Tooth Buds Research Articles

Does the Trimester of Smoking Matter in the Association between Prenatal Smoking and the Risk of Early Childhood Caries?

Introduction: Development of the primary tooth bud commences at the end of the 5th week of gestation, with mineralization starting at about the 13th week and continuing throughout pregnancy to the end of the first year of life. During this critical period, exposure to maternal lifestyle factors, specifically, prenatal smoking can negatively affect the quality (i.e., tooth calcification and mineralization) and timing of tooth eruption. Methods: This study evaluated the association between the trimester of smoking and offspring caries experience at 3 time points (31, 43, and 61 months) by analyzing data from 1,429 mother-offspring participants in the 1991/92 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, conducted in Bristol, England. Prenatal smoking in the first, second, and third trimesters were self-reported during pregnancy while offspring caries experience was determined by clinical oral examinations. Adjusted for confounders, log-binomial regression estimated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the association between trimester of smoking and the risk of offspring caries. Results: Twenty percent smoked in the first trimester of their pregnancy, 15% in the second, and 17% in the third. Forty-six percent of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had caries experience (i.e., dmft ≥1) with a mean dmft count of 1.58, versus children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy (33% of whom had dmft ≥1 with a mean dmft count of 0.33). Smoking in the first, second, and third trimesters were independently associated with a higher adjusted RR (95% CI) of caries experience at 61 months, i.e., 1.16 (0.93–1.43), 1.11 (0.75–1.65), and 1.60 (1.09–2.32), respectively. Conclusions: Within the limitations of covariates adjusted for, with the caveat that residual confounding and bias from unmeasured covariates are likely present, our findings suggest that smoking during pregnancy may be harmful to the oral health of the offspring irrespective of the trimester during which the smoking occurred. Nevertheless, these results should be interpreted cautiously because the findings might not generalize broadly.

Tooth Fusion in Primary Teeth: A Case Series and Literature Review

Tooth fusion is defined as the developmental dental anomaly in which two different tooth buds are fused into one during the development stage. It can involve both primary and permanent teeth, but its incidence has been found to be higher in anterior primary teeth involving mandibular anterior teeth. The etiology is unclear and may be related to physical pressure contact to the germ and genetic predisposition. The treatment options can vary in each child depending on the tooth mobility, morphology of the root canal system, the clinical appearance of the fused teeth, and the presence of malocclusion. This article presents three case reports of dental fusion between primary lateral incisor with primary canine in three patients. More interesting, Case 2 and case 3 were relatives and having similar fusion teeth. Clinical and radiographic examinations demonstrated the presence of incomplete fusion between primary lower right lateral incisor and canine in all cases, with bilateral aplasia of the succedaneous lateral incisor in case 1, whereas a unilateral aplasia of the correspondent permanent lateral incisor was noted in case 2 and 3. A preventive approach was provided, a fissure sealant on the deep fissure between the incomplete fusion teeth was placed in all cases, and periodic reviews were scheduled to prevent possible caries formation. Early detection of this anomaly ensures timely and appropriate clinical interventions to be performed, leading to treatment with predictable clinical outcomes and long-term prognosis and to prevent future complications. Furthermore, the incidence of fusion teeth that occurred in the similar region, similar teeth with positive family history indicates supporting the evidence of the shared genetic control of dental developmental disturbances.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ВИБРАЦИИ НА МИНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ОБМЕН, ОРГАНЫ ПОЛОСТИ РТА И МИОКАРД ПЛОДА

In the study, the morphometric analysis of bone trabeculae of the developing jaws, tooth buds, tongue muscles, masseter muscle, and myocardium of 20-day fetuses of Wistar rats, exposed to vibration from the 9th to the 18th day of prenatal ontogenesis, was performed. The concentration of Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, P, Pb, Se, Zn was determined in the liver of pregnant females exposed to vibration. The morphometric study revealed an acceleration of the osteogenesis of jaws and dentinogenesis of tooth buds. In the myocardium and masseter muscle signs of interstitial edema and a decrease in the area of the vessels of the microvasculature are determined. In the liver, there is a decrease in the amount of Ca, Mg and Fe, which is accompanied by an increase in the content of Cd and Pb. The revealed shifts in mineral metabolism indicate gross impairment of chemicals' homeostasis in the mother-fetus system, which underlies the imperfect morphogenesis of the fetal dentition and will be the basis for the formation of pathology of orofacial organs and cardiovascular pathology in offspring.

Amelotin-Mediated Crystals Assembly in Liquid-Phase and on Tooth Surface

Objectives: To study the role of amelotin in enamel formation, purified recombinant human amelotin was used in a study of amelotin self assembly and its role in new HAP crstal structure formation in a laboratory setting. Methods: The full-length human amelotin gene was cloned from developing tooth buds and recombinant amelotin was expressed and purified. Morphological changes during amelotin self-assembly and the role of amelotin in promoting new minieralization structure is studied using Transmission electronic microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy. Results: The measured molecular weight of expressed human amelotin was 28 kDa that matches the predicted values. Amelotin self-assembles to form nano-spheres 10 - 30 nm in size. The amelotin self-assembly process further produces higher 3-D structure in the forms of chain-like fabric arranged in parallel and perpendicular direction. The neonatal pearl crystals were arranged side by side to form a string of small rods and small parallel rods extend from the demineralized glaze on the surface of teeth that were pre-treated with amelotin.

Conservative management of mandibular fracture with maxillomandibular fixation using orthodontic brackets and elastics: A case report

Mandibular fracture is the most common facial skeletal injury in pediatric population seen in hospital setting. Fracture management is complicated by the developing permanent tooth buds and continuous mandibular growth. However, healing capacity in children is faster. Hence, conservative management is most often the treatment of choice for bone fractures in children. This case report is about a 6-year-old female child who sustained mandibular fracture after a road traffic accident (RTA) which was conservatively managed with maxillomandibular fixation using brackets and elastics. Orthodontic brackets were placed on facial aspect of posterior teeth of both the arches and elastics were used for traction leading to immobilization and stabilization of fracture. Healing was uneventful with complete bony union as evident by three months follow up orthopantomogram. Maxillomandibular fixation using brackets and elastics is a simple and non-invasive closed fracture reduction technique giving excellent result. The present case report showed successful outcome of mandibular fracture management.

Socio-cultural practices of deciduous canine tooth bud removal among Maasai children

The removal of teeth amongst the Maasai is a traditional practice as part of an initiation or to make space for feeding in an event of diseases locking the jaw. Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds (DCB) among infants below 2 years has been reported in several studies to be common mainly amongst communities in East Africa, Ethiopia and Sudan. The main reason for the practice revolves around the belief that tooth buds or 'maggots' are false teeth, nylon or worms and are responsible for diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and growth retardation in children, amongst other illnesses. The main objective of this study was to assess the socio-cultural factors which contribute to this practice. The main methods of data collected included Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with mothers of children in that age group and Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA). In-depth interviews (IDI)were conducted with key informants versed with Maasai traditions whereas observations were done within the manyattas where participants live. Proceedings at both the FGD and the IDI were recorded on paper and were analysed thematically. The study showed that the removal of canine tooth buds amongst children that started initially with calves--that diseases that cause diarrhoea in calves were brought about by the canine tooth buds that were turning reddish in colour--is deeply rooted and practised in the community despite sensitisation interventions mounted jointly by the University of Nairobi, Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Kenya Medical Training College, among others. This study discovered that canine tooth buds are associated with bad spirits that cause diarrhoea and vomiting and the belief that removing them is a sure way of providing a cure for all children's ailments.

Body mass index in relation to dental maturation of 10 to 14 years old school children in Erbil city. A cross-sectional prospective study.

Background and Objectives: Estimation of dental age is based upon the rate of development and calcification of tooth buds and their progressive sequence of eruption in the oral cavity. The tooth calcification provides a valuable indicator of dental age and serves as an index of the maturation of the child. The aim of this study is to determine whether Body Mass Index (BMI) has association with dental maturation. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study design was applied for the present study, 383 school children were participated in this study which nominated from Erbil city. For the sample to be representative the city was divided in to six geographic areas according to the municipalities, the samples randomly selected school children of 10 to 14 years old from both genders. The height and the weight of each participant had been recorded in the college of dentistry / Hawler Medical University in order to calculate the body mass index of the following the guidelines of centers of disease control (CDC) , at the same time an orthopantomography radiograph had been used to investigate the stage of the dental maturation using the Demirjian method, finally, the relationship between BMI and dental maturation were investigated using chi square test with P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant difference. Result: there was a statistically significant relationship between dental maturation and BMI. The majority (93.6%) of samples with under-mature dentition were under-weight at the same time. The vast majority (96%) of samples with mature dentition had normal BMI. In the same manner, majority (91.7%) of samples with over mature dentition were over-weight too. Chi square test was used to find out the association and P-value was 0.001 Conclusion: In conclusion, normal weight students have normal dental maturation, underweight students have under dental maturation and overweight or obese students have over dental maturation. Keywords: body mass index, Demirjian, Orthopantomography.

Conservative management of pediatric mandibular distal fractures-A retrospective study.

Pediatric mandibular distal fractures present unique treatment challenges which are usually managed with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with the risk of developing tooth bud injuries. Conservative management through maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with orthodontic bracket-elastic as an out-patient department (OPD) service has been used for these fractures presenting with derangement of occlusion. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze MMF with orthodontic bracket-elastic as a treatment method and its outcome for management of pediatric mandibular distal fractures. Data of seventeen pediatric cases diagnosed with displaced mandibular distal fractures managed with MMF with orthodontic bracket-elastic over a period of 5years were analyzed. In this technique, two weeks of immobilization and one week for guiding elastics were used. The mean age of patients was 7.6±1.6years with a mean follow-up of 24months. All fractures healed uneventfully with satisfactory occlusion. The cases included 23.5% minimally displaced, and 64.7% moderately displaced and 11.8% significantly displaced fractures with step deformity with successful remodeling of the lower border contours over a duration of 18months±1month. The developing tooth buds in the fracture line showed no complications except for root dilacerations/malformation (n=3). MMF with orthodontic bracket-elastic is a viable and conservative technique for the management of pediatric mandibular distal fractures which need to be verified through randomized trials for generalization of the results.

Comminuted Mandibular Fractures in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report with Review

Background and Introduction:Maxillofacial fractures are less common in children. Mandibular fractures are less in children because of the protective anatomy in them. Management of the pediatric fracture depends on the type and severity of the fracture displacement. It can vary from conservative management with acrylic splint and arch bar fixation to surgical exposure of the fracture site with internal fixation. Special consideration is needed in children for the interferences of growth and developing tooth buds while going for the surgical management. The hardware for internal fixation can be made up of either titanium or bioresorbable material.Case Presentation:Here is the presentation of a case of a 7-year-old male patient who had a history of trauma because of falling from a tractor while playing, 2 days back from reporting. He had multiple mandibular fractures with extensive soft tissue laceration. Following the emergency tracheostomy, he was managed with open reduction and internal fixation of the compound mandibular fracture.Conclusion:Displaced mandibular fractures require open reduction and internal fixation of the fractured fragments with either titanium or biodegradable hardware. Open reduction also shortens the period of intermaxillary fixation and hence reduces the possibility of the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis.

Chronology of tooth eruption in canines and inferiors

Objectives: To establish the chronological sequence of the dental eruption in canines, carrying out various investigations in different studies that indicate, according to their analyzes, that there is a direct relationship with the factors that cause their eruption to be altered. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out from October to December 2020, using the following search strategy in the database: Scielo, Repository, Medical journals, within which 22 articles related to the subject were considered, taking into account that 90% of the publications and bibliographic reviews were from 2010-2020. Results: In different studies a close relationship was found in the different factors that tend to cause the advance or delay in its appearance. That is why it is necessary to consider investigating the biological factors that can affect the development of the tooth bud.
 Conclusion: All the information that has been obtained in this investigation, we conclude that the order of eruption of the mentioned teeth, whether they are upper and lower canines, is affected and is influenced by components such as malnutrition, geographical environment, climate, race, factor environmental, sex and age.

Autophagy-Related Protein MAP1LC3C Plays a Crucial Role in Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells.

Autophagy plays important roles in odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp cells (DPCs) in the developmental stage of tooth bud. Few studies have reported the role of autophagy during reparative dentin formation process. The objective of this study was to discover gene expression pattern correlated to autophagy and their role during odontogenic differentiation process in DPCs. After tooth cavities were prepared on the mesial surface of lower first molar crown of rats. Odontogenic differentiation and reparative dentin formation were assessed based on detection of morphology change with hematoxylin and eosin staining. After tooth cavities were prepared on the mesial surface of lower first molar crown of rats, odontogenic differentiation and reparative dentin formation were assessed based on detection of morphology change with hematoxylin and eosin staining and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), whereas autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA) reversed. Results of quantitative polymerized chain reaction array of autophagosome formation related genes revealed that GABARAPL2 was prominently upregulated while expression of other ATG8 family members were moderately increased after tooth cavity preparation. In addition, human DPCs incubated in differentiation medium predominantly upregulated MAP1LC3C, which selectively decreased by 3MA but not by autophagy enhancer trehalose. Knock-down of MAP1LC3C using shRNA resulted in strong downregulation of dentin matrix protein 1 and DSPP as well-known odontogenic marker compared to knock-down of MAP1LC3B during odontogenic differentiation process of human DPCs. Our results suggest that MAP1LC3C plays a crucial role in odontogenic differentiation of human DPCs via regulating autophagic flux.

Advanced in Vitro Experimental Models for Tissue Engineering-based Reconstruction of a 3D Dentin/pulp Complex: a Literature Review.

Experimental procedures have been used to monitor cellular responses at the dentin/pulp interface. Aiming to divert from in vivo studies and oversimplified two-dimensional assays, three-dimensional (3D) models have been developed. This review provides an overview of existing literature, regarding 3D in vitro dentin/pulp reconstruction. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science- were systematically searched for attributes between 1998 and 2020. The search focused on articles on the development of three-dimensional tools for the reconstruction of a dentin/pulp complex under in vitro conditions, which were then screened and qualitatively assessed. Article grouping according to mode of implementation, resulted in five categories: the customised cell perfusion chamber (CPC) (n = 8), the tooth bud model (TBM) (n = 3), the 3D dentin/pulp complex manufactured by tissue engineering (DPC) (n = 6), the entire tooth culture (ETC) (n = 4) and the tooth slice culture model (TSC) (n = 5). A total of 26 publications, applying nine and eight substances for pulp and dentin representation respectively, were included. Natural materials and dentin components were the most widely utilized. The most diverse category was the DPC, while the CPC group was the test with the highest longevity. The most consistent categories were the ETC and TSC models, while the TBM presented as the most complete de novo approach. All studies presented with experimental protocols with potential upgrades. Solving the limitations of each category will provide a complete in vitro testing and monitoring tool of dental responses to exogenous inputs. The 3D dentin/pulp complexes are valid supplementary tools for in vivo studies and clinical testing. Graphical Abstract.

Comparison of the Visibility of Fetal Tooth Buds on 1.5 and 3 Tesla MRI.

Dental anomalies coincide with genetic disorders, and prenatal identification may contribute to a more accurate diagnosis. The aim of this study was to assess whether fetal Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI) is suitable to visualize and investigate intrauterine dental development in the upper jaw, and to compare the quality of visibility of tooth buds between 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3T images. MR images of fetuses Gestational Week (GW) 26.71 ± 4.97 from 286 pregnant women with diagnoses unrelated to dental anomalies were assessed by three raters. We compared the visibility between groups and field strengths in five gestational age groups, using chi square and Fisher’s exact tests. All ten primary tooth buds were identifiable in 5.4% at GW 18–21, in 75.5% at GW 26–29, and in 90.6% at GW 34+. Before GW 30, more tooth buds were identifiable on 3T images than on 1.5T images. Statistical significance was only reached for identification of incisors (p = 0.047). Therefore, 1.5T and 3T images are viable to visualize tooth buds, particularly after GW 25, and their analysis may serve as diagnostic criterion. MRI tooth bud data might have an impact on various fields of research, such as the maldevelopment of teeth and their causes. Analyzing tooth buds as an additional diagnostic criterion is not time consuming, and could lead to an improvement of syndrome diagnosis.

A Rare Case of Anhydrous Ectodermal Dysplasia

A 9-year-old boy presented with complaints of itching in both eyes. On ocular examination there was dry lusterless conjunctiva rest of the examination of both anterior and posterior segment was within normal limit. On systemic examination, there was an absence of teeth with flattening of the mandible with a peg-shaped incisor with the absence of tooth buds on oral x-ray and dryness of mouth since birth. He was already a diagnosed case of X linked anhydrous ectodermal dysplasia with a similar history of absence of teeth in elder brother but his elder sister was normal. Similar history of absence of teeth and dryness of mouth since birth. (Figures 1a and b) he was started on conservative management in the form of lubricating drops and ointment.

Differences of enamel print patterns between buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted permanent maxillary first premolar

Introduction: Ameloglyphics is the study of enamel print patterns on the tooth surface. Enamel print patterns are unique to each individual as they differ on each tooth. The similarity of tooth prints on buccal and lingual surfaces remains questionable as no research has been conducted thus far. The premolar was chosen in this experiment due to its low risk of damage because it is protected by cheek and rarely used compared to other teeth. Thus, the results obtained will be more precise and have higher accuracy than using other teeth. This research was aimed to investigate the differences between enamel print patterns on buccal and lingual surfaces of maxillary right first premolar. Methods: An analytic study was conducted by observing and analysing a total of 34 teeth samples using the purposive sampling method. The middle third of the buccal and lingual tooth surfaces was captured directly after magnified with a stereomicroscope. Photomicrographs of samples were then analysed using SourceAFIS biometric software. This software will process the image and shows patterns of enamel print. Afterwards, the enamel print patterns were observed and classified according to Manjunath Classification. Results: The results suggested that all 34 samples show a similarity of enamel print patterns on both the buccal and lingual surfaces. The interpretations of photomicrographs were statistically analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software. The similarity may be due to the same placement of developing tooth bud, temperature, environmental factor, genetics, pressure and nutrition to the ameloblasts cells in a tooth. Conclusion: Both buccal and lingual in the samples show high similarity due to the very high frequencies of similar sub-patterns occur on both surfaces. Tooth print can be used as a valuable tool in forensic science for personal identification with good prospects in the field of forensic dentistry.

Outcome of Mandibular Dentigerous Cysts 1 to 10 Years After Decompression Using a Custom-Made Appliance

The aim of this study was to examine the long-term results of mandibular dentigerous cysts treated with decompression using a custom-made appliance. This retrospective study included 34 patients with dentigerous cysts who were treated as outpatients at the Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University. Medical history, complaints, intraoral and extraoral clinical findings, treatment time, and complications of these patients were collected. The average age of the patients was 7.94years. Three tooth buds (canine, first permanent premolar [P1], and second permanent premolar) in 2 cases, two tooth buds in 7 cases (P1 and second permanent premolar in 6 cases and P1 and canine in 1 case), and one tooth bud in 25 cases were related to the cyst. The mean decompression time was 5.97months (range, 3 to 9months). No major complications occurred during or after decompression. No evidence of infection, breakdown and/or dehiscence of the soft tissue, or inferior alveolar nerve paresthesia was observed. The complications and complaints were minor and straightforward to resolve. Decompression is a very effective and successful method for the treatment of mandibular dentigerous cysts.

A Novel Approach Using Customized Miniplates as Skeletal Anchorage Devices in Growing Class III Patients: A Case Report

Facemasks using tooth-borne anchorages have been used primarily for the treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary undergrowth. However, when using a tooth as an anchorage, if the stability of the tooth used as an anchor is weak, the anchoring function may fail as the tooth tilts. Meanwhile, the use of skeletal anchorages such as implants, mini-implants, and mini-plates has been claimed to minimize the side effects of using dental anchorage. This case report describes the treatment of a six-year-old male patient with Class III malocclusion, presenting maxillary undergrowth and mandibular prognathism. Due to the mobility of the anchoring primary teeth, a device using dental anchorage was replaced with that using customized skeletal anchorage for the treatment. Customized guides and miniplates for the surgery were fabricated in advance through a computer-assisted system, in order to avoid possible damage to the adjacent tooth buds. The customized plates were accurately and passively placed on the intended part, showing the desired outcome.

Eruption Guidance of Horizontally Impacted Permanent First Molar with Primary Retention of Primary Second Molars: Case Reports

Tooth eruption involves a complex developmental process of tooth migration from the dental follicular origin to the final occlusion position in the oral cavity via the alveolar process. Disturbance of tooth eruption can occur at any point in a series of eruption stages; however, horizontal impaction of the mandibular first molar and primary retention of the primary mandibular second molar are rarely observed simultaneously. This study describes the treatment for two cases of horizontally impacted first molar with primary retention of primary molar. The primary retention of the primary mandibular second molar was extracted, and orthodontic traction was applied to the horizontally impacted primary mandibular first molar. Subsequently, displacement of the premolar tooth bud was improved and space regaining for eruption was achieved, guiding to normal eruption of the first molar.

Thecodont tooth attachment and replacement in bolosaurid parareptiles.

Permian bolosaurid parareptiles are well-known for having complex tooth crowns and complete tooth rows in the jaws, in contrast to the comparatively simple teeth and frequent replacement gaps in all other Paleozoic amniotes. Analysis of the specialized dentition of the bolosaurid parareptiles Bolosaurus from North America and Belebey from Russia, utilizing a combination of histological and tomographic data, reveals unusual patterns of tooth development and replacement. The data confirm that bolosaurid teeth have thecodont implantation with deep roots, the oldest known such example among amniotes, and independently evolved among much younger archosauromorphs (including dinosaurs and crocodilians) and among synapsids (including mammals). High-resolution CT scans were able to detect the density boundary between the alveolar bone and the jawbone, as confirmed by histology, and revealed the location and size of developing replacement teeth in the pulp cavity of functional teeth. Evidence provided by the paratype dentary of Belebey chengi indicates that replacement teeth are present along the whole tooth row at slightly different stages of development, with the ontogenetically more developed teeth anteriorly, suggesting that tooth replacement was highly synchronized. CT data also show tooth replacement is directly related to the presence of lingual pits in the jaw, and that migration of tooth buds occurs initially close to these resorption pits to a position immediately below the functional tooth within its pulp cavity. The size and complex shape of the replacement teeth in the holotype of Bolosaurus grandis indicate that the replacement teeth can develop within the pulp cavity to an advanced stage while the previous generation remains functional for an extended time, reminiscent of the condition seen in other amniotes with occluding dentitions, including mammals.

MSX1 is differentially expressed in the deepest impacted maxillary third molars.

An impacted third molar is one of the most common dental abnormalities. Among the reasons for impaction the most common are: insufficient space, time of eruption, improper position of the tooth bud, and genetic disruptions. To investigate if runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) are differently expressed depending on the position of the molar, we studied 32 patients who had been referred for surgical removal. An orthopantomogram was used to separate them according to Winter's, and Pell & Gregory's, classifications. Bone samples were harvested during the operation for gene expression assay. The Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's post hoc, and Spearman's correlation, tests were used to assess the significance of differences. No correlations were found in expression of the genes, and no differences between expression in maxillary and mandibular third molars, nor were they expressed differently according to Winter's or Pell and Gregory's classifications or in relation to impaction of the mandibular ramus. However, MSX1 was expressed differently when account was taken of the depth of impaction in maxillary third molars (p = 0.029), but there was no difference in expression of RUNX2, BMP2, and MSX1 for the Pell and Gregory classification of depth of impaction (p > 0.05). We conclude that MSX1 is expressed differently depending on the depth of maxillary impaction phenotypes.