Splinting Of Teeth Research Articles

Predicting The Course Of Localized Periodontitis Of Traumatic Etiology After Complex Treatment

Due to the noteworthy prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases among the population, especially in older age groups, the problem of providing timely and quality care to prevent severe complications leading to tooth loss becomes urgent. Conventional approaches to treatment are not always successful and do not necessarily provide a lasting effect. Therefore, predicting the outcome of the disease is a critical task. Material and Methods — We performed examination of 169 individuals and treatment of 126 patients aged 45-75 years with mild to moderate localized periodontitis of traumatic etiology (LPT) were performed. We employed clinical, radiological, and functional methods of examining periodontal condition, and investigated laboratory blood parameters (complete blood count, C-reactive protein). To assess the body’s adaptive resources, the entropy of the leukocyte blood count was calculated, and risk factors for the occurrence of LPT were assessed. Predicting the course of LPT based on changes in clinical and radiological indicators was accomplished by assessing treatment outcomes and calculating a prognostic score. Results — Patients exhibited a noteworthy prevalence of somatic pathology, with cardiovascular diseases (RR=2.32), anemia (RR=2.26), and gastrointestinal tract disorders (RR=1.88) emerging as predominant conditions (p<0.001). The duration of the disease exceeding three years was associated with a 2.06-fold increase in the risk of developing moderate-grade LPT (p=0.017). With a concentration of C-reactive protein in the range of 3-10 mg/L, the risk of developing moderate-grade LPT increased 1.74-fold (RR=1.74; p=0.0022). The intense type of adaptive reaction of the body was detected in 30.4% and 50.7% of cases with mild and moderate grades of LPT, respectively, increasing the risk of a more severe grade by 1.8 times (p=0.0026). Pronounced local changes in the bone tissue of the alveolar process were observed 1.6-2 times more often in cases of moderate periodontitis vs. mild LPT (p=0.0035). Microcirculation in the inflammation zone decreased by 32% and 50.1% with mild and moderate grade of the disease, respectively (p<0.001). Splinting of teeth in the area of the pathological focus during treatment led to improved clinical indicators vs. the control group (p=0.012). Conclusion — Based on the study results, the prognosis for the course of LPT was most significantly influenced by the following factors: the concentration of C-reactive protein, the grade of LPT, the entropy of the leukocyte blood count, changes in the alveolar bone of the jaw, the duration of the disease, the history of previous periodontal treatment, and tooth splinting. Calculation of a prognostic score for the treatment outcome of LPT allows to qualitatively assess the clinical situation and identify a group at risk of an adverse treatment outcome.

Tooth Splinting: Implementing a 3D-printed Guide with Pre-defined Composite Resin Reservoirs: A Digital Workflow.

The integration of digital technologies in dentistry has led to the development of various techniques to facilitate tooth splinting. In the present digital workflow, the advantages of the virtual treatment plan were combined with the versatility of the commercially available tooth splinting materials. An intraoral scanner was utilized to digitize both arches along with the patient's occlusion, eliminating the need for models from physical impressions. A template based on the virtual design of the splint was 3D-printed and served as a guide to individualize a twisted wire. The bent wire was transferred and bonded, using a 3D-printed template with pre-defined reservoirs for the composite resin. Digital technology has been implemented for tooth splinting, by fabricating a splint after its virtual design. However, the digital fabrication of the metal splints is available for limited splinting materials and the service is only provided by specific centers around the world.

Effect of splinting material type and location on resistance against deflection force of splinted periodontally compromised teeth with hypermobility

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of splinting material type and material location on the force resistance of splinted periodontally compromised teeth with hypermobility. Extracted teeth including the target tooth (maxillary second premolar) and its adjacent teeth were placed into the alveolar sockets of a dental arch model via artificial periodontal ligaments made of elastic impression material. Three different experimental models with varied target tooth mobility including Periotest® values (PTVs) of 20, 30, and 40 were fabricated (named models #20, #30, and #40, respectively). For each experimental model, the force resistance of tooth splinting was tested using the following four materials: everStick PERIO (glass fiber reinforcement: GFR), FORESTAFLEX (braided stainless steel: BSS), Ortho-FlexTech (stainless steel chain: SSC), and Super-Bond (MMA-based resin cement: MRC). The evaluated measures were the PTV after tooth splinting and the required load to cause tooth displacements of 0.05 mm and 0.10 mm in the vertical and lateral directions, respectively. The splinting material type and material location as well as the original PTV of target the tooth significantly affected all the evaluated measures (p < 0.001). MRC revealed the significantly highest force resistance of tooth splinting regardless of material location in each experimental model and was followed by GFR. The PTVs of splinted teeth were comparable to those of adjacent anchor teeth in models #20 and #30 when using GFR, while that was comparable in model #40 when using MRC. Meanwhile, the load causing certain tooth displacement showed a similar tendency to previous-reported data with healthy teeth in model #20 when using GFR, while that showed a similar tendency in models #30 and #40 when using MRC. Overall results concluded that splinting material type and location play a role in the resistance against the deflection force of splinted periodontally compromised hypermobile tooth. It was noted that MRC provided the highest resistance against the deflection force of splinted teeth regardless of material location whereas GFR maintained the physiologically considered tooth mobility.

The effectiveness of ozone therapy in splinting teeth.

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to study the condition of periodontal tissues during splinting of teeth. During the period of immobilization, along with the main treatment, it is necessary to carry out a set of measures aimed at preventing the progression of inflammatory and destructive changes in periodontal tissues. To prevent complications, various general and local drugs are used, in particular antiseptics, antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs. In recent years, various methods of modern physiotherapy have become increasingly used to prevent complications in dentistry, which determined the main content of this study. Key words: dental splinting, periodontitis, ozone therapy.

Interpretation of the European Federation of Periodontology S3 level clinical practice guideline for treatment of stage Ⅳ periodontitis

The S3 level clinical practice guideline for the treatment of stage Ⅳperiodontitis, developed by the European Federation of Periodontology, was published in April 22, 2022 (DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13639). According to the severity and complexity, stage Ⅳ periodontitis was grouped into four case types, and comprehensive treatment plans were formulated correspondingly in the guideline, including tooth splinting, occlusal adjustment, orthodontic therapy, restorative therapy, and personalized supportive periodontal care as well. The aim of present work is to intensively interpret the key points of the guideline and help the clinicians to understand this guideline better, in order to improve the treatment level of stage Ⅳ periodontitis in China.

Conservative Approach of Fractured Tooth with 7-Years of Clinical and Radiographical Follow-Up: Case Report

Clinical and radiographical diagnosis is crucial to treat a tooth with transverse root fracture (TRF) due to dental trauma (DT). This paper aimed to report a clinical case of TRF at the cervical third of tooth 21 injured by recurrent DT with 7 years of follow-up. A 7-years old female patient was referred to dental care after the first episode of DT in 2014. Base d on the radiographical examination, splinting of teeth 11 and 21 was performed using resin composite. After 11 months, the splint was removed and the patient was discharged. In 2015, the patient suffered a second DT of the same tooth. The clinical approach was splinting the traumatized tooth using orthodontic wire and resin composite. In 2018, a third episode of DT occurred. Then, the dental staff chose to maintain the splint and evaluate the case in a long-term. In 2021, based on bone tissue condition, dental fragment stability and radiographical follow-up, the splint was removed. The patient remains under regular follow up evaluations. It can be concluded that a conservative approach in cases of TRF, when possible, can preserve biological tissues.

Treatment of stage IV periodontitis: The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline.

The recently published clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the treatment of periodontitis in stages I-III provided evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of periodontitis patients, defined according to the 2018 classification. Stage IV periodontitis shares the severity and complexity characteristics of stage III periodontitis, but includes the anatomical and functional sequelae of tooth and periodontal attachment loss (tooth flaring and drifting, bite collapse, etc.), which require additional interventions following completion of active periodontal therapy. To develop an S3 Level CPG for the treatment of stage IV periodontitis, focusing on the implementation of inter-disciplinary treatment approaches required to treat/rehabilitate patients following associated sequelae and tooth loss. This S3 Level CPG was developed by the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP), following methodological guidance from the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) process. A rigorous and transparent process included synthesis of relevant research in 13 specifically commissioned systematic reviews, evaluation of the quality and strength of evidence, the formulation of specific recommendations and a structured consensus process with leading experts and a broad base of stakeholders. The S3 Level CPG for the treatment of stage IV periodontitis culminated in recommendations for different interventions, including orthodontic tooth movement, tooth splinting, occlusal adjustment, tooth- or implant-supported fixed or removable dental prostheses and supportive periodontal care. Prior to treatment planning, it is critically important to undertake a definitive and comprehensive diagnosis and case evaluation, obtain relevant patient information, and engage in frequent re-evaluations during and after treatment. The periodontal component of therapy should follow the CPG for the treatment of periodontitis in stages I-III. The present S3 Level CPG informs clinical practice, health systems, policymakers and, indirectly, the public on the available and most effective modalities to treat patients with stage IV periodontitis and to maintain a healthy dentition over lifetime, according to the available evidence at the time of publication.

Management of Oblique Root Fracture Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Case Report

Management of Oblique Root Fracture Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Case Report

Efficacy of tooth splinting and occlusal adjustment in patients with periodontitis exhibiting masticatory dysfunction: A systematic review.

To evaluate the efficacy of tooth splinting (TS) and occlusal adjustment (OA) compared to no TS or OA in patients with periodontitis exhibiting masticatory dysfunction. The primary outcome criterion was tooth loss (TL), and the secondary outcome parameters were change in probing pocket depth (PPD), change in clinical attachment level (CAL), tooth mobility (TM), and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Literature search was performed on three electronic databases (from 01/1965 to 04/2021) and focused on clinical studies with at least 12 months follow-up. From a total of 1515 publications, 51 articles were identified for full-text reading, of which 2 retrospective case series on TS with low risk of bias and 1 randomized and 2 prospective studies on OA with unclear risk of bias were included. For TS, synthesis of data showed that in 72 patients, 26 out of 311 teeth (weighted mean incidence of TL 8.4%) and 156 out of 1541 teeth with no TS (weighted mean incidence of TL 10.1%) were lost over 2 years following non-surgical periodontal therapy. The randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) indicated CAL gain for teeth with OA compared to no OA. For the effect of OA on TL, PPD, and TM, heterogeneous data were retrieved from the included studies. Within the limitations of this review and based on a low level of evidence, it is concluded that TS does not improve survival of mobile teeth in patients with advanced periodontitis. OA on teeth with mobility and/or premature contacts may lead to improved CAL, while the effect of OA on the remaining periodontal parameters remains unclear.

The impact of splinting timepoint of mobile mandibular incisors on the outcome of periodontal treatment—preliminary observations from a randomized clinical trial

ObjectivesTo compare the outcome of periodontal parameters in mobile mandibular incisors which were splinted before or after full-mouth disinfection (FMD).Materials and methodsThirty-four periodontitis patients with ≥ 1 mobile mandibular incisor (mobility degree II/III, clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥ 5 mm, relative bone loss ≥ 50%) were randomly allocated to group A or B. Patients received periodontal treatment (PT) including splinting of teeth 33–43 before (A) or after FMD (B). Patient (age/sex/smoking status/systemic diseases/number of teeth) and tooth-related parameters (mean probing pocket depth (PPD)/CAL/oral hygiene indices; for the overall dentition and region 33–43) were assessed prior to PT and 12 months after FMD by a blinded examiner. Therapy-related information was added (group/antibiotic therapy/surgical intervention).ResultsTwenty-six patients (A: 12; B:14) were re-examined. Two patients of group B did not need splinting after FMD because of reduction in mobility after FMD. Regression analysis revealed a positive association of antibiotic therapy with CAL_overall, PPD_overall, and PPD_33-43 (p ≤ 0.01). There is a trend toward a higher reduction of periodontal parameters at teeth 33–43 in group A (PPD_33-43: − 0.91 vs. − 0.27 mm; CAL_33-43: − 1.02 vs. − 0.47 mm).ConclusionsTeeth splinted before or after FMD show a significant improvement in periodontal parameters 12 months after FMD. Splinting after FMD offered the option to detect reduction in mobility.Clinical relevanceDespite a higher, but not statistically significant, improvement in periodontal parameters on teeth splinted before FMD, the results do not indicate which timepoint of splinting is more beneficial. The decision for the therapeutic procedure should therefore be made individually.

Effect of splinting times on the healing of intra-alveolar root fractures in 512 permanent teeth in humans: A Scandinavian multicenter study.

Long-term splinting of teeth with intra-alveolar root fractures has been considered important for the deposition of hard tissue between the root fragments. The aim of this study was to compare the healing outcomes in teeth with intra-alveolar root fractures relative to splinting times in three dental centers in Scandinavia, using historical data. A total of 512 maxillary and mandibular incisors from three dental trauma centers were included in the study. Two of the centers used long-term splinting protocols of two to three months while the other center used a short-term splinting protocol of one month or less. Three outcomes were evaluated: (1) Healing with hard tissue (dentin and/or cementum). (2) Healing with connective tissue (periodontal ligament) interposition with or without bone between the fragments. (3) Non-healing due to the coronal pulp being necrotic and infected with granulation tissue interposed between the fragments. The mean splinting times were 18, 81, and 110days in the three centers. Long-term splinting resulted in hard tissue healing more frequently than short-term splinting. Short-term splinting resulted in more connective tissue/bony healing than long-term splinting, while there was no difference in the frequency of non-healing between long-term and short-term splinting protocols. While the results suggest that long-term splinting favors hard tissue deposition, one cannot, however, conclude that long-term splinting definitely favors hard tissue healing since the treatment protocols were not randomized among the three centers. More clinical studies on the role of splinting time need to be done.

The impact of splinting mobile mandibular incisors on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life-Preliminary observations from a randomized clinical trial.

To compare the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of patients with mobile mandibular incisors before and after full-mouth disinfection (FMD) with and without splinting. Thirty-four periodontitis patients with ≥1 mobile mandibular incisor (degree II/III) were randomly allocated to the test or control group. All patients received FMD and the test group additional splinting of teeth 33-43. OHRQoL was assessed before (BL) and 3months after FMD (RE) using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14. Data were compared within and between the groups (Wilcoxon test/Mann-Whitney U test). Twenty-eight patients (13 test group/15 control group) were re-evaluated. FMD led to a reduction of the mean probing pocket depth (PPD; in mm) (test group: BL-PPD 3.89±1.03, RE-PPD 2.82±0.53; control group: BL-PPD 3.58±0.66, RE-PPD 2.77±0.59; each p≤.001), the mean clinical attachment level (CAL; in mm) (test group: BL-CAL 5.22±1.38, RE-CAL 4.79±0.85; control group: BL-CAL 4.58±1.10, RE-CAL 4.41±0.96; each p≤.05), and the mean OHIP-14 summary scores (test group: BL-OHIP 21.7±11.06, RE-OHIP 9.9±8.96, p=.0046; control group: BL-OHIP 16.8±8.27, RE-OHIP 11.7±8.55; p=.0217). The reduction of the OHIP-G14 scores was considerably higher in the test group but statistically not significant (p=.080). The results show a positive impact of non-surgical periodontal treatment on OHRQoL and a possible tendency for further improvement by splinting mobile mandibular incisors.

Особливості заміщення дефектів зубних рядів у осіб із захворюваннями тканин пародонта різного ступеня тяжкості

Resume. The high prevalence of periodontal disease causes the urgency of finding ways to improve methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of complications of this disease. The complex clinical picture requires a differentiated approach to the choice of orthopedic rehabilitation of such patients taking into account the patient's age, degree of pathological changes and activity of the pathological process with mandatory immobilization of movable teeth by different types of splints and splint dentures. Depending on the degree of pathological changes in periodontal tissues, the size and topography of dentition defects and the severity of destructive-resorptive processes in the alveolar bone, the replacement of dentition defects should be planned using dental implants and splinttype dentures. The aim of the study. Improving the effectiveness of orthopedic treatment of periodontal diseases, burdened by defects of the dentition through the differentiated use of dental implants and splinting structures. Materials and methods. A comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination of 237 patients with clinically diagnosed periodontitis I–III degree, burdened by partial loss of teeth. From the specified contingent of persons we carried out orthopedic treatment of 98 patients aged from 30 to 69 years with periodontal diseases of various severity, aggravated by defects of dentitions of various size and localization. Cone-beam computed tomography was used for objective quantitative and qualitative assessment of periodontal tissue and bone tissue of the edentulous jaw in individuals with various clinical forms of periodontal disease, to determine the relative densitometric density of bone tissue, when planning dental implantation and for control its results. The localization of supracontacts was determined by occlusion. Diagnosis and elimination of traumatic occlusion were performed according to Jenkelson and Schuller [3]. Evaluation of the stability of dental implants was performed by frequency – resonance analysis of the stability of dental implants using the Osstell ISQ device. Results. According to the results of examination of 237 people and the division of patients into three age groups, the clinical features of the pathological process in the age aspect were established. The results of computed tomography of the dental apparatus of the subjects showed that periodontal disease in the age aspect in the dynamics is accompanied by the severity of destructive-resorptive processes in the alveolar bone, which are manifested in a decrease in the relative densitometric density of bone marrow and bone loss. Orthopedic rehabilitation of this contingent of persons was performed with the use of biologically indifferent structural materials and splinting orthopedic structures, including splinting of abutment teeth, removable prosthetics and dental implantation, as well as accompanying physiotherapy of prostheses. In the case of periodontitis of I–II degree with sufficient volume and density of bone tissue in the area of the dentition defect, high clinical efficacy was shown by the use of dental implantation in the case of gradual loading of the dental implant using a superstructure of own development. In the presence of medium and large defects of the dentition on the background of periodontitis II–III severity in the presence of significant pathological mobility of abutment teeth and insufficient volume and density of bone tissue in the area of the defect sufficient clinical effectiveness showed the use of removable dentures own design. Conclusions. Periodontal diseases in the age aspect in the dynamics are accompanied by pronounced destructive-resorptive processes in the alveolar bone, which are manifested by a decrease in the relative densitometric density of bone tissue and progressive loss of height of the alveolar process. Timely application of dental implantation due to the dosed gradual occlusal load on the alveolar bone helps to preserve the structure of the alveolar bone and the height of the alveolar process. In the presence of medium and large defects of the dentition on the background of periodontitis II–III severity in the presence of significant pathological mobility of abutment teeth and insufficient volume and density of bone tissue in the area of the dentition defect, the use of removable dentures of splinttype design is shown. To prevent complications of prosthetics and prolong the use of orthopedic structures, it is advisable to use photodynamic maintenance therapy. Key words: periodontal tissue disease, dentition defect, dental implantation, splint-type denture.

Colonization activity of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and features of biofilm formation on the surface of thermoplastic polymer material

Was to assess the microbial colonization and biofilm-forming activity of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms in vitro to samples of acrylic-free thermoplastic polymer material and to assess the possibility of its use for the manufacture of removable tooth splinting structures by injection method. The reference strains S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, E. faecalis, E. coli, and C. albicans. Biofilm-forming activity was assessed by the level of ethanol extraction of a 0.1% aqueous solution of gentian violet by measuring on a PowerWave X microplate reader (USA). A low degree of severity of microbial colonization and sufficient colonization resistance to the formation of a microbial biofilm of E. coli (0.374±0.056 cu opt. Pl.), S. aureus (0.272±0.039 cu. Opt. Pl.), S. epidermdis (0.299±0.028 cu opt. Pl.), S. ryogenes (0.399±0.069 cu opt. Pl.), E. faecalis (0.401±0.089 cu opt. Pl.). Moreover, C. albicans strains form a more pronounced biofilm (0.425±0.104 cu opt. Pl.) in comparison with other strains studied in the experiment. Samples from a thermoplastic polymer based on polyoxymethylene have satisfactory biomedical characteristics and can be used at the stages of dental orthopedic treatment of patients without oral candidiasis.

Splinting of the Anterior Maxillary Teeth Using Glass-Ceramic Materials: A Case Report

Objective:The aim of this study was to present the technique of splinting anterior maxillary teeth using heat-pressed glass-ceramic material in a clinical case with long-term follow-up.Clinical Considerations:Various materials, including fiber-reinforced tapes, glass fibers, composite resin, and partial coverage metal frameworks, have been used as splinting materials with encouraging clinical results.Conclusion:As shown in the presented case, glass-ceramic heat-pressing materials can be used successfully for the splinting of anterior teeth.

Open Proximal Contact with Implant-Supported Fixed Prostheses Compared with Tooth-Supported Fixed Prostheses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

To investigate the odds of developing open proximal contact (OPC) between implant-supported fixed prostheses and adjacent teeth compared with that between tooth-supported fixed prostheses and adjacent teeth. A search was conducted in the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases for clinical studies on OPC developed with implant-supported prostheses or tooth-supported prostheses. A meta-analysis was performed using statistical software to estimate the odds of developing OPC with implant-supported prostheses compared with tooth-supported prostheses, with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The statistical significance was defined as P < .05. The odds ratio (OR) of developing OPC with implant-supported prostheses was 2.46 compared with tooth-supported prostheses (95% CI [1.21 to 5.01]; P = .013]. However, the data were highly heterogenous (τ2 = 0.40, I2 = 95.67%). The total estimates of developing OPC were 41% (95% CI [30% to 54%]) with implant-supported prostheses and 22% (95% CI [18% to 26%]) with tooth-supported prostheses. OPC was more prevalent at the mesial side than at the distal side of implant-supported prostheses (OR = 2.38, 95% CI [0.94 to 6]; P = .066), whereas OPC was more prevalent at the distal side than at the mesial side of tooth-supported prostheses (OR = 1.94, 95% CI [1.09 to 3.45]; P = .024). There was no statistically significant difference in developing OPC with covariates of sex, age, arch, splinting of implants or adjacent teeth, region, and vitality of adjacent teeth, retention type, opposing dentition, occlusal force, parafunctional activities, and follow-up time. OPC was found to increase 9% per year with implant-supported prostheses (OR = 1.09). The estimate of interproximal gap next to implant-supported prostheses was 245.8 μm (95% CI [86.4 to 405.3 μm]). Within the limitations of this systematic review and meta-analysis, the odds of developing OPC were significantly higher with implant-supported prostheses than with tooth-supported prostheses. However, the data were highly heterogenous, and thus, a well-designed randomized clinical study needs to be conducted to validate the results of this systematic review.

Teeth Mobility Cause and Management of Mobile Teeth in Dental Clinic

By examining firm pressure with two metal instruments on teeth, the extent of vertical and horizontaldisplacement considered as tooth mobility, which is due to either periodontal disease or trauma. Nowadaysteeth mobility is a common problem in dental scenarios, which results inocclusal problems, Dietaryproblems, and disturbances in mastication, aesthetic problem and worsening life quality. The treatment oftooth mobility is based on its etiology; it may be surgical or non-surgical. Surgically by Periodontal surgery,non-surgically by occlusal adjustment and splinting. Sometimes the Occlusal adjustment can be done by thesurgical process. In the article, we discuss the cause of tooth mobility, relation between tooth mobility andocclusion including indication, contraindication and principles of tooth splinting. Our ultimate goal is torestore mastication function, good aesthetic, to improve patient comfort and good oral functions by variousperiodontal treatments for the management of mobile teeth.

Splinting with Composite and Wire: Cheap, Flexible Option for Stabilizing Traumatized Teeth

Trauma to teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and it requires correct and timely management for the favorable prognosis. Splinting of teeth is considered best practice to maintain the repositioned tooth in the correct position, provide patient comfort and improve function. Amongst several methods, splinting with composite and wire is an economical, maintainable and flexible option for stabilizing traumatized mobile teeth. This case report shows splinting of teeth with composite and wire of traumatized teeth in a 24-year-old-male with two years follow up.

Fiber-reinforced composites in endodontic practice: a review

Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) are a group of non-metallic biomaterials characterized by good mechanical properties, such as high fatigue resistance and fracture toughness growing in popularity in several dental applications. FRCs are a combination of two materials: the reinforcing phase in the form of fibers, which are embedded into the other material, called the matrix phase. Factors influencing the properties of FRCs include fibre properties versus polymer matrix properties, impregnation of fibres in the resin, adhesion of fibres to the polymer matrix, quantity and direction of fibres, and location of the fibre-rich phase in construction. The most commonly used applications of FRCs are in removable dentures, minimally invasive fixed dental prostheses, periodontal splints, root canal posts, and orthodontic retainers. This article discusses in detail the applications of FRCs in endodontics, including root canal posts, reinforcement of restorative composites in restorations and core build-ups and splinting of teeth in dental trauma.

Splinting of Implants and Adjacent Natural Teeth for Esthetic Correction in Anterior Maxilla: A Case Report

Splinting of Implants and Adjacent Natural Teeth for Esthetic Correction in Anterior Maxilla: A Case Report