Stages Of Tooth Development Research Articles

Preliminary study on genetic factors related to Demirjian's tooth age estimation method based on genome-wide association analysis.

The age determination of individuals, especially minors, is critical in forensic research. In forensic practice, dental age estimation is one of the most commonly used methods for determining age as teeth are easy to preserve and relatively resistant to environmental factors. Tooth development is affected and regulated by genetic factors; however, these are not incorporated into current commonly used tooth age inference methods, leading to unreliable results. Here, we established a Demirjian and a Cameriere tooth age estimation-based methods suitable for use in children in southern China. By using the difference between the inferred age and the actual age (MD) as the phenotype, we identified 65 and 49 SNPs related to tooth age estimation from 743,722 loci among 171 children in southern China through a genome-wide association analysis (p<0.0001). We also conducted a genome-wide association study on dental development stage (DD) using the Demirjian tooth age estimation method and screened two sets of SNP sites (52 and 26) based on whether age difference was considered. The gene function enrichment analysis of these SNPs found that they were related to bone development and mineralization. Although SNP sites screened based on MD seem to improve the accuracy of tooth age estimation, there is little correlation between these SNPs and an individual's Demirjian morphological stage. In conclusion, we found that individual genotypes can affect tooth age estimation, and based on different phenotypic analysis models, we have identified some novel SNP sites related to tooth age inference and Demirjian's tooth development stage. These studies provide a reference for subsequent phenotypic selection based on tooth age inference analysis, and the results could possibly be used in the future to make forensic age estimation more accurate.

Radiographic Features of Mandibular Second Molars with Eruption Disturbances: A Retrospective Study.

We aimed to establish the characteristics and potential etiological risk factors of eruption disturbances in mandibular second molars (MM2). We retrospectively enrolled patients with eruption disturbances in MM2. A total of 143 MM2 with eruption disturbances from 112 patients (mean age 17.45 ± 6.35) were included in this study. Panoramic radiographs were employed to determine the risk factor, angulation type, impaction depth, tooth development stage, and associated pathology. The novel classification method of MM2 was based on impaction depth and angulation. Of 143 MM2, 137 and 6 were diagnosed with impaction and retention, respectively. Insufficient space was the most frequent risk factor for eruption disturbances. There were no significant differences between retention and impaction regarding sex, age, or side. The most frequent impaction type was Type I. The most frequent angulation of impacted MM2 was mesioangular. Impacted MM2 with shallower depth were more frequently associated with the presence of first molar undercut. Impaction types did not differ according to age, side, development stage, or distance from the MM1 distal surface to the anterior border of the ramus. Dentigerous cysts were associated with earlier MM2 development stages and greater MM2 depth. In conclusion, MM2 impaction types differed according to the risk factor, angulation type, MM1 undercut, and presence of cysts. Early MM2 development stage and greater MM2 depth were risk factors for MM2 eruption disturbances with cysts.

Dental age estimation: development and testing of a reference data set for Qatari children, adolescents, and young adults aged between 5 and 25 years

The purpose of this study is to establish and test a reference data set of dental development of Qatari subjects aged between 5 and 25 years. Radiographs of individuals aged between 5 and 25 years were re-used to establish a reference data set (RDS). A scheme comprising 8 tooth development stages (TDS) was used to assess all the teeth on the left side of the maxilla and mandible. The accuracy of dental age estimation (DAE) was tested with a separate sample of radiographs – the validation sample (VS) comprised 50 females and 50 males of known chronological age (CA). Dental panoramic tomographs (DPT) of 1,597 Qataris were assessed. The summary data for the individual TDS comprising the number (n-tds), mean (x¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\overline{\\mathrm{x} }$$\\end{document}-tds), standard deviation (sd-tds), 0th%-ile (the minimum), 25th%-ile, 50th%-ile (the median), 75th%-ile, and 100th%-ile (the maximum) were used to estimate the age of the VS subjects using the simple average method (SAM). There is a significant difference in dental age of 4.8 months in the female group when compared to the CA. The difference in the male group is 4.5 months. This shows similar differences to assessments of other ancestral or ethnic groups.

AGE ESTIMATION IN FORENSIC DENTISTRY- A REVIEW

In order to create a biological prole from human skeletal remains, age estimation is a crucial step. The primary source of data for forensic odontological age estimation is dental ndings evaluated by radiography. There are two main approaches for estimating age from teeth, particularly in children, adolescents, and young adults. Eight stages of tooth development were reported by Demir Jian et al., starting with crown formation and ending with the closure of the root apices of the seven remaining permanent mandibular teeth (excluding the third molar). In this paper, the Demir Jian and Gustafson age estimation method is used to examine age estimation in forensic dentistry

Using the Demirjian method for estimating the dental age of children in Surabaya, Indonesia

Background: The Demirjian method is used in assessing the stages of growth and development of teeth to calculate a person’s estimated age. In 1973, Demirjian identified the eight stages of tooth growth and development and their respective criteria. Purpose: To analyze the validity of Demirjian’s method for estimating dental age among children aged 6–17 years old in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: From August–October 2020, 162 panoramic radiographs of patients aged 6–17 years were taken at the radiology department of Airlangga Dental Hospital. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software for different tests, including a paired t test. Results: Using the Demirjian method, there was no significant dissimilarity between chronological age (CA) and estimated dental age (EDA) in the male group. However, a significant dissimilarity was found between CA and EDA in the female group. Conclusion: Demirjian’s method can be used as a tool for estimating the dental age of males age 6-17 years old in Surabaya.

Prevalence of delayed tooth eruption of permanent maxillary anterior teeth among Ukrainian children: retrospective radiographic study using CBCT data

Background. Tooth eruption is a complex, multi-staged, and well-regulated biological and age specific process that can be affected and influenced by many systemic and local factors. The deviation more than ±2SD from the established norm of tooth eruption terms, while also taking account racial, ethnic, and gender factors, is important for the clinician. &#x0D; Objective. To estimate the prevalence of delayed tooth eruption (DTE) of permanent maxillary anterior teeth among Ukrainian children sample and to investigate the epidemiology distribution of delayed eruption cases according to their causes based on CBCT data.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) data sets of 684 children (304 boys and 380 girls) aged 7–14 years old, who previously have sought for orthodontic diagnostics in Central Laboratory Diagnosis of the Head (CLDH), were collected and examined to detect any delayed eruption of the permanent maxillary anterior teeth. Signs of delayed eruption were identified considering tooth developmental stages, relationships between the chronologic age and dental developmental age, eruption sequence. &#x0D; Results. The total prevalence of delayed tooth eruption of permanent maxillary anterior teeth among the 684 children was 42.84%. 293 children (155 boys and 138 girls) had at least one impacted or retained tooth. The maxillary canines the most frequently demonstrated signs of delayed eruption and compiled 30.7% of all examined cases and 71.67% of all delayed eruption cases, followed by the lateral incisors of the maxilla – 6.58% and 15.36% respectively, and the central incisors – 5.56% and 12.97% respectively. Loss of space in dental arch and the ectopic eruption pathway were the most causative factor of delayed eruption of permanent maxillary anterior teeth. &#x0D; Conclusions. Delayed tooth eruption of permanent maxillary anterior teeth is frequently seen in everyday orthodontic practice and requires a multidisciplinary approach of diagnostics to avoid many treatment-related complications. CBCT data is essential for timely diagnostics of DTE and primary for the causative factors identification in order to provide optimal and effective management plan for each patient.

Progress in signal centers in early tooth development

At the early stage of tooth development, the tooth embryo underwent three successive stages: bud stage, cap stage and bell stage through the interaction between epithelium and mesenchymal cells. During these stages, especially during the interphase transition, the presence of signal centers was particularly crucial. Signal center was composed of a small group of oral epithelial cell collections which were formed in a specific sequence, playing a decisive role in signal expression, morphogenesis and cell differentiation by secreting growth factors and other signaling molecules to regulate developmental signaling pathways. This paper reviews the evolution of signal centers as well as the important signal molecules and transcription factors in signal centers since the formation of dental placode.

Rare Variants in LRP4 Are Associated with Mesiodens, Root Maldevelopment, and Oral Exostoses in Humans

Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4; MIM 604270) modulates WNT/β-catenin signaling, through its binding of WNT ligands, and to co-receptors LRP5/6, and WNT inhibitors DKK1, SOSTDC1, and SOST. LRP4 binds to SOSTDC1 and WNT proteins establishing a negative feedback loop between Wnt/β-catenin, Bmp, and Shh signaling during the bud and cap stages of tooth development. Consistent with a critical role for this complex in developing teeth, mice lacking Lrp4 or Sostdc1 have multiple dental anomalies including supernumerary incisors and molars. However, there is limited evidence supporting variants in LRP4 in human dental pathologies. We clinically, radiographically, and molecularly investigated 94 Thai patients with mesiodens. Lrp4 mutant mice were generated in order to study the effects of aberrant Lrp4 expression in mice. Whole exome and Sanger sequencing identified three extremely rare variants (c.4154A>G, p.Asn1385Ser; c.3940G>A, p.Gly1314Ser; and c.448G>A, p.Asp150Asn) in LRP4 in seven patients with mesiodens. Two patients had oral exostoses and two patients had root maldevelopments. Supernumerary incisors were observed in Lrp4 mutant mice. Our study implicates heterozygous genetic variants in LRP4 as contributing factors in the presentation of mesiodens, root maldevelopments, and oral exostoses, possibly as a result of altered WNT/β-catenin-BMP-SHH signaling.

Research progress of age estimation in juveniles based on Radiography of developmental stages of teeth

Age estimation plays an important role in multiple areas, such as oral clinical medicine and forensic medicine. Teeth development is less influenced by external factors than bone maturity, so the age estimation method based on Radiography to determine the stage of tooth development is widely used. This article reviews several methods for estimating age based on radiographic of teeth development, such as Demirjian method, Nolla method, Willems method, Chaillet method, and methods for estimating age based on the third molar development, and reviews the application and prospects of the above methods.

Scoring system for assessing the symmetry of tooth development in mixed dentition.

Human teeth develop sequentially and symmetrically in both halves of the jaws. Disorders of tooth development and eruption can be local or generalized. The symmetry comparison of tooth development is an essential measuring point to assess dentition. The aim of this study was the development of an easy-to-apply score that represents the tooth development of one side of the jaw to carry out side-specific development comparisons. The stages of development and the state of health of the teeth were determined on orthopantomograms of 59 healthy children and adolescents applying acknowledged developmental standards of teeth. The individual stages of tooth development on one side of the jaw were combined into a numerical score. The sum score of each jaw side was compared. The dental developmental score reveals the side differences of tooth development are small in children and adolescents with mixed dentition (n.s.). The change of teeth starts earlier in females. The presented score enables an easily applicable examination of the symmetry of tooth development in mixed dentition. Potential applications of the Score are to examine the influence of unilaterally manifest dento-skeletal developmental disorders on the change of teeth and the influence of deviating individual tooth development on neighboring teeth on one side. Key words:Dentition, development, symmetry, permanent teeth, deciduous teeth, oral health.Dentition, development, symmetry, permanent teeth, deciduous teeth, oral health.

Age-Related Variation of Pulpal Oxygen Saturation in Healthy Primary and Permanent Teeth in Children: A Clinical Study.

(1) Background: Pulse oximetry (PO) is an effective method of dental pulp status monitorization but still lacks practical implementation in dentistry, as well as clear reference values for different tooth types. The study’s aim was to investigate the age-related variation of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) from the dental pulp during different stages of tooth development in all types of primary and permanent teeth of children. (2) Methods: The pulps of 600 healthy primary and permanent teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) of patients aged 2−15 years were tested with an adapted PO device, and the results were statistically analyzed; (3) Results: Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between open-apex and closed-apex teeth and between the canines and other tooth types in both primary and permanent dentitions. (4) Conclusions: Values of SpO2 tended to decrease with age progression in both primary and permanent dentitions. Enamel and dentine thickness and their optical properties and the shape and volume of coronal pulp, which differed among tooth types, seemed to have some influence on the reading as well. The study indicates that factors such as the root development and the tooth type must be taken into account when establishing reference SpO2 values for the dental pulp.

Study of the remains of the southern elephant Archidiskodon merdionalis gromovi in alluvial deposits of the lower reaches of the Ural River (Zhaiyk)

Relevance. The first scientific data on the remains in the region of Western Kazakhstan in the Pleistocene period date back to the 18th century. According to the literature data, the presence of large animal fossils in the Ural (Zhaiyk) River has been known since Pallas’ journey (1786), when it was first established that the bones of the first bison and mammoths were often washed out from the banks of the Ural (Zhaiyk) River. The well-preserved remains of elephants make it possible to determine the systematic state of the finds. A lot of work has been done on fossil elephants of the Eurasian mammoth line, including the analysis of those adjacent to the Ural River (Zhaiyk).During the excavation of a quarry in the lower reaches of the Ural (Zhaiyk) river, a fossil skeleton of an elephant Archidiskon merdionalis gromovi was discovered. Reconstruction and study of the found bones confirmed that the find is an almost complete skeleton of an elephant belonging to the genus Archidiskodon.The purpose of the research is to take measurements of all found bones and identify the individual age of specimens of Archidiskodon merdionalis gromovi in the territory of Western Kazakhstan according to surveys from the locality of the village of Yaik. Reseacrh methodology. The article describes the specific location in the lower reaches of the Ural River (Zhaiyk) of the skeleton of the southern elephant Archidiskodon merdionalis gromovi. Measurements of all the found bones were taken and the bones found from other localities were compared. Results. Due to lack of material, there are no precise criteria for determining the individual age of A. meridionalis specimens based on tooth development, wear generation, succession, and wear stages. However, these data have been collected for modern elephants and successfully used to determine the age of the southern elephant Archidiskon merdionalis gromovi in the lower Ural River (Zhayik), which should be between 28 and 32 years old. According to the diameter of the cross section of the tusk (216 mm), the nature of the change of teeth, the average size of the long bones of the limbs, and the degree of their fusion with the epiphyses, we believe that A. meridionalis can be unambiguously identified. Conclusions. The studied skeleton of A. meridionalis of the southern elephant Archidiskon merdionalis gromovi in the lower reaches of the Ural River (Zhaiyk) includes most of the large postcranial bones (except for the distal bones of the limbs, sternum, and caudal vertebrae). This is the second discovery of an almost complete A. meridionalis skeleton found in the region, a rare event in the history of fossil elephant paleontology.

Association between Hypodontia and Angle’s Malocclusions among Orthodontic Patients in Kathmandu, Nepal

Disturbances during the early tooth development stages may result in the congenital absence of teeth. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between hypodontia and Angle's malocclusions. The sample comprised 601 orthodontic patients' pretreatment records (242 men and 259 women), selected from the achieved orthodontic records. Developmental anomalies of teeth affecting the number were examined on dental panoramic radiographs. Based on Angle's classification, pretreatment dental casts were assessed and classified into different classes of malocclusion. The relationship between hypodontia and different classes of malocclusion was evaluated using the chi-square test. The prevalence of tooth agenesis was 7.48%, that is, 45 out of 601 samples. There were a total of 72 (0.42%) missing teeth, excluding the third molars. The most frequent missing tooth was the maxillary lateral incisor (35, 48.61%), followed by the mandibular lateral incisor (14, 19.44%), the mandibular central incisor (6, 8.33%), the mandibular second premolar (5, 6.294%), and the maxillary second premolar (4, 5.55%). Hypodontia was more common in the upper jaw. Although hypodontia was mostly seen in Class I malocclusion patients (7.87%), followed by Class II malocclusion patients (6.99%) and least in Class III malocclusion patients. However, there was no significant difference in hypodontia among different classes of malocclusions (p = 0.352). The most frequently missing tooth was the maxillary lateral incisor, followed by lateral and central mandibular incisors and mandibular second premolars, while excluding the third molars. The present study did not find any association between various types of malocclusions and hypodontia.

Assessing Children's Dental Age with Panoramic Radiographs.

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to assess the dental age of the subjects and compare it to their chronological age; to assess the dominant tooth for evaluation of dental age; and to investigate possible individual differences between the left and right side of the dental arch. (2) Methods: This study involved evaluating panoramic radiographs of patients aged 7-13 years. A separate assessment was performed for each tooth according to the degree of germ development. Each subject's dental age was estimated. (3) Results: The study involved evaluating 349 panoramic radiographs. No difference was found between stages of tooth development on the right side and left side. Correlation between the stages of tooth development and the chronological age was found to be highest in the second permanent molar teeth. The age can be predicted with the estimated age of tooth #37 and the gender of the patient. (4) Conclusions: The chronological age of children aged 7-13 may be estimated based on a modified seven-stage London Atlas of tooth development, where the most accurate landmark(s) of use are second molars.

Prevalence of Delayed Eruption of Permanent Upper Central Incisors at a Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Tooth eruption is defined as the axial movement of the tooth from its site of development in the alveolar bone to its functional position in the oral cavity. A delay in eruption can directly affect the accurate diagnosis, overall treatment planning, and timing of treatment. Thus, Delayed Tooth Eruption can have a significant impact on a patient's proper health care. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of delayed eruptions of permanent upper central incisors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study assessed panoramic radiographs of children between the ages of 6-10 years old who attended the Dental University Hospital clinics at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between 2014 and 2020. The radiographs were collected and examined to detect any delayed eruption of the permanent upper central incisors. Panoramic radiographs with delayed erupted permanent upper central incisors were identified by tooth developmental stages and eruption sequence. Of the 745 radiographs, 23 (3.09%) presented at least one delayed erupted permanent upper central incisor of which boys and girls comprised 16 (69.5%) and 7 (30.4%), respectively. Retained primary teeth was the most causative factor of delayed eruption (43.4%), followed by the early loss of primary teeth (21.7%) and insufficient arch space. The present study is the first to assess the prevalence of delayed eruption of the permanent upper central incisors on a Saudi population. Boys were found to have more prevalence of delayed eruption of the permanent upper central incisors compared to girls. Clinicians should be aware of such a condition as early diagnosis of delayed eruption is essential for providing optimal dental care.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation mediated by methyltransferase complex subunit WTAP regulates amelogenesis

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, one of the most widespread posttranscriptional modifications in eukaryotes, plays crucial roles in various developmental processes. The m6A modification process is catalyzed by a methyltransferase complex that includes Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) as a key component. Whether the development of dental enamel is regulated by m6A RNA methylation in mammals remains unclear. Here, we reveal that WTAP is widely expressed from the early stage of tooth development. Specific inactivation of Wtap in mouse enamel epithelium by the Cre/loxp system leads to serious developmental defects in amelogenesis. In Wtap conditional KO mice, we determined that the differentiation of enamel epithelial cells into mature ameloblasts at the early stages of enamel development is affected. Mechanistically, loss of Wtap inhibits the expression of Sonic hedgehog (SHH), which plays an important role in the generation of ameloblasts from stem cells. Together, our findings provide new insights into the functional role of WTAP-mediated m6A methylation in amelogenesis in mammals.

Patterns of permanent incisor, canine and molar development in modern humans, great apes and early fossil hominins

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to quantify the variation in coincident stages of incisor, canine and molar eruption and tooth formation in modern humans and great apes and then to ask if any early fossil hominins showed a dental development pattern beyond the human range and/or clearly typical of great apes. DesignFour stages of eruption and 18 stages of tooth development were defined and then scored for each developing tooth on radiographs of 159 once-free-living subadult great apes and on orthopantomographs of 4091 dental patients aged 1–23 years. From original observations, and from published images of eleven early fossil hominins, we then scored formation stages of permanent incisors when M1 was at root formation stage R¼-R½ and R¾-RC. ResultsIncisor and canine eruption/development was delayed in great apes relative to molar development when compared with humans but there was overlap in almost all anterior tooth stages observed. Molar crown initiation was generally advanced in great apes and delayed in humans but again, we observed overlap in all stages in both samples. Only two fossil hominin specimens (L.H.–3 from Laetoli, Tanzania and KNM-KP 34725 from Kanapoi, Kenya) showed delayed incisor development relative to M1 beyond any individuals observed in the human sample. ConclusionsFor certain tooth types, the distribution of formation stages in our samples showed evidence of generally advanced or delayed development between taxa. However, it would rarely if ever be possible to allocate an individual to one taxon or another on this basis.

Immunohistochemical characterization of stem cell, vascular, neural, and differentiation markers in the apical papilla and dental pulp of human teeth at various stages of root development

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the expression of several differentiation markers in the apical papilla (AP) and dental pulp (DP) of human permanent teeth. Twenty young human teeth were extracted and classified according to three Moorrees tooth development stages: initial root formation (Ri), root length ½ (R1/2), and root length complete (Rc). Immunohistochemical assays were performed using STRO-1, VEGF Receptor-2, Neurofilament heavy (NFH), and Nestin antibodies and analyzed under light microscopy. Decalcified, formalin fixed paraffin embedded tooth sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed an apical cell rich zone between the DP and AP. The AP revealed fewer vascular and cellular components than the DP. STRO-1 was expressed on vascular and neuronal elements beneath the odontoblast (OB) and in the sub-odontoblastic (SOB) zone, and VEGFR-2 positive cells were observed in the endothelium, arterioles, and blood vessels. Neuroepithelial stem cell protein (Nestin) was highly expressed in differentiated odontoblasts in the predentin odontotoblast and odontoblast cell processes. Neurofilament heavy (NFH) was expressed in mature axons throughout the DP. STRO-1 and VEGFR-2 microvascular expression was higher at the stages Ri and R1/2 while STRO-1 and NFH expression showed strong spatial distribution of Rc neuronal elements as compared to Ri and R1/2. Differentiated OB and SOB cells showed Nestin expression, indicating a reservoir of newly differentiated odontoblast-like cells.

Variability of dental abnormalities according to the timing of anticancer therapy: A report of two cases

Current multimodality therapies have increased the survival of patients with childhood cancer. However, these therapies increase the risk of dental complications. The first case was a 7-year-old girl who was diagnosed with leukemia at around 8 months of age and received anticancer therapy for about 1 year. The second case was an 8-year-old boy who was diagnosed with leukemia at around the age of 6 and received anticancer therapy for about 2 years. Based on long-term follow-up of two cases, tooth agenesis and microdontia occurs when anticancer therapy is performed at the initial stage of tooth development. However shortening roots of the affected teeth can be found when it is performed at the late stage of tooth development. Early diagnosis and understanding of dental developmental defects resulting from anticancer therapy are essential for preventing tooth loss and space-related problems in the oral cavity .

Vitamin D status and tooth enamel hypomineralization are not associated in 4-y-old children: An Odense Child Cohort study

Early fetal stages of tooth development are vitamin D-dependent, suggesting an impact of vitamin D status in pregnancy on tooth mineralization in human populations. We examined the association between pregnancy and cord serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) and hypomineralization of the second primary molars (HSPM) in the 4-year-old children in the prospective, population-based Odense Child Cohort, Denmark. S-25(OH)D was measured in early pregnancy (<20 weeks, n = 753); late pregnancy (≥20 weeks, n = 841); and in umbilical cord blood (n = 1,241) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. HSPM was scored using modified European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry judgment criteria. The median [Q1;Q3] s-25(OH)D was 65.0 [49.4;78.0], 79.2 [60.4;95.8], and 45.1 [31.2;60.5] nmol/L in early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and cord blood, respectively. The prevalence of HSPM was 54.7%; creamy/white demarcated opacities 79.5%; yellowish/brownish demarcated opacities 14.9%; post-eruptive breakdown 5.2%; atypical restoration 0.4%. No univariate or adjusted associations with HSPM were detected for pregnancy or cord s-25(OH)D as a continuous variable or categorized into quartiles or routine clinical cut-offs, or when classifying HSPM by severity. In exploratory multiple regression analysis, HSPM was inversely associated with the length of gestation, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.82 (95% C.I 0.74–0.92, p < 0.001), and directly associated with maternal education, aOR 1.57 (95% C.I 1.18–2.08, p = 0.002). In a population with relatively high s-25(OH)D concentrations and generally healthy mothers and children, pregnancy and cord blood vitamin D status was not associated with HSPM. The associations between HSPM and shorter gestational length and higher maternal education warrant further study.