Tooth Type Research Articles

Non-syndromic supernumerary fourth molar: A report of two cases and review of literature

Background: Supernumerary teeth are excess teeth found in a normal dentition, with a prevalence of 0.1‒3.8% in the permanent dentition and 0.3‒0.6% in the primary dentition. This case series presents two non-syndromic supernumerary fourth molar cases in two male and female patients. Case Report: This study describes two rare supernumerary fourth molar cases. Both cases were asymptomatic and impacted in the maxillary arch. A routine panoramic radiograph revealed the presence of them for the first time. The medical and familial records of the patients were non-contributory, with no abnormalities in the extraoral examination. Conclusion: Well-developed, impacted supernumerary teeth are rare occurrences in individuals with no concurrent diseases or syndromes. Dental practitioners should know the different types of supernumerary teeth and manage them according to their type and possible complications.

Efficacy of Dexamethasone Injection at Different Sites on Postoperative Sequelae After Extracting Mandibular Impacted Third Molars: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundDexamethasone, an efficacious anti-inflammatory agent, is widely used after tooth extraction. However, its optimal injection site has yet to be investigated. PurposeWe compare the efficacy of dexamethasone injection at different sites on postoperative sequelae after extracting mandibular impacted third molars (MITMs). Study design, setting, and sampleA prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. Healthy adults with fully MITMs scheduled for extraction were included. Exclusion criteria were 1) Patients with the systemic alteration that prevented the surgical procedure; 2) pregnancy, breastfeeding, premenstrual period; 3) hypersensitivity to the drug under test; and 4) those who did not return for postoperative follow-up at one, three, and seven days. Exposure variableThe subjects were randomized to three groups. An online randomization plan generator assigned each subject to a single treatment by randomly permuting blocks. Different sites for postoperative dexamethasone injections included the buccal side of the adjacent second molar and extraction sockets. Dexamethasone injection (4 mg) on the buccal side of the adjacent second molar (group 1), an injection on the buccal side of extraction sockets (group 2), an injection of physiological saline (0.8 mL) on the buccal side of the adjacent second molar (control). Outcome variablesThe outcome variables were postoperative facial swelling, limitation of the mouth opening, postoperative pain, and postoperative quality of life evaluation. The pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) at one, three and seven days, postoperatively. The quality of life was recorded throughout the Posse scale at seven days. CovariatesThe covariates are age, sex, length of operation, and type of impacted teeth and surgery. AnalysesThe statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, Chi-square, or Fisher’s exact tests with P-values < 0.05 considered statistically significant. ResultsOur study included 58 participants with a mean age of 19.48 ± 3.31 years; group 1 (n = 24), group 2 (n = 20), and control group (n = 14). On day three postoperative, the swelling and trismus were significantly less in group one than in the other two groups (P < 0.05), and group one had an overall postoperative quality of life compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Unaffected speech function was present in 73.7% of patients in group 1, while 50% of patients in group 2 had affected speech function three days after the operation (p < 0.05). The "unable to open mouth" of the “Eating subscale” and “felt tingling” had statistical significance (p < 0.05). ConclusionsDexamethasone injections on the buccal side of the adjacent second molar can be a viable option for treating facial swelling and limitation of mouth opening after total MITMs extraction.

A case report of type 1 diabetes mellitus coexistent with Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A and a literature review

A case report of type 1 diabetes mellitus coexistent with Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A and a literature review

Success predictive factors of teeth subjected to autotransplant: An umbrella review

Abstract Introduction: A dental autotransplant is a controlled case of dental avulsion based on the transplantation of erupted teeth within the same individual, from one place to another, in sites where an extraction was performed or that were surgically prepared. Autotransplantation has become a viable method to replace lost teeth since transplanted teeth may operate as fully normal teeth. Objective: The objective of this study was to summarize the available scientific evidence regarding predictors of success in autotransplanted teeth. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of systematic reviews, known as an umbrella review, was performed. Two calibrated and standardized investigators independently analyzed the quality using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline and evaluated the confidence level and bias review with the Amstar-2 guideline. The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were used. The search was conducted in August 2022 and updated on March 22, 2023. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses carried out from publications on human beings, between 2017 and 2022, were included. Results: From 104 achieved, 4 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were assessed. The overall survival of autotransplanted teeth ranged from 81% to 98%, the prevalence of overall inflammatory root resorption ranged from 2.1% to 43%, and the prevalence of ankylosis ranged from 1.2% to 43%. Predictive factors for success identified in the literature included tooth type or root development and clinical intervention factors, including socket preparation, splinting, occlusion control, antibiotic regimen, treatment time of endodontics, and orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: The existing evidence on autotransplanted teeth in humans indicates that the survival rate of such teeth involves a series of presurgical and surgical variables. Analyses of factors associated with complications or failures still require primary studies where associations may be made to draw more solid conclusions.

How well do parents identify their child's baby teeth? Engagement and accuracy of parent-reported information on a tooth checklist survey.

Naturally exfoliated primary teeth are being increasingly collected in child development studies. Most of these odontological collections and tooth biobanks use parent-reported information from questionnaires or tooth checklists to collect data on offspring teeth. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have assessed parental engagement in tooth checklists, nor parental accuracy in identifying their child's baby tooth. This study aimed to evaluate these dimensions by analysing data from the about this tooth checklist returned with donated primary teeth in a natural experimental study called STRONG (the Stories Teeth Record of Newborn Growth). Parental self-reported information were analysed on checklists returned with 825 primary teeth belonging to 199 children. The percentage of blank answers was calculated for each question. The accuracy of parents-reported tooth identification was evaluated by comparing parental ratings to researchers' ratings. Reliability of researchers' tooth identification was first evaluated by calculating intra-observer and inter-observer agreements, as well as Cohen's Kappa values. The percentage of accuracy of parents' tooth identification (relative to researcher's) was then calculated, and logistic regressions were used to evaluate if time elapsed between when exfoliation occurred and the checklist was completed associated with parental accuracy in tooth identification. Parents returned 98.4% of the checklists and completed 74.9% to 97.7% of the questions. Excellent reliability was demonstrated for researchers' intra- and inter-rater tooth identification (agreement percentages >90%; Cohen's Kappa values >.83). Moderate accuracy of parents-reported tooth identifications was found, with parents correctly identifying 49.5% of the donated tooth. Better parental accuracies were highlighted for partial identifications (87.1% of correct jaw, 75.6% of correct tooth type, and 65.8% of correct lateralization). Logistic regressions showed the odds of correct parental identifications decreased on average by 1.8% every 30 days of distance between tooth exfoliation and checklist completion. While parental engagement is high, parents-reported tooth identifications have moderate accuracy, which decreases over time. High accuracy is however found for partial identifications. Parent-reported information on the accompanying questionnaire of naturally exfoliated primary teeth collection or tooth biobanks, even when filled in a long time after exfoliation took place, should be encouraged. However, expert identifications of teeth should remain best practice.

Survival of endodontically treated teeth in public dental service in Northern Finland: a practise-based register study.

The aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with the survival of root canal treated teeth in a practise-based study setting in a 5-year period. This retrospective study used data from the electronic patient registration system of the public dental services of the City of Oulu, Finland. The inclusion criteria for this study were patients aged ≥ 20 years who had root canal treatment (RCT) that was initiated in 2014. One RCT per patient was included in the study. A total of 713 patients met the inclusion criteria. The outcome variable for this study was the extraction of the RCT tooth during the 5-year period. Explanatory variables included age, diagnosis, tooth type (incisive, canine, premolar, molar), RCT technique (manual, motorized), time from RCT initiation to final restoration and type of final restoration (composite, glass ionomer, fixed dental prosthesis). To evaluate the association between the outcome variable and explanatory variables, Cox regression analyses were performed. The overall survival rate was 91%. The middle-aged (40-59-years-old) and the oldest (60 and older) patients had a two-fold risk of extraction compared to younger (20-40-years-old) patients. Similarly, a short length of time from RCT initiation to final restoration (0-14 days) resulted in a nearly three times higher risk of extraction compared to a longer period (≥ 90 days). The 5-year survival rate of RCTs seems high. Extractions were more common among patients over 40 years of age and if the RCT was completed shortly after its initiation.

Threatened fishes of the world: Schizothorax (Racoma) biddulphi (Günther, 1876) (Cyprinidae)

In order to study the individual biology of endemic fish in China, lay a foundation for the conservation of its germplasm resources, and consolidate the basic biological data of endemic fish in the world. According to the ethical code and fishing permit, 21 samples of Schizothorax (Racoma) biddulphi (Günther, 1876) were collected from the Muzati River in Tarim River system from 2021 to 2022, and their morphological characteristics, age identification and anatomical observation were analyzed by classical biological methods. S. biddulphi has a long body, a conical head, a pointed snout and a lower mouth. Requires 2 pairs. The scales are small and neatly arranged; Bare or scaly chest; The lateral line scale is slightly larger. The lateral line is complete. The correlation equation between body length and body weight is: W = 4.148 × 10-5L2.791. There were 5 kinds of age identification materials: 15+ for lapillus and asteriscus, 14+ for vertebra, 11+ for opercular bone, and 9+ for anal scale. The peritoneal wall of S. biddulphi is black; The tooth type is 2·3·5-5·3·2; The gill harrow was 11~13 for laymen and 15~18 for experts. Diphysocyte; Gallbladder oval; The number of vertebrae is 4+42-43+1, and the number of ribs is 23 or 24. S. biddulphi is a special species in the Tarim River system, and its evolutionary adaptation is closely related to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Different approaches and type of anaesthesia required for the extraction of inverted mesiodens: A case series with review of literature

Supernumerary teeth are additional teeth or toothlike structures that have erupted or remained unerupted in addition to the 20 deciduous teeth and 32 permanent teeth. The size, form, and number of teeth can all vary. It is the most frequent type of supernumerary tooth, and it is generally found between the top two central incisors, which may be impacted or erupted. CBCT pictures were collected to properly diagnose the form and location of the mesiodens. Their presence can cause a range of clinical issues. The current report discusses a rare example of palatally positioned, inverted, and impacted mesiodens discovered during a malocclusion radiographic evaluation. It seeks to demonstrate early detection, planning, and the proper method, allowing the teeth and neighbouring teeth to be preserved.

Three-dimensional assessment of virtual clear aligner attachment removal: A prospective clinical study

In digital dentistry, virtual attachment removal (VAR) optimizes clear aligner therapy by enhancing efficiency for refinements and enabling prefabricated retainer production through the removal of attachments from a digital scan before the clinical removal of clear aligner attachments. This prospective clinical study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of VAR in the maxillary arch. A total of 110 teeth were analyzed from a sample of 54 maxillary scans from 25 subjects. Models with attachments were virtually debonded using Meshmixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, Calif) and superimposed over the control group in MeshLab. Vector Analysis Module (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ) was used to calculate and analyze 3-dimensional Euclidean distances on the buccal surfaces between the superimposed models. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 23.0, IBM, Armonk, NY). The Shapiro-Wilkes (α= 0.05) test determined a nonnormal distribution of results. The Kruskal-Wallis (α= 0.05) was used to determine differences between different tooth types and the number of attachments. The VAR protocol showed no statistical differences in the root mean square between different tooth segments with an overall tendency for inadequate attachment removal. No difference between the groups was found regarding the number of attachments when used as a main factor. The VAR technique is precise enough for the fabrication of retainers from printed dental models in a clinical setting and is not affected by the number of attachments on the tooth.

Assessment of the correlation between supracrestal gingival tissue dimensions and other periodontal phenotypes components via the digital registration method: a cross‑sectional study in a Chinese population

BackgroundSupracrestal gingival tissue dimensions (SGTDs) has been considered to be an essential element of periodontal phenotype (PP) components. This study aimed to explore the relationship between SGTDs and other PP components by digital superposition method that integrated cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with intraoral scanning.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at the Stomatology Hospital of Fujian Medical University. Participants were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data obtained from the digital scanner (TRIOS 3, 3Shape, Denmark) and CBCT images were imported into the TRIOS software (Implant Studio, 3Shape, Denmark) for computing relevant parameters. The significant level was set at 0.05.ResultsA total of 83 participants with 498 maxillary anterior teeth were finally included. The mean values of supracrestal gingival height (SGH) and the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the crest of the alveolar ridge (CEJ-ABC) on the buccal site were significantly higher than palatal SGH (SGH-p) and palatal CEJ-ABC (CEJ-ABC-p). Men exhibited taller CEJ-ABC and SGH-p than women. Additionally, tooth type was significantly associated with the SGH, SGH-p and CEJ-ABC-p. Taller SGH was associated with wider crown, smaller papilla height (PH), flatter gingival margin, thicker bone thickness (BT) and gingival thickness (GT) at CEJ, the alveolar bone crest (ABC), and 2 mm apical to the ABC. Smaller SGH-p displayed thicker BT and GT at CEJ, the ABC, and 2 and 4 mm apical to the ABC. Higher CEJ-ABC showed lower interproximal bone height, smaller PH, flatter gingival margin, thinner GT and BT at CEJ, and 2 mm apical to the ABC. Smaller CEJ-ABC-p displayed thicker BT at CEJ and 2 and 4 mm apical to the ABC. On the buccal, thicker GT was correlated with thicker BT at 2 and 4 mm below the ABC.ConclusionSGTDs exhibited a correlation with other PP components, especially crown shape, gingival margin and interdental PH. The relationship between SGTDs and gingival and bone phenotypes depended on the apico-coronal level evaluated.Trial registrationThis study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Stomatology Hospital of Fujian Medical University (approval no. 2023-24).

Endodontic Microsurgery Outcomes over 10 Years and Associated Prognostic Factors: A Retrospective Cohort Study

IntroductionThis retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate long-term healing outcomes (10–17.5 years) after contemporary endodontic microsurgery (EMS) and identify the associated prognostic factors. MethodsClinical and radiographic data of an EMS cohort (2006–2013) from the electronic database of the dental hospital were reviewed retrospectively by 2 independent examiners to determine their survival and healing outcomes, and potential prognostic factors were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression and logistic regression (α = 0.05). ResultsThrough strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and 721 EMS-treated teeth in the cohort, 309 (42.9%) were included (male = 35.0%; female = 65.0%; age = 45.83 ± 15.53 years) with a mean final follow-up of 152.26 ± 26.37 months (range, 120–211 months; median = 148 months). Clinical and radiographic assessments found an 80.5% 10-year survival rate with 63.4% of success. Collectively, tooth type, tooth mobility, preoperative lesion size, clinical crown-to-root ratio, and crown restorations at follow-up were significantly associated with long-term success and survival over 10 years. ConclusionsThe preoperative status and condition of the tooth including its alveolar bone support and adequate full-crown restorations may be relevant prognostic determinants of success and survival after EMS over time.

Laser fluorescence assessment of dental caries arrest with two silver fluoride agents in patients with special needs– a preliminary report

PurposeWhile silver diamine fluoride has been used extensively for caries arrest and desensitising, silver fluoride (AgF) at neutral pH may also have value as a minimally invasive dental caries treatment. This study explored the effectiveness of two AgF products (AgF/KI and AgF/SnF2) when used in adult patients with special needs (SN) who had high caries risk and salivary gland hypofunction.MethodsThis split-mouth clinical study, over two appointments 3-months apart, compared the impact of a single application of AgF/KI (Riva Star Aqua, SDI) and AgF/SnF2 (Creighton Dental CSDS, Whiteley) on matched carious lesions in the same arch, by clinical visual-tactile (cVT) assessment of caries status and laser fluorescence (LF, DIAGNOdent) evaluation of bacterial load in the lesions, using repeated measures analysis.ResultsTwelve participants were recruited in the study. A total of 56 teeth (28 pairs) were included. Both AgF products gave a significant decrease in caries activity as measured by cVT (P < 0.0001) and LF (P = 0.0027). There were no statistically significant differences between the two AgF treatments, with response rates for improvements in active lesions of 92% in the AgF/KI arm, and 96% in the AgF/SnF2 arm. There was no effect of tooth type, lesion type, arch type, plaque metabolism and plaque area at the site level on outcomes, nor was there a clustering effect of sites in a patient level analysis. Overall, LF was superior to cVT for detecting lesions that still progressed despite treatment (P = 0.0027).ConclusionA single application of AgF/KI or AgF/SnF2 has high predictability (over 90%) for achieving arrest in active caries lesions in adult patients with SN and high caries risk. Clinical assessment should use visual-tactile examination combined with LF readings to detect lesions that are still progressing and that require additional treatments. Future studies should compare these AgF modalities with SDF and explore factors such as time between applications and the need for repeated applications.Trial registrationThe study was registered with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621001139864p) on 23/08/2021.

Stages and Grades of the 2018 AAP/EFP Classification of Periodontitis Vary by the Tooth Type: A 5-year Observational Study

Stages and Grades of the 2018 AAP/EFP Classification of Periodontitis Vary by the Tooth Type: A 5-year Observational Study

Evaluation of Students' Proficiency in Removing Gutta-Percha Prior to Fiber Post Placement: A Retrospective Study.

This retrospective study focuses on dental students' proficiency in removing gutta-percha during fiber post space preparation, which is important for maintaining apical seal integrity in endodontically treated teeth. Emphasizing the significance of preventing further reinfection. The primary objective of this study was to assess the proficiency of undergraduate dental students in the manipulation of gutta-percha during fiber post preparation, specifically focusing on the psychomotor skills involved. In addition, the study aims to determine the predictive value of these skills on the ultimate clinical outcomes of the procedure, with particular emphasis on variations attributable to tooth type. The analysis encompassed 290 periapical radiographs obtained from endodontically treated teeth, all of which had undergone fiber post placement by undergraduate students at the College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. Postoperatively, the length of the remaining gutta-percha was measured by two experts in the field, and subsequent outcomes were classified into three categories: optimal, suboptimal, and inadequate, based on the extent of gutta-percha remaining. Students showed optimal removal rates ranging from 33.3% to 73.1%. Among the studied sample, upper anterior teeth were the highest included teeth (n=117, 40%). Remarkably, lower anterior teeth were more prone to suboptimal and inadequate gutta-percha remaining lengths (n=24, 33%). However, the chi-square test revealed no statistically significant difference in students' psychomotor skills while removing the gutta-percha and preparing the teeth to receive fiber posts across tooth types (p-value > 0.05). With the limitations of this study, more than half of the included cases show that undergraduate students of the College of Dentistry at Taibah University, Saudi Arabia, possess an optimum level of psychomotor skills in removing gutta-percha while preparing the teeth for receiving fiber posts. This study suggests enhancing the preclinical training of students by considering more training on different tooth types in relation to dental arches.

Predictors of apical periodontitis in root canal treated teeth from an adult Nepalese subpopulation: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundEndodontic literature search revealed that no study has been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) in root canal treated teeth from an adult Nepalese population of Madhesh Province. Consequently, little is known about the extent and risk factors associated with it. This study aimed to determine AP prevalence in root canal treated teeth from an adult Nepalese subpopulation and to analyze the related risk factors including age, sex, tooth type, type of coronal restoration and quality of root canal treatment and coronal restoration as predictors of AP.MethodsDigital panoramic radiographs were evaluated. Periapical status of 300 root canal-treated teeth was scored by using the periapical index. The quality of root canal treatment and coronal restorations were categorized as adequate or inadequate through radiographic and clinical evaluation. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsPrevalence of AP in the present study was 31.7%. In 45.7% of the treated teeth, quality of root canal treatment was adequate whereas 46% of the cases had adequate coronal restorations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant associations and remarkably increased risk for AP in teeth with inadequate root canal treatment (odds ratio [OR] = 7.92; 95% CI: 3.96–15.82; p < 0.001) whereas lower risk for AP was found in females (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.28–0.90; p = 0.021) and in teeth restored with crown (OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.09–0.51; p < 0.001) and filling (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.08–0.42; p < 0.001). Quality of coronal restoration, tooth type and age of the patient were not found to be the predictors of AP.ConclusionsWithin the limits of this study, a high prevalence of AP and poor overall quality of root canal treatment and coronal restoration was found in the subpopulation studied. Quality of root canal treatment, type of coronal restoration and sex of the patient are significant predictors of possible AP development in root canal treated teeth. Substantial efforts are needed to improve the endodontic treatment standards.

Incidence of Post Instrumentation Pain Following Endodontic Treatment Among Patients Attending College of Dentistry-Hawler Medical University.

Background and objective: The background of this study revolves around endodontic treatment, which is a therapeutic approach involving the chemical and mechanical disinfection of root canals, followed by the establishment of a secure three-dimensional seal. The primary objective of this research is to investigate and understand the underlying factors that contribute to flare-ups experienced by patients undergoing endodontic treatment. Method: A total of fifty-two patients were considered participants and were included for history taking, clinical examination, radiographic assessment, and data analysis after receiving Root Canal Treatment (RCT) for different types of teeth (incisors, canine, and premolar) by different students (operators) and different supervising seniors (trainers). During this time, the operator performed RCT on various patients, and the participants were followed up after they completed root canal obturation. Statistical analysis was done by the SPSS program, chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used to determine the correlation between variables. Result: The level of significance used in this research is ≤ (0.05), and the result is significant when (p≤0.05). The main findings were that the frequency and distribution of post-instrumentation pain was (30.8%). According to our data, we found out the highest incidence of flare-up in HMU was related to pulp remnant and periapical pathosis. Conclusion: There are several factors that are related to the prevalence of post-obturation flare-up such as over-instrumentation, pulp remnant, periapical condition, presence of patient medical history, and perforation. According to these factors the dentist should be aware of the possibility of flare-up occurrence, however, it must be borne in mind that theories about these factors cannot be completely conclusive. Keywords: Endodontic Treatment, Flare-up, Postoperative pain.

Investigating the success rate of maxillary impacted canine tooth eruption using orthodontics according to age, gender and type of impaction in Shahrekord dental clinics in 2023

Background: Canine teeth have a significant impact on the order and proper function of other teeth. Canine impaction can have negative esthetic and functional effects. This study investigated the success rate of orthodontically-assisted eruption of maxillary canine teeth according to age, sex, and type of impaction in Shahrekord city, Iran. Methods: In this retrospective study, panoramic radiographs of 112 patients who had initiated their orthodontic treatment at least 2 years earlier and had completed it by 2023 were evaluated. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were also used when necessary to assess the details. The type, depth, and angle of erupted and impacted canine teeth were determined. The data were analyzed by the Fisher's exact test and t-test. Results: Impacted canines successfully erupted in 72 patients (64.3%). Palatal impaction was more common (71.4%) than buccal impaction (28.6%). Regarding the impaction depth, type C had the highest frequency (63.4%), followed by type B (30.4%), and type A (6.3%). There was no significant correlation between the gender of patients and success rate of assisted eruption (P&gt;0.05), but age and type of impaction were correlated with the success rate (P&lt;0.05). The erupted canine teeth had a significantly higher mean angle relative to the occlusal plane compared with non-erupted teeth (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The success rate of orthodontically-assisted eruption of impacted maxillary canine teeth was high, and patients in the age range of 15 to 18 years with grade II impaction showed the highest success rate of orthodontically-assisted eruption of impacted canine teeth.

Development and reproductive biology of Dermaptera: a comparative study of thirteen species from eight families

Abstract We examine and describe the embryonic development of 13 species from eight families of Dermaptera, i.e., all families excluding Karschiellidae, Hemimeridae, and Arixeniidae: Diplatys flavicollis (Diplatyidae), Cranopygia sp., Echinosoma sp., and Parapsalis infernalis (Pygidicranidae), Apachyus chartaceus (Apachyidae), Anisolabis maritima and Euborellia pallipes (Anisolabididae), Labidura riparia (Labiduridae), Forficula scudderi and Anechura harmandi (Forficulidae), Paralabella curvicauda (Spongiphoridae), and Proreus simulans and chelisochid gen. sp. (Chelisochidae). We also provide new findings on the reproductive biology of the Pygidicranidae and the postembryonic development of the Apachyidae. Based on information from the present and previous studies, we reconstruct the developmental and reproductive-biological groundplan for Dermaptera and discuss phylogenetic issues related to this order. We confirmed that Dermaptera possesses the embryological features (related to mode of embryonic formation and manner of blastokinesis) that are regarded as autapomorphies of Polyneoptera. Eudermaptera is characterized by the extraordinarily great length of the embryo which attains its maximum length in anatrepsis period, the positioning of its posterior end at the egg’s anterior ventral side, the type of egg tooth, and four larval instars. Anisolabididae, Labiduridae, and Eudermaptera share an elongation ratio of embryos in the anatrepsis period (ERE) of 160% or less and a larval instar number of five or less, whereas Protodermaptera is characterized by an ERE of 210% or more, a ratio of embryonic primordium relative to the egg’s longitudinal circumference (IL) of 40% or less, and a larval instar number of six or more. Notably, the ERE, IL, and larval instar number of Apachyidae are within the ranges observed in Protodermaptera.

Further Interventions after Root Canal Treatment Are Most Common in Molars and Teeth Restored with Direct Restorations: A 10–11-Year Follow-Up of the Adult Swedish Population

IntroductionThe aims were to investigate 1) the frequency of nonsurgical retreatment, root-end surgery, extraction, and further restorative treatment during a follow-up of 10–11 years after root filling and compare the frequencies according to tooth group and type of coronal restoration and 2) the timing of nonsurgical retreatment, root-end surgery, and extraction. MethodsData were collected from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency's register. A search for treatment codes identified teeth root filled in 2009 and the type of coronal restoration (direct, indirect, and unspecified) registered within 6 months of root filling. The root-filled teeth were followed 10–11 years, and further interventions were recorded. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. ResultsIn 2009, root fillings were registered for 215,611 individuals/teeth. Nonsurgical retreatment, root-end surgery, and extraction were undertaken in 3.5%, 1.4%, and 20% teeth, respectively. The frequency of further interventions varied with respect to tooth group and type of coronal restoration, but only slightly for endodontic retreatments. Further interventions, except for root-end surgery, were registered more often for molars and directly restored teeth (P < .001). The majority of endodontic retreatments were undertaken within 4 years, while extractions were evenly distributed over 10–11 years. ConclusionsThe frequency numbers of nonsurgical retreatment and root-end surgery were low, despite 1 in 5 root-filled teeth registered as extracted. Further interventions were most common in molars and directly restored teeth. Endodontic retreatments were performed more often during the first 4 years.

Comparative evaluation of cervical pulpotomy and pulpectomy for primary molars with irreversible pulpitis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

The objective of this multicentre randomised controlled trial was to compare the clinical/radiographic outcomes of cervical pulpotomy using calcium-enriched mixture cement (PCEM) and pulpectomy using Metapex (PM) in primary molars with irreversible pulpitis (IP). A total of 134 primary molars from 94 children were randomly assigned to two intervention groups: the PCEM group (n = 74) and the PM group (n = 60). Baseline characteristics including age/gender/molar type/tooth type/jaw were recorded. The primary outcome measures were clinical/radiographic success rates assessed at the first and second follow-up appointments. Secondary outcomes included reasons for clinical/radiographic failures. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of various factors on the success rates. The mean age of the participants in both groups was similar (PCEM group: 5.4 years, PM group: 5.5 years). Gender distribution, molar type, tooth type, jaw, and number of practitioners were comparable between the groups. The clinical success rate at the first follow-up was 98.6% in the PCEM group and 96.4% in the PM group. At the second follow-up, the clinical success rate was 97.1% in the PCEM group and 91.1% in the PM group. The radiographic success rates at the first and second follow-up were 98.6% and 96.4% in the PCEM group and 96.4% and 91.1% in the PM group, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis did not reveal any significant association between the success rates and age/gender/molar type/jaw, or treatment groups (P > 0.05). In primary molars with IP, both simple/conservative cervical pulpotomy using calcium-enriched mixture cement and pulpectomy using Metapex demonstrated high clinical/radiographic success rates. No significant differences were observed between the two treatment modalities. These findings suggest that both techniques can be considered effective treatment options for managing primary molars with IP. Trial registration number: IRCT20201226049838N1, retrospectively registered on 12 January 2021.