Tooth Brushing Motion Research Articles

Bristle Motion, Forces, and Related Vertical Translation for a Novel Electric Toothbrush Design

This paper presents a combination of theoretical and experimental techniques applied to characterize the bristle motion, forces, and related vertical translation for a novel electric toothbrush design with a linear drive system. Results of the theoretical description, based on a single filament, were successfully compared with laboratory-based investigations: force measurements and high-speed video analysis, and tracking the toothbrush motion. This work describes the vertical translation induced in the toothbrush head, of up to 250 μm, when the toothbrush bristles are applied against a contact surface at brushing loads of approximately 1 N to 2.5 N. Using these techniques, including Fast-Fourier transform analysis, it is shown that the vertical motion of the head is composed of the driving frequency and its harmonics.

Oral hygiene practices and their influence on the oral health of adolescents

Background: Oral diseases are major public health problems due to their high prevalence and significant social impact. Oral hygiene practices play a critical role in their prevention and control. This study was carried out to evaluate oral hygiene practices and oral status among adolescents in Mangalore taluk, taking into account differences based on location and type of school.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 1340 students enrolled in public and private high schools in urban and rural areas of Mangalore taluk. The study sample was equally distributed among urban and rural areas, and among public and private schools. Proforma was prepared to record demographic data, oral hygiene practices, dental caries and periodontal disease. Data were analyzed using Chi-squared test and t-test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: Majority of the students used toothbrush and toothpaste to clean their teeth. Horizontal tooth brushing motion and once/twice daily tooth brushing frequency was reported by the highest number of students. Good oral hygiene was found among 55.2% participants. Female participants, urban children and those attending private schools presented with better oral hygiene. Prevalence of dental caries was 59.2%. Prevalence of gingivitis was 83.2%, with higher prevalence among females and rural participants. Poor oral hygiene was found to be associated with gingivitis (r=0.59).Conclusions: Although majority of the participants reported use of requisite oral hygiene aids and regular tooth brushing habits, the high prevalence of oral disease among them can be attributed to poor oral hygiene.

Evaluation and Comparison of Arm-Joint and Toothbrush Motion Between Pen Grip and Palm Grip During Tooth Brushing

Objective: We aimed to examine the hypothesis that the two different hand-grip techniques (pen grip and palm grip) affect tooth-brushing motion.Methods: Eight dental hygienists participated in this study. Their tooth-brushing motion for 15 seconds was captured using a motion-capture system. The buccal and palatal sides of the right and left upper molars using both the pen and palm grips were brushed, and the frequency of joint angles of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist was calculated during tooth-brushing.Results: Individuals showed smaller intra-individual variations in the peak frequency of the toothbrush and joint angles during the brushing of all sides with both the pen and palm grips. For some arm joints, using the palm grip showed higher intra-individual variations than inter-individual, but the intra-individual variations among all joints using the pen grip were lower in all brushing areas.Conclusion: A distinct individual tooth-brushing rhythm in the reciprocatory motion was established by each dental hygienist using both the pen and palm grips. The coordinated movements of all joints of subjects using pen grips reflected the stability of the tooth-brushing motion of each arm joint. However, when using the palm grip, it is not necessary to ensure joint stability during tooth-brushing motion. Examination by three-dimensional toothbrushing motion analysis revealed that the reciprocatory performance during tooth-brushing was easier with the palm grip than with the pen grip.

A Study on the Posture of Caregivers’ Tooth Brushing：Tooth Brushing Motion and Plaque Removal Effect

A Study on the Posture of Caregivers’ Tooth Brushing：Tooth Brushing Motion and Plaque Removal Effect

Gender difference of tooth brushing motion and force on self-brushing and caregivers' brushing in dental professionals

Gender difference of tooth brushing motion and force on self-brushing and caregivers' brushing in dental professionals

Tooth brushing motion patterns with manual and powered toothbrushes-a randomised video observation study.

Systematic reviews have shown that powered toothbrushes (PTs) are more effective than manual toothbrushes (MTs), but with only minor effect sizes. Whether PTs are used adequately, however, has not been investigated so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to analyse motion habits with PT in comparison to MT toothbrushes by video observation. One hundred subjects were enrolled in this observational trial and brushed their teeth in randomised order with a MT and PT while being video-filmed, resulting in 95 analysable sets of recordings. Parameters of interest were brushing duration (s; median (min;max)), type of brushing strokes, area of brushing, changes between areas (n; median (min;max)) and brushing sequence. Brushing duration was 145s (60;354) and 135s (48;271) for PT and MT, respectively (p≤0.001). Subjects brushed vestibular surfaces completely, but reached oral surfaces to a much lesser extent, regardless of the toothbrush type. With both toothbrushes, subjects moved frequently between areas (MT 35 (14;79); PT 33 (14;85); n.s.) and brushed predominantly with circling and horizontal strokes; with the PT, 50.5% of the subjects spent only <10% of the brushing duration with passive brushing (positioning the brush head on the teeth with ≤2 movements/s). Intra-individual motion patterns were similar with both MT and PT, and most subjects persisted in their habitual motion patterns regardless of the toothbrush type. The use of PT and MT may need intensive training and supervision from oral hygiene educators in order to help subjects taking full advantage from these devices.

Difference of toothbrushing motion between dental hygienists and mothers -Focusing on self-toothbrushing and caregivers’-toothbrushing

Difference of toothbrushing motion between dental hygienists and mothers -Focusing on self-toothbrushing and caregivers’-toothbrushing

Toothbrush motion analysis to help children learn proper tooth brushing

A novel approach to help children learn proper tooth brush based on Computer Vision is proposed.3D toothbrush tracking is performed based on MOSSE algorithm and a colored marker.Hidden Markov Model...

Toothbrush motion analysis to help children learn proper tooth brushing

Toothbrush training is a complex and not fun task for the child nor for the parents or for the dental stuff. Parents and hygienists often report that they are frustrated by poor responses to the training and in most of cases children go home and resume wrong brushing habits, if any. In this paper we present a novel approach where the tooth brushing procedure can become a fun and enjoyable task for kids using a cheap toothbrush accessory and a tablet or a smartphone. The main idea is to apply a simple and cheap 3D colored target at the end of the toothbrush and to track and analyze its motion, imparted by the child. In particular, from the tablet camera it is possible to track both the toothbrush target and the child’s facial parts in order to estimate the brushed dental side. The proposed approach has been tested on seven kids showing good results both in propensity and accuracy after a 20 days period.

1B27 歯ブラシの運動と力の3次元計測システムの開発

1B27 歯ブラシの運動と力の3次元計測システムの開発

Quantitative evaluation of toothbrush and arm-joint motion during tooth brushing.

ObjectivesIt is very difficult for dental professionals to objectively assess tooth brushing skill of patients, because an obvious index to assess the brushing motion of patients has not been established. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate toothbrush and arm-joint motion during tooth brushing.Materials and methodsTooth brushing motion, performed by dental hygienists for 15 s, was captured using a motion-capture system that continuously calculates the three-dimensional coordinates of object’s motion relative to the floor. The dental hygienists performed the tooth brushing on the buccal and palatal sides of their right and left upper molars. The frequencies and power spectra of toothbrush motion and joint angles of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist were calculated and analyzed statistically.ResultsThe frequency of toothbrush motion was higher on the left side (both buccal and palatal areas) than on the right side. There were no significant differences among joint angle frequencies within each brushing area. The inter- and intra-individual variations of the power spectrum of the elbow flexion angle when brushing were smaller than for any of the other angles.ConclusionsThis study quantitatively confirmed that dental hygienists have individual distinctive rhythms during tooth brushing. All arm joints moved synchronously during brushing, and tooth brushing motion was controlled by coordinated movement of the joints. The elbow generated an individual’s frequency through a stabilizing movement.Clinical relevanceThe shoulder and wrist control the hand motion, and the elbow generates the cyclic rhythm during tooth brushing.

Analysis of tooth brushing cycles

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of an analysis of tooth brushing cycles using a system that measures tooth brushing motion and brushing force with an accelerometer and strain tension gage attached to a toothbrush. Mechanical plaque removal with a manual toothbrush remains the primary method of maintaining good oral hygiene for the majority of the population. Because toothbrush motion has not been fully understood, it should be clarified by analysis of tooth brushing cycles. Twenty healthy female dental hygienists participated in this study. Their tooth brushing motions were measured and analyzed using an American Dental Association-approved manual toothbrush to which a three-dimensional (3-D) accelerometer and strain tension gage were attached. 3-D motion and brushing force on the labial surface of the mandibular right central incisor and the lingual surface of the mandibular left first molar were measured, analyzed, and compared. Multilevel linear model analysis was applied to estimate variables and compare motion and forces related to the two tooth surfaces. The analysis of tooth brushing cycles was feasible, and significant differences were detected for durations and 3-D ranges of toothbrush motion as well as brushing force between the two tooth surfaces. The analysis used in this study demonstrated an ability to detect characteristics of tooth brushing motion, showing tooth brushing motion to change depending on the brushed location. These results also suggest that more detailed instructions might be required according to patient's oral condition.

Analysis of Tooth-Brushing Motion with High Precision Motion Capture

Analysis of Tooth-Brushing Motion with High Precision Motion Capture

A novel motion generation strategy for robotic tooth brushing simulator

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a robotic tooth brushing simulator mimicking realistic tooth brushing motions, thereby facilitating greater understanding of the generation of realistic tooth brushing motion for optimal design of toothbrushes.Design/methodology/approachTooth brushing motions were measured via a motion capture system. Different motion patterns of brushing were analysed. A series of elliptical motion segments were generated by interpolating ellipse‐like trajectories. Furthermore, a path generation algorithm for brushing simulation was proposed. A path planning system incorporating robot motion control was developed to simulate realistic tooth brushing. The generality and efficiency of the proposed algorithm was demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.FindingsThe interpolation of ellipse‐like trajectories can generate elliptical motion segments. Furthermore, realistic tooth brushing can be achieved by integrating the elliptical motion segments into the path generated from the surfaces of teeth. The brushing simulator demonstrated good reproducibility of clinically standardized tooth brushing.Practical implicationsA robotic toothbrush assessment system is a potential application to the robotic tooth brushing simulator by incorporating control of brushing variables, including brushing pressure, speed and temperature.Originality/valueThis study demonstrates the feasibility of using robotic simulation techniques towards improved realistic human tooth brushing motions simulation for optimal design of tooth brushes.

Analysis of Tooth-Brushing Motion with High Precision Motion Capture

Analysis of Tooth-Brushing Motion with High Precision Motion Capture

高精度モーションキャプチャシステム を用いた刷掃動作の解析 第1 報：歯ブラシの動きを定量的に評価する方法の考案

高精度モーションキャプチャシステム を用いた刷掃動作の解析 第1 報：歯ブラシの動きを定量的に評価する方法の考案

Toothbrushing Region Detection Using Three-Axis Accelerometer and Magnetic Sensor

Due to the possible occurrence of periodontal disease at an early age, it is important to have proper toothbrushing habits as early as possible. With this aim, the feasibility and concept of a smart toothbrush (ST) capable of tracing toothbrushing motion and orientation information was suggested. In this study, we proposed the advanced ST system and brushing region classification algorithm. In order to trace the brushing region and the orientation of a toothbrush in the mouth, we required the absolute coordinate information of ST. By using tilt-compensated azimuth (heading) algorithm, we found the inclination and orientation information of the toothbrush, and the orientation information while brushing inner tooth surfaces showed specific heading features that could be reliably discriminated from other brushing patterns. In order to evaluate the feasibility of clinical usage of the proposed ST, 16 brushing regions were investigated by 15 individual healthy subjects. The proposed ST system demonstrated 97.1%(±0.91) of the region detection accuracy and 15 brushing regions could be classified. This study also showed that the proposed ST system may be helpful for dental care personnel in patient education and instruction for oral hygiene regarding brushing habits.