Tooth Length Research Articles

Digitalized analysis of the gingival and bone morphology in the maxillary anterior teeth in patient with posterior dental implant

Objective: To explore and analyze the correlation between labial gingival morphology and alveolar bone morphology of maxillary anterior teeth in patients with posterior dental implant, so as to provide reference basis for restoration design and esthetic reconstruction of anterior teeth. Methods: Sixty-four patients [24 males, 40 females (25.6±3.3) years old] who planned to receive posterior dental implant restoration were recruited randomly with the inclusion and exclusion criteria in Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University from May 2020 to May 2021. According to the visibility of periodontal probe through gingival margin, the subjects were divided into thin and thick gingival biotypes, including 29 cases of thin biotype and 35 cases of thick biotype. The 3Shape software was used to perform oral scanning, and cone beam CT (CBCT) was taken for each patient. Geomagic and Mimics software were used to measure and record the labial crown width and length, gingival papilla height, gingival angle, bone papilla height and bone margin angle of maxillary anterior teeth. Results: The crown width length ratios of maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors and canines were 0.85±0.08, 0.80±0.08 and 0.86±0.09 (F=10.71, P<0.01). The height of gingival papilla between maxillary central incisors, between central incisors and lateral incisors, between lateral incisors and canines were (3.93±0.86), (3.47±0.84) and (3.38±0.91) mm respectively (F=7.44, P<0.01), and the height of corresponding bone papilla were (3.44±0.88), (3.12±0.75) and (2.72±0.63) mm respectively (F=14.26, P<0.01). The gingival margin angles of maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors and canines were 88.3°±7.7°, 84.7°±8.9° and 81.2°±6.6° (F=13.15, P<0.01), and the bone margin angles were 103.2°±13.1°, 99.5°±11.2° and 110.6°±13.0° (F=13.25, P<0.01). The crown width length ratio (0.81±0.08), gingival margin angle (82.2°±7.4°) and bone margin angle (99.4°±12.9°) of thin gingival subjects were significantly lower than those of thick gingival subjects (0.85±0.09, 86.5°±8.6°, 108.5°±11.4°) (t=-2.79, 3.63, 5.20, P<0.01). The height of gingival papilla [(3.93±0.81) mm] and bone papilla [(3.43±0.80) mm] in thin gingival subjects were significantly lower than those in thick gingival subjects [(3.34±0.84) and (2.85±0.71) mm, respectively] (t=-4.89, -5.36, P<0.01). The height of labial gingival papilla of upper anterior teeth was positively correlated with that of bone papilla in all patients (r=0.66, P<0.01); the ratio of crown width to length of upper anterior teeth was positively correlated with the angle of bone margin (r=0.42, P<0.01); the height of anterior gingival papilla was negatively correlated with the angle of bone margin (r=-0.58, P<0.01), and the height of bone papilla was negatively correlated with the angle of bone margin (r=-0.82, P<0.01). Conclusions: The crown shape, gingival shape and alveolar bone shape of maxillary anterior teeth were different in different tooth positions. Patients with different periodontal phenotypes had different crown width length ratio, gingival papilla height, bone papilla height, gingival margin angle, and bone margin angle.

Lip repositioning with crown lengthening as an alternative to excessive gingival exposure: Clinical case

Introduction: excess gummy smile is frequent and appears as a manifestation of intraoral and extraoral etiological factors. Objective: to document the management of a gummy smile associated with lip hypermobility, altered passive eruption and exostoses. Clinical case: 23-year-old female patient with excessive gummy smile. Treatment: surgical lip replacement technique combined with coronary lengthening. Results: 7-month postoperative follow-up with minimal recurrence and the patient reported that she noticed a change in her profile and in the implantation of her nasal wings that was narrower than before surgery. Conclusions: The technique restricts the traction of the levator lip muscle, the depth of the vestibule is shortened, reducing the amount of gingiva that is shown when smiling; the crown lengthening allows to increase the tooth length in the smile.

Effect of file size in measuring electronic working length of teeth with open apex

Effect of file size in measuring electronic working length of teeth with open apex

MODERNIZATION OF CORN GRAIN CRUSHER IN THE CONDITIONS OF IT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

Corn is widely used as a source of starch in the food, pharmaceutical, paper, mining and construction industries.This starch is usually obtained after the cleaning process, and corn germ, fiber and protein are also produced. It is used in theproduction of biodegradable plastic bags, medicines, paper, corrugated cardboard, detergents, paints, diapers, cosmetics,glue, surfactants and agrochemicals. Corn is the most important grain in the world. After all, in addition to the highest consumptionof all grains, corn is also a universal product from which you can get fuel, electricity and household goods. Thismeans that by increasing the volume of corn processing, it is possible to go beyond the agricultural sector and create goodswith high added value. Growing corn for grain allows better use of agricultural machinery due to the later dates of sowingand harvesting. Valuable properties of corn cause its consistently high demand on the world market.Corn grain processing is part of the technological lines that are part of cereals. The main equipment that ensureshigh quality products are impact centrifugal crushers.Analysis of the operation of the impact-centrifugal crusher revealed the possibility of its operation in a wide range ofchanges in design parameters. The oretical aspects of the dependences of crusher productivity, which basically take its designparameters and modes, include: rotational speed of grinding discs, disc diameter, disc tooth length, thickness, and propertiesand parameters of grain material.As a result of the conducted researches the possibility of increase of qualitative characteristics of the processedproducts, and also productivity of the shock-centrifugal crusher is defined.To increase productivity, it is proposed to implement two options. On the one hand to make the rotational speed ofthe adjustable working body, on the other hand to increase the sizes of diameters of working disks, taking into account a designof the crusher for corn grain, having provided productivity of the crusher.The purpose of this work is to increase the efficiency of the grain crusher, which is part of the preparation of grainfor grinding, to ensure the reliability of the machine, its productivity, improve the quality of finished products by implementingautomation based on SMART-technology, defined as self-control technology and reporting. This technology provideslong-term archiving of the received data that allows the dispatcher to watch work of the corresponding equipment, reactingby means of the IT- service program.

Teeth out of proportion: Smaller horse and cattle breeds have comparatively larger teeth.

There are different descriptions of allometric relationships between important components of the mammalian skull. Craniofacial evolutionary allometry describes a pattern of increasing facial cranium in larger skulls. Another body of literature describes disproportionately larger teeth in smaller species or specimens, matching anecdotal observations with dental problems in dwarf breeds whose teeth appear "too large for their skulls." We test the scaling of tooth row length with body size and skull length in a data set comprising 114 domestic horses (representing 40 breeds)and in another data set of 316 domestic cattle (of>60 breeds). We demonstrate that smaller skulls have a relatively longer tooth row in both horses and cattle; larger specimens have relatively shorter tooth rows. Whereas in horses, larger skulls have a relatively longer diastema,the distance of the mesial maxillary premolar to the premaxilla was proportional to cranium length in cattle. While the reasons for these patterns remain to be detected, they support the hypothesis that tooth size might be less "evolvable," in terms of time required for changes, than body size. The pattern may affect (i) the selective breeding for dwarf breeds by setting minimum constraints for skull size, as described previously for domestic horses with the same data set; (ii) the susceptibility of small breeds for dental problems; and (iii) differences in chewing efficiency between breeds of different sizes. The findings support the existing concept that scaling of tooth to body size across taxa becomes more isometric the longer these taxa are separated in evolutionary time.

Smartphone Use for Tomographic Evaluation: Application in Endodontic Diagnosis

IntroductionPortable equipment that allows quick exchanges of information, such as smartphones, is increasingly important in dentistry. Thus, they have become frequently used, with the potential to contribute to the tomographic evaluation. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of smartphone applications for diagnosing the root canal system (RCS) and measuring the root canal length. MethodsDigital Imaging and Communications in Medicine files of 92 lower incisor teeth were evaluated by 2 trained and calibrated examiners using CS 3D Imaging software (Carestream Health, Rochester, NY) and 2 smartphone applications (DroidRender; Startm, Zhubei, Taiwan and Horos Mobile; iCat Solutions Ltd, Norwich, United Kingdom). The RCS was assessed according to Vertucci’s classification, and the tooth length was measured using linear cusp-apex measurements. The diagnostic reference standard was obtained by the mode and the mean of the evaluations made by 3 experienced examiners using the CS 3D Imaging software. The diagnostic performance of RCS was evaluated using sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and overall accuracy (Ac). Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the agreement of linear measurements. ResultsThe diagnostic tests showed similar performance between the smartphone applications (DroidRender: Se = 1.00, Sp = .95, and Ac = 0.97; Horos: Se = 0.95, Sp = .94, and Ac = 0.95) and the computer software (Se = 0.97–0.95, Sp = .93–0.96, and Ac = 0.95–0.96). The smartphone applications showed discrepancies greater than 1.0 mm for the dental lengths, which may signal relevant differences in some clinical situations. ConclusionsSmartphone applications offered similar diagnostic performance in comparison with the computer software for the RCS evaluation.

The differences of root morphology and root length between different types of impacted maxillary central incisors: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study

The purpose of this trial was to use 3-dimensional data to analyze the differences of root morphology and root length between 3 different types of impacted maxillary central incisors. Cone-beam computed tomography images of 126 patients with impacted maxillary central incisors were included in this retrospective study. On the basis of the angle of the impacted incisor to the palatal plane, we categorized the tooth as labial inversely impacted, labially positioned, or palatal impacted incisor. In each category, the early and late dental age groups were classified according to the method of Nolla. The total root length of both impacted and homonym teeth, length of the nondilacerated part of the root, length of the dilacerated part of the root, the angle between the crown and root, and root direction, were measured in the sagittal-view sections using Dolphin Imaging software (version 11.9; Dolphin Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif). Compared with the early dental age groups, the length of the dilacerated portion of the root and rate of dilaceration for inverse labial and labially positioned impactions increases, and crown-root angle decreases (P<0.05). The dilacerated part of the root bent labially, and the root morphology shows an obvious L-shaped curve. The length of the nondilacerated part of the root for palatal impactions is greater(P<0.05). The dilacerated part of the root bends palatally, and the root morphology shows a continuous C-shaped curve. Obstruction from the alveolar bone will cause different root morphology. Root morphology of labial impactions shows an obvious L-shaped curve; palatal impactions show a continuous C-shaped curve.

Skeletal and Dental Morphological Characteristics of the Maxillary in Patients with Impacted Canines Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Clinical Study.

The aim of this study is to analyze the skeletal and dentoalveolar morphological characteristics of the maxillary in subjects with a unilateral palatally impacted canine using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). A retrospective clinical study was conducted of 100 adult patients divided into two groups: one consisting of patients with a unilaterally palatally impacted maxillary canine (GI), with the subgroups in the right and left hemiarches (GI-R and GI-L), and the second, without impacted canine, as the control group (CG). The CBCT measured skeletal variables (maxillary basal width and alveolar crest height) and dentoalveolar variables (inclination of the upper incisor, tooth lengths of incisors and canines, arch length, tooth size and bone dental discrepancy). In skeletal variables, statistically significant differences were found in alveolar crest height (ACH) in all groups and subgroups (p < 0.01). In the dentoalveolar variables, there were differences in the angle of the upper incisor (II) and lateral incisor length (LLIL) between the GI and GC and the angle of the upper incisor (II′), arch length (AL′) and arch length-tooth size discrepancy (ATD′) among the GI subgroups (p < 0.01). There are skeletal and dentoalveolar differences in patients with unilateral palatally impacted maxillary canines, with lower angular and linear measurements compared with patients without impaction.

Physical height and crown dimensions of primary teeth: A dental morphometric study in Saudi Arabian children.

Background:Teeth morphometrics have been considered to be integral in identifying an individual as it is correlated with the body stature.Aim:The aim of the study was to determine the association between crown length and physical height of children and derive mathematical equations for the prediction of physical height from crown length of primary maxillary anterior teeth.Setting and Design:A dentomorphometric study was carried out among 100 Saudi Arabian children of 3–6 years of age. Maxillary arch impressions were taken for all participants. Clinical crown length and physical height were measured using digital Vernier Caliper and Physician Mechanical Beam Scale, respectively. Regression analysis, correlation analysis and unpaired t-test were performed for data analysis.Results:In female children, a statistically significant moderate positive correlation between primary maxillary right lateral incisor and primary maxillary left central incisor and height of the children, and highly significant association between primary maxillary left lateral incisor and height of the children was found. Whereas for male children, there was a significant moderate positive correlation between primary maxillary right central incisor, primary maxillary right canine and primary maxillary left central incisor with physical height of children.Conclusions:The research has established a significant positive correlation between the clinical crown length and the height of the children in combined sample for teeth numbers 51, 52, 53, 61 and 62. The study has derived the mathematical equations for the prediction of physical height from crown length of few maxillary anterior teeth, for both male and female children.Clinical Significance:The estimation of physical height from the tooth-crown dimensions can prove to be quite beneficial aid in forensic investigations as teeth are resistant to huge traumatic forces such as in case of mass disasters.

Biometric Assessment of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Dimensions in a Hong Kong SAR Population

Objectives: To study the biometric dimensions of upper front teeth in a Hong Kong SAR population including gender differences and compare this with the often recommended use of the Golden Proportion when selecting tooth proportions. Methods: A sample of dental casts was obtained from 100 patients: 50 females and 50 males with an age range from 18 to 35 years. The sample was selected based on the criteria of intact maxillary anterior dental arches, free from imbrications and crowding, no restorations or replaced teeth in the upper front teeth. The width and length of the 600 upper anterior teeth included in the casts were measured, together with the combined upper anterior tooth width for each cast. Analysis of width/height ratio, sexual dimorphism, and golden proportions was statistically analyzed. The data was analysed by SPSS using one-sample t-test, two-sample t-test, and paired t-test. Results: Most measurements had a normal distribution. Paired sample t-test revealed that the average length of male maxillary incisors is significantly higher than female maxillary incisors, while there is no obvious difference in maxillary incisor width. The mean width/length ratio of maxillary incisors ranges from 0.78 to 0.87. The mean values of maxillary apparent tooth width prove that the golden proportion (GP) ratio 1.618 was absent in the current sample. The current study data shows that the mean values of tooth width and length differed from some other populations. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this research, there is no statistically significant difference in the maxillary anterior tooth dimensions for the right and left sides of the arch. Length and width dimensions of the central incisor (CI) were greater than those of lateral incisor (LI) and Canine (C) for both genders, suggesting CI to be the dominant anterior tooth. Some gender differences in tooth dimensions, with males tend to have longer tooth dimensions than females, the average width/length ratio of the female is higher than male, which confirms that the male tends to have longer teeth. The result shows the absence of golden proportion (GP) ratios suggesting that the Golden Proportion guideline was not applicable for the Hong Kong SAR population for either gender.

The accuracy of Belgrade Age Formula method for dental age estimation in Montenegrin children aged 10–12 years

Introduction/Objective. The aim of the study was to test the accuracy of Belgrade Age Formula (BAF) for dental age estimation on the sample of Montenegrin children. Methods. The radiographs of 134 Montenegrin children (67 females and 67 males) saved as ?jpeg? files were analyzed with Image J software. Sex, the number of teeth with complete development, apex width and tooth length of the mandibular canine and second molar were used in order to calculate dental age with the BAF formula. Results. The discrepancy between estimated dental age and chronological age was -0.088 ? 0.64 years; the absolute difference was 0.52 ? 0.39 years. The percentage of participants whose estimated dental age differed six months from their chronological age was 61.2 and 53.7 for females and males, respectively, while the percentage of participants whose estimated dental age differed 12 months from their chronological age was 94 and 83.6 for females and males, respectively. Conclusion. The BAF may be an accurate approach for estimating dental age in Montenegrin children aged 10?12 years with uncompleted tooth development. However, BAF has to be evaluated on a larger sample of Montenegrin infants in future studies.

Comparison of maxillary anterior mathematical proportions among 3 dental arch forms

Statement of problemRace and sex differences in the mathematical proportions of maxillary anterior teeth have been evaluated. However, studies exploring the relationship between the mathematical proportion of maxillary anterior teeth and maxillary dental arch form are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this clinical study was to determine if a correlation exists between the mathematical proportions of maxillary anterior teeth and 3 dental arch forms. Material and methodsThree hundred young participants were recruited according to predefined criteria, and images and maxillary casts were obtained. The perceived width and length of the maxillary anterior teeth were measured on the images by using a software program, and mathematical proportions, including width ratios and width-to-length ratios, were calculated for each. The casts were used to categorize each specimen into tapered, ovoid, or square groups by using a specific classification method, and the width ratios and width-to-height ratios of the 3 dental arch forms were compared. Statistical analysis was performed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Kruskal-Wallis H test to compare the mathematical proportions of maxillary anterior teeth among the 3 dental arch forms (α=.05). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to test the reliability of the investigators. ResultsExcept for the width-to-length ratios of the central incisor, mathematical proportions were affected by the dental arch form. The perceived width ratios of the maxillary lateral incisor-to-central incisor gradually increased from the tapered arch to the ovoid arch and from the ovoid arch to the square arch, with mean ±standard deviation values of 0.71 ±0.04, 0.73 ±0.05, and 0.79 ±0.06, respectively. For the maxillary perceived width ratios of canine-to-lateral incisor, the ovoid arch had the maximum perceived width ratios (0.86 ±0.10), followed by the tapered (0.82 ±0.10) and square arches (0.77 ±0.11). The width-to-length ratios of the central incisor were not affected by the arch form (P=.075), and the width-to-length ratios of the lateral incisor increased as the arch form became flat, with respective values of 0.70 ±0.10, 0.74 ±0.10, and 0.76 ±0.10. For the width-to-length ratios of the canine, the ovoid arch had the maximum perceived width ratios (0.58 ±0.10), followed by the tapered (0.53 ±0.10) and square arches (0.52 ±0.10). ConclusionsThe mathematical proportions varied among the 3 dental arch forms, and the dental arch form should be considered during the prosthodontic design of maxillary anterior teeth.

Accuracy in the Dimension of Extracted Tooth with Intraoral Periapical Radiograph: A Comparative Study

Introduction: Because of its simplicity, cheaper cost, lower radiation exposure, and easy availability in a dental clinical setting, intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPAR) are frequently utilised for preoperative planning and evaluation for most minor oral surgical procedures.&#x0D; Aim: The Aim of this study is to Assess the Accuracy and Reliability of Intraoral Periapical Radiograph with the extracted teeth.&#x0D; Methodology: The study is comprised of 54 patients. For each extracted tooth, the actual measurements for tooth length will be measured with a Vernier caliper with a least count of 0.01mm. After obtaining the actual length of the tooth with the Vernier Caliper, the Length of the tooth will be measured from the Intraoral Periapical Radiograph using a Vernier caliper.&#x0D; Results: By comparing the length of the actual tooth with that of an IOPAR, it was found out that the difference that was obtained is statistically significant.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is significant overestimation in the dimension of the tooth.

Root Canal Morphology of Mandibular First Premolars using Radiography: An in vitro study

Objective: The goal of this study was to document the Root Canal morphology of the first mandibular premolars using radiography.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The trial took place at the LUMHS Operative Dentistry Department. Two hundred removed permanent mandibular first premolars that met all of the study's inclusion criteria were gathered from LUMHS Jamshoro/Hyderabad and nearby private dental clinics in Hyderabad. All debris, soft tissues, and calculus were removed from the teeth, which were then preserved in a 10% formalin solution. Each tooth's length was measured from the crown's tip to the root's apex. An removed tooth, on the other hand, was examined from all angles, including buccal, lingual, and proximal. Root concavities and grooves, as well as bifurcation and apical curvature, were found.&#x0D; Results: Comparison between both views showed 189 teeth have 1 root in and 186 have 1 canal in buccolingual view, while 182 teeth have 1 root and 179 have 1 canal in mesiodistal view. 11 teeth on buccolingual and 18 teeth on mesiodistal view showed 2 roots and 14 teeth on buccolingual and 21 teeth on mesiodistal view showed 2 canals. 110 teetj showed type I canal pattern.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is concluded that mandibular first premolar teeth have a wide range of radicular traits, with the majority of them having one root and one canal.

Accuracy of Working Length Determination In Primary Molar Teeth Using Three Different Methods: An Invitro Study

Background: An accurate working length plays a pivotal role for the success of treatment in endodontics. It involves a wide array of procedures. Aim: Use of digital radiovisiography (RVG), apex locator (EAL) and cone beam computed tomography technique (CBCT) to evaluate working length in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: This study included thirty extracted primary teeth having at least 2/3rd of root. Alginate was combined with 0.9% normal saline solution and teeth were inserted in it after access opening. Two qualified examiners recorded working length for all canals twice with RVG, EAL and CBCT. In control group, a Kerr- file from coronal reference to the apical foramen was used to visually determine the actual (AL) under stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman analysis were used to calculate the agreement on measurements of all methods using actual values of different methods. Results: Electronic working length measured with AL (0.0007) was statistically significant compared to RVG (1.9570) and CBCT (0.8440). Amongst all methods for determination of working length the ICC showed the highest reliability for EAL and least for RVG. Conclusion: In comparison to RVG and CBCT, the EALperformed the best for determining working length in primary teeth.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Periapical Lesions and Tobacco Use by Panoramic Radiography in Bandar Abbas City in 1399

Background and Aim: The research results show tobacco use increases cardiovascular and lung disorders or the probability of periodontitis in humans, while no definitive relations were yet confirmed. This study evaluates the relationship between periodontitis and tobacco use by panoramic radiography in Bandar Abbas City. Methods &amp; Materials: A total of 198 panoramic radiographs were classified into periapical healthy (n=99) and patient (n=99) groups. Radiologists assessed radiographs for periodontitis via Total Teeth Numbers (TTN), the quality and length of Root Filling Treatment (RFT), the number (NoRFT), and inadequate root filling treatment (RFTin), age, gender, the cigarette and hookah use, and dental debris. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square, t-test, and logistic regression. Ethical Considerations: Due to the lack of therapeutic intervention and the preservation of patients’ characteristics, ethical considerations are not included in this study (Code: IR.HUMS.REC.1399.384) Results: Tobacco, hookah use, TTN, and RFTin were different (P&lt;0.01) in groups, but cigarette smoking, debris, RFT, NoRFT, and age were not. Women in the periodontitis group showed high (P&lt;0.01) in tobacco, hookah use, and RFTin, while no gender differences were observed in other parameters. The logistic regression results showed that based on the Odd Ratio NoRFT (39.7), RFTin (36.8), `hookah (8.1), tobacco (6.57), debris (3.62), smoking (3.59), RFT (1.4) and TTN (0.89) were the highest (P&lt;0.01). At the same time, age and gender did not affect periapical tissues. Conclusion: Hokka, tobacco, and cigarette use negatively affected the periapical tissues, respectively. The decrease in TTN and increase in debris and RFT were probably the effects of tobacco smoking on the periapical tissues. Age and gender were not related to the periapical lesions.

Do we pay for maxillary protraction? Evaluation of the effects of Alt-RAMEC protocol and face mask treatment on root development.

To evaluate root development of pediatric patients treated with Alt-RAMEC + Face mask therapy. The 19 subjects (9 girls, 10 boys; mean age: 8.6 ± 1.1years) treated with Alt-RAMEC and a Petit-type face mask were included to the study. The cone-beam tomography (CBCT) records of these patients were used to quantify the root length. The root length measurements of 456 permanent teeth (maxillary-mandibular incisors, canines, premolars, and first molars) were performed at the beginning of the treatment (T0), after the Alt-RAMEC protocol (T1), and at the end of the face mask treatment (T2) using Planmeca Romexis software. Tooth length values increased significantly in the maxillary teeth except the central incisors, left lateral incisor, the palatal root of the right first molar, and distal and palatinal roots of the left first molar (p < 0.05). Mandibular teeth also showed significant increase in the root length except mandibular central incisors and the distal root of left first molar (p < 0.05). The change in tooth lengths from T0 to T1 showed positive delta values. The comparison of the change in tooth lengths after the Alt-RAMEC protocol and after the face mask therapy showed that ∆T2-T1 was statistically significantly higher compared with ∆T1-T0 (p < 0.05). Alt-RAMEC + Face mask therapy seem not to inhibit root development of maxillary and mandibular teeth in the mixed dentition. These findings suggest that early Alt-RAMEC + Face mask interventions have not played a negative role in root development. However, further studies involving a control group need to be performed.

Comparative clinical assessment of working length endo-motor apex locator versus radiographic method in endo-dontic therapy.

Introduction: The technological and therapeutic advancements suggests that, choosing an appropriate endodontic approach is the key parameter to mitigate over radiation exposure and locating precise root canal length.Objective: Current study aims to evaluate the comparative accuracy of working length apex locator versus radiographic apex locator in in endodontic therapy among patients belonging from Sindh, Pakistan.Methodology: Current four-month duration based cross-sectional study focusing endodontic therapeutic techniques was conducted at Bibi Aseefa Dental College Larkana Sindh Pakistan. 124 patients requiring non-surgical root canal therapy were included in the study for working length apex locator and radiographic apex locator techniques. Film positioner were used to assess the morphology and initial working length of tooth by radiographic apex locator technique. Whereas glide path and working length was achieved with #12/02 M3 – Pro Gold File (United Dental) with 00 reading in Endo-Matic apex locator. Further data analysis was achieved with SPSS Version 20 and Microsoft Office 2010 multiple tools.Results: Among 124 patients, 69 (55.6%) were males and 55 (44.4%) were females with mean age of 33.60±12.87 years. We found comparative accuracy of 77 % of working length apex locator in terms of apical limit determination. Whereas, in case of radiographic apex locators 70 % accuracy was recorded.Conclusion: Working length endomotor with built in apex locators provide satisfac-tory control of apical limit of endodontic treatment and better time saving option, however radiographic confirmations remain the confirmatory length measurement tool to identify the dimension of canal and path obtained by endodontic instru-ment.Keywords: EndoMatic, Electronic Apex Locators, Hybrid Endomotors, Radiograph, Working Length.

External apical root resorption 6 months after initiation of orthodontic treatment: A randomized clinical trial comparing fixed appliances and orthodontic aligners.

ObjectiveTo compare the magnitude of external apical root resorption (EARR) 6 months after starting orthodontic treatment using orthodontic aligners (OAs) and fixed appliances (FAs).MethodsThis parallel randomized clinical trial included 40 patients randomized into two groups OA group (n = 20, 160 incisors) and FA group (n = 20, 160 incisors). For evaluation of the tooth length, periapical radiographs and standardized linear measurements of the maxillary and mandibular incisors were acquired before (T0) and 6 months after treatment initiation (T1). EARR was calculated through the difference in length between the two time points (T1–T0). Statistical comparisons were performed by means of using t-tests, chi-squared test and covariance analysis (a = 5%).ResultsRounding of the root apex was observed in both groups; the resorption involved 2.88% of the root length, so 97.12% of the tooth length remained intact. Intragroup comparisons between the two time points revealed a significant difference, with (T1–T0) ranging from −0.52 to −0.88 mm in the FA group and from −0.52 to −0.85 mm in the OA group. In the intergroup comparisons, only tooth #21 presented a statistically significant difference (OA −0.52 ± 0.57 mm, FA −0.86 ± 0.60 mm); however, the overall differences between groups were not clinically relevant, ranging from 0.03 to 0.35 mm.ConclusionsOA and FA treatment resulted in a similar degree of EARR in the maxillary and mandibular incisors at 6 months after treatment initiation. However, the amount of resorption was small and does not impair tooth longevity.

Deep Learning-Based Three-Dimensional Oral Conical Beam Computed Tomography for Diagnosis.

In order to deeply study oral three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the diagnosis of oral and facial surgical diseases based on deep learning was studied. The utility model related to a deep learning-based classification algorithm for oral neck and facial surgery diseases (deep diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases, referred to as DDOM) is brought out; in this method, the DDOM algorithm proposed for patient classification, lesion segmentation, and tooth segmentation, respectively, can effectively process the three-dimensional oral CBCT data of patients and carry out patient-level classification. The segmentation results show that the proposed segmentation method can effectively segment the independent teeth in CBCT images, and the vertical magnification error of tooth CBCT images is clear. The average magnification rate was 7.4%. By correcting the equation of R value and CBCT image vertical magnification rate, the magnification error of tooth image length could be reduced from 7.4. According to the CBCT image length of teeth, the distance R from tooth center to FOV center, and the vertical magnification of CBCT image, the data closer to the real tooth size can be obtained, in which the magnification error is reduced to 1.0%. Therefore, it is proved that the 3D oral cone beam electronic computer based on deep learning can effectively assist doctors in three aspects: patient diagnosis, lesion localization, and surgical planning.