Tooth Crown Research Articles

Numerical investigation of the stress-strain state of zirconium dioxide pin structures manufactured using CAD CAM technologies

Numerical studies were carried out to determine the stress-strain state of pin stump structures made of zirconium dioxide. The calculation models were part of the dentoalveolar segment in the form of a cylinder, composed of a single-rooted tooth, dentin, periodontal ligament, compact bone of the alveolus, gums, spongy bone and a monolithic structure consisting of a crown fixed on a stump insert and a rod-pin. Three cases of such pin design models were considered. A numerical study was carried out for three different thicknesses of the rod, which were modeled as follows: the volume of the 2nd and 3rd pins doubled compared to the previous one – case 1 (thin rod), case 2(medium) and case 3 (thick). The finite element method was used to study the field of displacements and stresses according to von Mises both in the structures themselves and in the tissues surrounding them. Two cases of the load on the chewing surface of the tooth crown were established for comparative analysis in all cases: a distributed vertical load of 100 N and the same load at an angle of 45°. As a result of numerical studies, pin structures case 2 and 3 showed an ad-vantage over the design with a thin rod (case 1) both in terms of displacements and stresses. Case2 (average rod thickness) is recommended for use in practice. Structures of this type can be used to restore the crown part of the tooth in case of its complete absence or significant destruction, as well as a support for a bridge prosthesis.

Modeling the mechanism of reducing enamel mineral density in the vicinity of the fisure tip

A distinctive feature of the enamel surface of molars and premolars is the presence of a certain number of fissures - wedge-shaped (V-shaped) notches, the tops of which are natural stress concentrators in the enamel of the tooth crown. To determine the degree of concentration of mechanical stresses in the vicinity of the fissure tip, the problem of the stress-strain state of enamelin the form of an elastic wedge imitating a fissure is considered. The bite force, acting on the food, wedges the fissure and causes a stress-strain state in the vicinity of its tip. The resulting formulas made it possible to estimate the stress-strain state in the vicinity of the fissure tip depending on the fissure opening angle, food diameter, and relative deformation of the lateral surface of the fissure.

Histologic Features of External Cervical Resorption Affecting Impacted Maxillary Canines: A Report of 2 Cases

Reports on the histopathologic features of external cervical resorption (ECR) in unerupted teeth are scarce. This article reports on 2 maxillary impacted canines from different patients that showed ECR lesions and were surgically removed and histologically evaluated. Case 1 showed symptoms associated with oral communication of the dental follicle and pulpal exposure. Radiographs and cone-beam computed tomographic imaging showed that resorption affected a large part of the root and the crown. Case 2 was asymptomatic, and the resorption cavity was restricted to the tooth crown. Both teeth were extracted and subjected to histologic processing and analysis. In case number 1, the coronal pulp was necrotic and infected, showing areas of exposure to the resorption channels. The apical pulp was vital and uninflamed. The pulp space was surrounded by a continuous pericanalar resorption-resistant sheet. Part of the resorbed area of dentin was occupied by inflamed granulation tissue. More apically, a network of trabecular bone was present in the resorbed area. In case number 2, the pulp around the resorbed area was uninflamed and vital. A large fraction of the lost dentin was replaced by trabecular bone, closely adapted to the irregularly resorbed dentin surface, and no inflammatory cells. Our findings indicate that impacted teeth with ECR may remain asymptomatic until associated with infection. Histologic features of resorption in impacted teeth were similar to those in erupted teeth. In the case associated with infection, the resorbed area was occupied by inflamed tissue and newly formed bone. In the case with no infection, the resorption area was filled with bone undergoing a remodeling process.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CARIES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS IN TEMPORARY TEETH IN A DENTAL CLINIC

Damage to the hard tissues of the teeth is most common among children. This applies to both temporary and permanent bite. Untimely prevention and treatment of caries leads to the progression of the process in the tissues of the tooth, the occurrence of complications.
 The aim of the study was to explore the possibility of using various methods of treatment and prevention of caries in deciduous teeth and its complications in children in a dental clinic.
 For the period from 2020 to 2023, 1659 patients aged 2-6 years old applied to the dental clinic. Each patient was examined, individual training was given to them and their parents in oral hygiene, a treatment plan was drawn up and preventive measures were taken. Recommendations were given on rational nutrition. Sealing was applied in temporary molars within a year after their eruption. After 2 years, 90% of patients did not reveal caries of temporary molars.
 In children of this age group, the treatment of diseases of the teeth’ hard tissues can be carried out using local anesthesia, under nitrous-nitrogen-oxygen sedation and under general anesthesia. The choice of treatment method will be influenced by the total amount of sanitation and the compliance of the child. In 72% of patients, the intervention was performed under general anesthesia. The use of this method in the clinic makes it possible to treat a certain number of teeth in one visit and work with a cohort of children who are not ready for the usual conditions of admission.
 The most common pathology treated was caries, accounting for 89% of the children who visited the clinic.
 Used photopolymer composite filling materials.
 A complication of caries (inflammation of the pulp or periodontal tissues) was treated in 64% of patients who sought dental care. Each patient underwent an X-ray examination, an orthopantomogram, or targeted images, depending on the age of the child, to decide on the choice of treatment method (tooth preservation or extraction). So, 5.4% of the teeth that needed intervention by a pediatric dentist were subject to extraction. Complicated caries is accompanied by significant destruction of the tooth crown, which requires appropriate treatment approaches. In such cases, standard crowns were more often used, which made it possible to restore the anatomical shape of temporary molars, their function and achieve a long-term treatment effect until the period of physiological changes in the teeth.
 There are several options for crowns that can be used in pediatric dentistry standard steel crowns (stainless steel crowns), for the restoration of the chewing group of teeth, metal crowns with plastic veneer, for the restoration of the anterior group of teeth and crowns based on a framework of zirconium dioxide, which are universal and biocompatible with periodontal tissues.
 Admission of children to the dental clinic allows the use of modern methods of diagnosis, anesthesia, treatment, and preventive measures. An important point is the cooperation of a pediatric dentist with the patient's parents, which is the key to obtaining maximum positive results, restore chewing function, aesthetic appearance, achieve an increase in the resistance of hard dental tissues and prevent caries and its further development.

A Semi-Automatic Method on a Small Italian Sample for Estimating Sex Based on the Shape of the Crown of the Maxillary Posterior Teeth

Teeth are known to be reliable substrates for human identification and are endowed with significant sexual dimorphism not only in the size but also in the shape of the crowns. In the preliminary phase of our study (already published in 2021), a novel sex estimation method based on dental morphometric geometric (GMA) analysis combined with the artificial neural network (ANN) was developed and validated on a single dental element (first upper premolar) with an accuracy rate of 80%. This study aims to experiment and validate the combination of GMA-ANN on the upper first and second left premolars and the upper left first molar to obtain a reliable classification model based on the sexual dimorphic traits of multiple maxillary teeth of Caucasian Italian adults (115 males and 115 females). A general procrustes superimposition (GPS) and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to study the shape variance between the sexes and to reduce the data variations. The "set-aside" approach was used to validate the accuracy of the proposed ANN. As the main findings, the proposed method correctly classified 94% of females and 68% of males from the test sample and the overall accuracy gained was 82%, higher than the odontometric methods that similarly consider multiple teeth. The shape variation between male and female premolars represents the best dimorphic feature compared with the first upper molar. Future research could overcome some limitations by considering a larger sample of subjects and experimenting with the use of computer vision for automatic landmark positioning and should verify the present evidence in samples with different ancestry.

Evaluation of sexual dimorphism in human premolars using longitudinal ground sections- A cross sectional study

Introduction: Sex determination plays an important role in forensics. On average, males possess larger tooth crowns than females in contemporary human populations, although the degree of dimorphism varies within different populations. Ground sectioning of teeth can provide an accurate measurement of enamel and dentinal thickness and can be used for gender determination in forensic analysis.
 Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate sexual dimorphism in human premolars using longitudinal ground sections.
 Materials & Method: In this study extracted premolar teeth of males and females were taken. Longitudinal ground sectioning of these teeth was made and later examined under light microscope under customized grids.
 Results: Data was statistically analyzed and results were tabulated. It was found that enamel area and average enamel thickness was higher in females than males and coronal dentinal areas were more in males.
 Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that the differences in crown morphology among males and females can be used as a potential tool in forensic analysis.

Automatic registration of dental CT and 3D scanned model using deep split jaw and surface curvature

Background and objectives: In the medical field, various image registration applications have been studied. In dentistry, the registration of computed tomography (CT) volume data and 3D optically scanned models is essential for various clinical applications, including orthognathic surgery, implant surgical planning, and augmented reality. Our purpose was to present a fully automatic registration method of dental CT data and 3D scanned models.Methods: We use a 2D convolutional neural network to regress a curve splitting the maxilla (i.e., upper jaw) and mandible (i.e., lower jaw) and the points specifying the front and back ends of the crown from the CT data. Using this regressed information, we extract the point cloud and vertices corresponding to the tooth crown from the CT and scanned data, respectively. We introduce a novel metric, called curvature variance of neighbor (CVN), to discriminate between highly fluctuating and smoothly varying regions of the tooth crown. The registration based on CVN enables more accurate fine registration while reducing the effects of metal artifacts. Moreover, the proposed method does not require any preprocessing such as extracting the iso-surface for the tooth crown from the CT data, thereby significantly reducing the computation time.Results: We evaluated the proposed method with the comparison to several promising registration techniques. Our experimental results using three datasets demonstrated that the proposed method exhibited higher registration accuracy (i.e., 2.85, 1.92, and 7.73 times smaller distance errors for individual datasets) and smaller computation time (i.e., 4.12 times faster registration) than one of the state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, the proposed method worked considerably well for partially scanned data, whereas other methods suffered from the unbalancing of information between the CT and scanned data.Conclusions: The proposed method was able to perform fully automatic and highly accurate registration of dental CT data and 3D scanned models, even with severe metal artifacts. In addition, it could achieve fast registration because it did not require any preprocessing for iso-surface reconstruction from the CT data.

Polymorphisms in hormonal-related genes might be associated with variations in permanent tooth crown size.

The variability in tooth crown size (TCS) is influenced by genetic factors and might be regulated by the difference in hormonal response. This study aimed to evaluate the association between variations in TCS of permanent teeth with associated factors and genetic polymorphisms in hormonal-related genes (ESR1, ESR2 and PTH). This cross-sectional study involved dental casts from 86 individuals of both sexes. Dental casts were used to determine the maximum TCS of all fully erupted permanent teeth (except third molars) in the mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) dimensions. Data such as sex, ethnicity, dental group (incisor, canine, premolar and molar), dental arch (upper and lower) and genetic polymorphisms of hormonal-related genes were used. The DNA from each patient was collected to evaluate the genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 (rs2234693 and rs9340799), ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938) and PTH (rs694, rs6256 and rs307247) through real-time PCR. The data were submitted to statistical analysis with a significance level of 0.05. In the MD dimension, the sex, dental group and dental arch were associated with variation in TCS (P < .05). In the BL dimension, the sex, dental group, dental arch and polymorphism in rs694 and rs307247 were associated with variation in TCS. In short, this study suggests that genetic polymorphisms of PTH are associated with variations in the BL TCS of permanent human teeth.

An Uncommon a Giant Dentigerous Cyst Associated With Unerupted Canine: A Case Report

Background and Objectives: Dentigerous cyst (DC) is the second most common developmental odontogenic cyst. On radiographic images, it usually seen as a well-defined unilocular radiolucency in the area surrounding the crown of an unerupted tooth. This study aims to report a case of giant DC in a 9-year-old boy who was treated conservatively. Case Report: This study reports a rare case of a mandibular DC associated with the crown of unerupted canine in a 9-year-old boy complained of swelling for about 5 months who had been treated by marsupialization. Conclusion: Conservative treatments for the large inflammatory DCs in children can lead to good results, ensuring the normal development of teeth, and proper bone repair.

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Associated with Hypophosphatemic Rickets- A Report of the Rarest Case

Rickets is a childhood bone disorder. It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate. Bones become soft and weak and are prone to fracture due to inadequate intake of these nutrients. Rickets result from abnormalities of the growth plate cartilage predominantly affecting longer bones and leading to poor bone growth, defective mineralization, and bony deformities such as bow legs and knock-knees. This case report presents a rare case of a 21-year-old female patient with discoloration and abnormalities of teeth since childhood with hypophosphatemic rickets in early childhood who suffered from subsequent loss of tooth structure and bone deformities. Orthopantomogram revealed bulbous crowns of teeth with cervical constriction, obliterated pulp chambers, and slender roots. X-ray chest revealed decreased costochondral angle suggestive of pigeon chest. Serum calcium and Vitamin D were, but serum phosphorus levels were decreased. The patient was examined by a Physician &amp; Orthopedic Surgeon. On the basis of clinical-radiographic features and serum biochemistry findings, this case was diagnosed as Dentinogenesis Imperfecta associated with Hypophosphatemic Rickets.

Notch Signaling Pathway in Tooth Shape Variations throughout Evolution.

Evolutionary changes in vertebrates are linked to genetic alterations that often affect tooth crown shape, which is a criterion of speciation events. The Notch pathway is highly conserved between species and controls morphogenetic processes in most developing organs, including teeth. Epithelial loss of the Notch-ligand Jagged1 in developing mouse molars affects the location, size and interconnections of their cusps that lead to minor tooth crown shape modifications convergent to those observed along Muridae evolution. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that these alterations are due to the modulation of more than 2000 genes and that Notch signaling is a hub for significant morphogenetic networks, such as Wnts and Fibroblast Growth Factors. The modeling of these tooth crown changes in mutant mice, via a three-dimensional metamorphosis approach, allowed prediction of how Jagged1-associated mutations in humans could affect the morphology of their teeth. These results shed new light on Notch/Jagged1-mediated signaling as one of the crucial components for dental variations in evolution.

The relationship of tooth crown dimensions between first molar and central incisor in maxilla.

The purpose of this study was to investigate a correlation between the cusp dimensions of the first molar and mesiodistal crown diameters of the central incisors in the maxilla. The study materials were composed of dental casts from 29 modern Japanese female subjects with a mean age of 20years and 8months. The mesiodistal crown diameters of the maxillary central incisors were measured. The mesiodistal and bucco-lingual crown diameters and the cusp diameters of the maxillary first molars, such as the paracone, metacone, protocone, and hypocone, were also measured. The crown areas and indices of the first molars were calculated. The Spearman's single rank correlation coefficients between the mean values for the crown dimensions of the first molars and the mesiodistal crown diameters of the central incisors were calculated. The hypocone cusp diameter and the hypocone index were the largest compared to those of the paracone, protocone, and metacone cusps. The bucco-lingual diameter and hypocone cusp diameter of the first molars positively correlated with the mesiodistal crown diameters of the central incisors on the same sides. There were positive correlations between the hypocone index of the first molars and the mesiodistal crown diameters of the central incisors. Based on the results, if a large hypocone is observed in eruption of the maxillary first molars, it will be predictable that of the mesiodistal crown diameter of the maxillary central incisor large.

A Mutation in CACNA1S Is Associated with Multiple Supernumerary Cusps and Root Maldevelopment

Enamel knots and Hertwig epithelial root sheath (HERS) regulate the growth and folding of the dental epithelium, which subsequently determines the final form of tooth crown and roots. We would like to investigate the genetic etiology of seven patients affected with unique clinical manifestations, including multiple supernumerary cusps, single prominent premolars, and single-rooted molars. Oral and radiographic examination and whole-exome or Sanger sequencing were performed in seven patients. Immunohistochemical study during early tooth development in mice was performed. A heterozygous variant (c. 865A>G; p.Ile289Val) in CACNA1S was identified in all the patients, but not in an unaffected family member and control. Immunohistochemical study showed high expression of Cacna1s in the secondary enamel knot. This CACNA1S variant seemed to cause impaired dental epithelial folding; too much folding in the molars and less folding in the premolars; and delayed folding (invagination) of HERS, which resulted in single-rooted molars or taurodontism. Our observation suggests that the mutation in CACNA1S might disrupt calcium influx, resulting in impaired dental epithelium folding, and subsequent abnormal crown and root morphology.

Rapid post-eruptive maturation of porcine enamel.

The teeth of humans and pigs are similar in size, shape, and enamel thickness. While the formation of human primary incisor crowns takes about 8months, domestic pigs form their teeth within a much shorter time. Piglets are born after 115days of gestation with some of their teeth erupted that must after weaning meet the mechanical demands of their omnivorous diet without failure. We asked whether this short mineralization time before tooth eruption is combined with a post-eruptive mineralization process, how fast this process occurs, and how much the enamel hardens after eruption. To address this question, we investigated the properties of porcine teeth at two, four, and sixteen weeks after birth (N = 3 animals per time point) through analyses of composition, microstructure, and microhardness. We collected data at three standardized horizontal planes across the tooth crown to determine the change of properties throughout the enamel thickness and in relation to soft tissue eruption. Our findings indicate that porcine teeth erupt hypomineralized compared to healthy human enamel and reach a hardness that is similar to healthy human enamel within less than 4weeks.

Changes in Small Mammal Communities Over the Last 25,000 Years Show a Complex Relationship Between Composition, Traits, and Aridity

Many ecosystems today face increasingly frequent and extreme droughts. Small mammals can be harbingers of larger ecological changes, making them critical components for conservation. We use the fossil record to explore how small mammal communities respond to aridity changes. Recent, short-term droughts caused small mammals to increase in evenness, as dominant generalist species suffer severe population fluctuations. It has also been hypothesized that with increasing aridity, herbivore tooth crown heights increase to combat wear. Here, we examine community-level changes, including evenness, hypsodonty, and diet across a series of arid-semiarid cycles. We compare two caves: Natural Trap Cave (NTC), which is open and arid, and Samwell Cave (SC), which is closed and forested. Evenness decreased at both caves from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene. At NTC, dietary generalists were more common in the Pleistocene (61%) with herbivores dominating in the Middle (62%) and Late Holocene (57%). However, at SC generalist taxa increased into the Holocene. The Pleistocene community at NTC had the highest percentage of taxa with low tooth crown heights (42%) halving into the Holocene. Changes in hypsodonty and a shift from generalist to herbivorous taxa at NTC do not align with anticipated responses to aridity, which decreased from the Pleistocene to the recent. Functional relationships of these communities to aridity may be more nuanced than previously thought. Bioavailability of water and local vegetation types at NTC can help parse out these trends. Pleistocene precipitation mostly accumulated during the winter, not aiding plant growth. Thus, generalist mammals who could survive on scant, arid-adapted plants and invertebrates dominated. Precipitation through the Holocene shifted to summer accumulation, allowing plants, like grasses, to colonize and herbivorous taxa to increase in abundance with corresponding shifts to high crowned communities.

Anatomically Driven Immediate Implant Placement in the Esthetic Zone: Two Case Reports as Proof of Principle.

Achieving favorable and stable esthetic outcomes with immediate implants used to replace maxillary anterior teeth can be challenging. Osteotomies need to be initiated along the palatal socket wall, and it is often difficult to stabilize initial drilling. An immediate implant was planned for a hopeless maxillary incisor. Using a flapless surgery technique, the tooth was removed and decoronated, and an entry point was made in the root to guide the osteotomy drills. The root was reinserted and stabilized while a precision drill and 2-mm twist drill were used in sequence to drill through the tooth root, establishing the osteotomy location but stopping 3-4 mm short of final depth. The root was then removed, and the final implant bur for a 3.5 × 11.5-mm implant was drilled to depth, engaging the necessary native bone apically. The original tooth crown was then used to prepare and insert a transitional crown. Reinserting the extracted root of a maxillary anterior tooth and using it as a guide for osteotomy preparation is an excellent method to optimally position an immediate implant palatally in the socket wall.

Assessing Impact of Domestic and Non-Native Species on Trait-Environment Relationships Using Hypsodonty and Precipitation Since the Late Pleistocene

Ecosystem function relies in part on aligned relationships between functional traits of animals and the environments in which they live. Studies of trait-environment relationships have largely focused on communities of native species, but domestic and non-native species also play a role in the functioning of modern ecosystems. We use ecometrics, or study of functional trait-environment relationships, to evaluate the impact of domestic and non-native species on community-level trait composition and its relationship with precipitation by comparing four community compositions: modern native, modern native plus domestic, modern native plus non-native, and late Pleistocene (0.126–0.0117 Ma). We integrate large and small herbivorous mammals into a single ecometric model of hypsodonty (i.e., tooth crown height) and annual precipitation (n=8439, r=-0.7, R2=0.4, p&lt;0.001). We hypothesize: 1) ecometric models of modern native communities will differ from those for late Pleistocene communities, 2) inclusion of domestic species will align ecometric relationships with those from the late Pleistocene, 3) inclusion of non-native species will maintain ecometric relationships of modern native communities. We found modern communities of native species have lower hypsodonty values and higher precipitation estimates than late Pleistocene communities. Domestic species shift modern communities toward higher hypsodonty values and lower precipitation estimates like those in the late Pleistocene. Today’s domestics are mostly high-crowned grazing species representative of the fauna lost prior to the Holocene. Non-native species do not shift modern native trait composition or the associated precipitation estimates, illustrating the success of non-native species due to trait alignment with their new environments. Thus, conservation and restoration efforts should consider trait composition of whole communities because it provides unique information to measures of taxonomic composition.

Small Mammal Hypsodonty Ratios Do Not Track Precipitation Changes at Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming

With future climate change, drought events are expected to increase. Hypsodonty is an adaptation in herbivorous mammals for higher crowned teeth, which are better able to process coarse foods. Typically, animals with highly hypsodont teeth are found in arid places. This trait is considered an adaptation to aridity and drought. Many studies examined the spatial distribution of hypsodonty with respect to climate in both ungulates and Glires (rodents and lagomorphs). However, few studies have examined whether spatial trends play out across known climate shifts at a single location. Glires evolved hypsodonty millions of years before ungulates, adapt readily due to short generation times, and have relatively small home ranges, so they may provide more accurate climate predictions. Here, we use Glires from Natural Trap Cave, WY to examine whether community-level changes in hypsodonty reflect known precipitation changes. Additionally, this study investigates the effects of measurement techniques (teeth in-jaw versus out-of-jaw) and tooth wear on hypsodonty measurements. Currently, most hypsodonty studies try to use only completely unworn teeth, which are difficult to find in the fossil record. We find that community-level hypsodonty did change over time, but not in ways that corresponded with established precipitation values at Natural Trap Cave. There were likely other factors driving hypsodonty levels within this community, such as an increasing abundance of grasses with increases in temperature and precipitation. Tooth wear did not seem to have significant effects on hypsodonty measurements across time, and tooth wear only sometimes significantly affected hypsodonty measurements across taxa. With further analysis, it might be conclusively decided that samples can be expanded to somewhat worn teeth. This analysis of hypsodonty as a climate proxy can help shape both its use in future studies and our understanding of how species will respond to future climate changes.

Simulating cookiecutter shark bites with a 3D-printed jaw-dental model

Ectoparasitic cookiecutter sharks (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes: Dalatiidae; Isistius) share common features for jaw and teeth structure, in particular, robust lower jaws and dignathic heterodonty (upper teeth crowns are more slender and shorter than the broader and longer lower teeth crowns). The jaws and teeth are well suited for feeding by excising a nearly symmetrical oval-flesh bite plug from a variety of prey species including marine mammals, fishes, and squids. There is considerable speculation regarding cookiecutter shark bite dynamics given that natural feeding behavior has not been observed. To elucidate cookiecutter shark bite dynamics, bites were experimentally simulated for the two cookiecutter shark species; the Cookiecutter Shark, Isistius brasiliensis (Quoy JRC, Gaimard, P (1824) Zoologie (3) Imprimerie royale) and the Largetooth Cookiecutter Shark, Isistius plutodus (Garrick JAF, Springer S (1964) Isistius plutodus, a new squaloid shark from the Gulf of Mexico. Copeia 678–682), using three-dimensional printed models of jaws with teeth. Bite simulations were conducted at standardized jaw bite-gape angles and ballistic gelatin was used to approximate prey flesh, from which aspect ratio analysis of bite wound geometrics was used to determine bite wound morphometrics for each species. The simulated bite experiment also was useful for assessing factors that potentially affect cookiecutter shark total length estimates when based on natural bite geometrics. In addition, the mechanics of producing experimental bites provide new insights related to the necessity for cookiecutter sharks to rotate their body to create nearly symmetrical oval bite wounds.

Effects of antiresorptive medications on tooth root formation and tooth eruption in paediatric patients.

Tooth eruption is a pivotal milestone for children's growth and development. This process involves with the formation of the tooth root, the periodontal ligament (PDL) and the alveolar bone, as the tooth crown penetrates the bone and gingiva to enter the oral cavity. This review aims to outline current knowledge of the adverse dental effects of antiresorptive medications. Recently, paediatric indications for antiresorptive medications, such as bisphosphonates (BPs), have emerged, and these agents are increasingly used in children and adolescents to cure pathological bone resorption associated with bone diseases and cancers. Since tooth eruption is accompanied by osteoclastic bone resorption, it is expected that the administration of antiresorptive medications during this period affects tooth development. Indeed, several articles studying human patient cohorts and animal models report the dental defects associated with the use of these antiresorptive medications. This review shows the summary of the possible factors related to tooth eruption and introduces the future research direction to understand the mechanisms underlying the dental defects caused by antiresorptive medications.