenaga matahari. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif setelah dilakukan identifikasi terhadap fasilitas dan aktivitas yang ada dan penghitungan kembali kapasitas tempat pelelangan ikan, dermaga dan kolam pelabuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan tiga belas jenis aktivitas kepelabuhanan perikanan yang tercantum dalam UU RI Nomor 45 Tahun 2009 tentang Perikanan, maka PPI Cituis telah melaksanakannya 9. Permasalahan kurangnya kapasitas dermaga (154,18 m) dan kedalaman kolam pelabuhan (70 cm) mengakibatkan terhambatnya aktivitas di PPI Cituis khususnya pendaratan kapal dan pembongkaran hasil tangkapan

Determination of Motion Parameters for Rod Toothed Gears with Skew Axes

В работе рассматриваются приближенные передачи. Данная работа посвящена определению параметров движения зубчато-поводковой передачи на скрещивающихся осях. Разработка защищена патентом РФ. В статье обоснована актуальность синтеза новых видов зацепления с упрощенной геометрией контактирующих тел. Представлено расположение систем координат, использованных для получения функции положения передачи, состоящей из двух колес и неподвижного звена (стойки). Для передач на скрещивающихся осях получены координаты точек контакта на поверхностях поводков и рассчитаны ошибки функции положения при пересопряжении. Функция положения получена применением метода матричного преобразования систем координат и равенства радиусов-векторов и ортов нормалей в точке контакта. Данная передача может быть актуальна в машиностроении, приборостроении и других отраслях народного хозяйства. На ее основе могут быть синтезированы как редукторы, так и мультипликаторы. Она обладает высокой технологичностью (для ее изготовления не требуется специального оборудования), а функция перемещения близка к линейной. Данная статья характеризует влияние изменения передаточного отношения на качественные характеристики передачи. Определены минимальные допустимые передаточные отношения для различных чисел поводков ведущего колеса. Значения минимальных допустимых передаточных отношений существенно меньше, чем для конических зубчато-поводковых передач на пересекающихся ортогональных осях. Зацепление происходит без выхода точки контакта на кромку поводка. Для решения полученной системы уравнений применялись численные методы программного пакета MathCAD. В дальнейшем автором предполагается рассмотреть возможные погрешности монтажа и изготовления зубчато-поводковой передачи (такие, как погрешность шага, несоосность и т. д.) с целью оценки их влияния на качественные характеристики зацепления для всех типов взаимного расположения осей.

Development and application of computer model to study the modes of dynamic loading in mechanical oscillatory systems

A simulation computer model was developed with a view to conducting the simulation of modes of dynamic loading of mechanical oscillatory systems of the single-stage evolvent helical tooth gears class. The model implementation was carried out by means of the MatLAB-Simulink simulation environment, based on the principles of analog simulation. Schematics of the computer simulation model and the generator of external loading functions were presented. Internal structure of the block for solving one of the equations of mathematical model in mechanical oscillatory systems was established. In the course of modeling experiment, we performed simulation of the modes of dynamic tooth gear loading by force, the loading moment of which is simulated by the function of stepwise or linear-increasing character. Results of the simulation results were obtained in the form of combined oscillograms of the alternating moment of external loading and reactions in the form of oscillations of one of the elements of the tooth gear structure. The simulation was carried out with the assigned values of weight and rigidity, damping, geometric, structural and dynamic parameters of mechanical oscillatory systems. Obtained experimental results allow assessing the values of dynamic forces in tooth gear nodes depending on the ratio of rotation periods of the shaft, and function of changing the external loading moment, subject to the action of stepwise and linear-alternating forms of the force.

Proposition of the vibroacoustic diagnostic methodology of testing toothed gears of marine drives

ABSTRACTThe proposal of the Authors of the hereby paper is based on measuring vibrations of the gearbox housing and on the application of the generalised coherence analysis. The diagnostic model proposed by Klekot [1992. Simplified kinematic model of a spur gear with involute teeth elaborated for analysis of gear vibroactivity. Mach Vib. 4(1):261–267] was accepted as the standard, which is relatively simple, but takes into account the influence of the mesh geometry evolution during its operations on this mesh dynamics. In order to identify the proposed model, the authors performed the active diagnostic and model experiments for the toothed wheels pair. As a result, you can see how selective and practically insensitive to the interferences the measure of the evolution of gear tooth damage can be.

Bending Stress and Deflection Analysis of Meshing Spur Gear Tooth during the Single Tooth Contact with Finite Element Method and Determination of the Bending Stiffness

Purpose of this study is the study of loading and contact problems encountered at rotating machine elements and especially at tooth gears. Tooth gears are some of the most commonly used mechanical components for rotary motion and power transmission. This fact proves the necessity for improved reliability and enhanced service life, which requires precise and clear knowledge of the stress field at gear tooth. This study investigates three different study cases of the stresses occurring during the single tooth meshing, regarding the gear module, power rating and number of teeth as variable parameters. Using finite elements analysis, the stresses and deflections on discrete points of contact are derived. Finally from the finite elements analysis results calculated the peripherical bending stiffness of the loaded tooth. From FEM analysis and analytical calculation the magnitudes of root stresses, contact displacement and peripherical bending stiffness, during the single tooth contact, are presented with graphs versus the height of the contact to the total tooth height ratio. During the single tooth contact the values of the Equivalent and 1st principal stress at the addendum of the tooth, the bending deflection and the peripherical bending stiffness at the point of contact are proportional to the height of the contact in respect of the total tooth height.

A Dynamic Model for Gears

Nearly all models studying the dynamic of gearing with parallel axes are based on classical mechanical models and known which are studying the spinning vibration of shafts gears and determine their own beats and strains of shafts spinning. These classical dynamic models are very useful, but they didn't take in consideration the dynamic events formed between the two teeth in contact (or more pairs of teeth in contact). It's not seen the physiology of the mechanism itself with toothed gears. In this study we do not only account for the impact of teeth (collisions between teeth) but we also consider all the principal dynamic events that are occurring in top gear plane. This article will present an original model that explores the dynamic events originated and taking place in the plane geared couple of the parallel axes geared transmissions. The first measure to be taken for the protection of the environment of pollution of the over a billion motor vehicles with heat engines already in circulation, is to improve the motors and their drives.

Metal cutting of tooth gears by a method of a nonlinear generating process of a profile

In this article, the perspective methods of milling of tooth gears by disk cutters with the nonlinear coordination between feeding movements are presented. Besides, the algorithm of the contour calculation of sophisticated reconciled movements of a tool and a gear blank is described.

A Dynamic Model for Gears

Nearly all models studying the dynamic of gearing with parallel axes are based on classical mechanical models and known which are studying the spinning vibration of shafts gears and determine their own beats and strains of shafts spinning. These classical dynamic models are very useful, but they didn't take in consideration the dynamic events formed between the two teeth in contact (or more pairs of teeth in contact). It's not seen the physiology of the mechanism itself with toothed gears. In this study we do not only account for the impact of teeth (collisions between teeth) but we also consider all the principal dynamic events that are occurring in top gear plane. This article will present an original model that explores the dynamic events originated and taking place in the plane geared couple of the parallel axes geared transmissions. The first measure to be taken for the protection of the environment of pollution of the over a billion motor vehicles with heat engines already in circulation, is to improve the motors and their drives.

Numerical Research of Toothed Gears Geometry Influence on Power Transmission System Vibroactivity

Numerical Research of Toothed Gears Geometry Influence on Power Transmission System Vibroactivity

Анализ процесса зубохонингования зубчатых колес модулем m = 2,625 мм гидронасосов

Анализ процесса зубохонингования зубчатых колес модулем m = 2,625 мм гидронасосов