Tooth Anomalies Research Articles

Coexisting Peg-Shaped Lateral Incisor and Hypodontia in a 9-Year-Old Child

Anomaly (Greek, anomalos; irregular) is a deviation from what is regarded as normal, standard, or expected. Disturbance of the epithelium along with mesenchymal interactions markedly alters the normal sequence of odontogenesis, which represents as developmental anomaly of teeth. This is dependent on the developmental stage during which the alteration takes place. Various anomalies could take place, e.g., alteration of number, structure, size, and/or shape. More than 300 genes have been identified in literature that are expressed in teeth responsible for odontogenesis. Defects in any of these genes result in the alteration of the development of tooth. Understanding the etiology of each dental anomaly helps not only in identification but also assists in determining the course of the treatment.

Evaginacija i invaginacija zuba - prikaz dva slučaja

Introduction: Developmental disturbances of teeth at the stage of morpho-differentiation have been related to abnormalities associated with changes in the tooth shape and size. Dens evaginatus and dens invaginatus are the developmental variations of the human dentition. Dens evaginatus, a rare anomaly characterized by the presence of a tubercle on the occlusal surface of teeth is seen to occur due to abnormal proliferation and folding of the inner enamel epithelium and part of the dental papilla into the stellate reticulum of the enamel organ; whereas, dens invaginatus is seen to occur due to infolding of the enamel and dentine into the pulp cavity and sometimes extending to the root apex. Case report: We report cases with bilateral dens evaginatus in mandibular second premolars and dens invaginatus in maxillary lateral incisor. Conclusion: Such developmental anomalies of teeth deserve clinical importance, as high chances of early pulpal pathosis.

Impact of different surgical protocols on dental development in oro-facial cleft children

Aim: To determine the association between dental anomalies and type of facial cleft, gender, ethnicity and timing of hard palate repair surgery. Methods: This observational study comprised a total of 85 non-syndromic cleft children (mean age 9.7 ± 3.2 years) of different ethnicity (68 Caucasians, 7 Asians, 4 Africans, 5 Hispanics and 1 Indian). Sixty-four patients were affected by lip palate cleft, 11 by lip alveolus cleft and 10 by palate cleft. Sixty-one children underwent delayed palate repair at 4.3 years of age, while 21 underwent early palate periosteoplasty at 7.2 months of age. Patients were examined clinically and radiologically to assess dental anomalies. Dental cavities were registered using dmft/DMFT indexes in primary and permanent dentition, while enamel defects were evaluated only in permanent teeth using Aine index. Results: Tooth rotation and agenesis were the most common tooth anomalies affecting 59% and 42.2% of cleft patients, respectively. While a late closure of the cleft palate was associated with a higher number of rotations (P = 0.03), an early surgical correction was associated to a higher frequency of tooth agenesis (P = 0.02), number of carious lesions in primary dentition (P = 0.002) and more severe enamel defects in permanent teeth (P < 0.01). A late palate repair increased 3.5 times the likelihood of having at least one rotated tooth (P = 0.034), while decreased the odds of having agenesis by 70% (P = 0.029) compared to an early surgical repair. Conclusion: Early surgical approaches seem to have more detrimental effects on dental development in both primary and permanent dentition than late surgical protocols. Dental abnormalities in cleft patients have complex etiology combining genetic and external factors and their prevalence can also depend on timing of hard palate surgery.

Micro-CT Evaluation of Taurodontism in a Deciduous Molar and a Permanent Molar: Case Reports

Taurodontism is a morphological anomaly of teeth characterized with large pulp chambers and apically displaced pulpal floor. The aim of this case report was to make a comparative evaluation by panoramic radiographies and 3D examinations to locate pulp chamber and root canal morphology of a primary mandibular first molar and the adaptation of root canal filling material of a permanent mandibular first molar, both diagnosed with taurodontism. In Case-1, a mandibular primary first molar was extracted due to physiological root resorption seen in the panoramic radiograph. The micro-CT (Bruker, SkyScan 1174, Belgium) examined the distance of the tooth a (distance between the lowest and the top point of the pulp chamber) and b (distance between the lowest point of the pulp chamber and the apical). The tooth was classified as mesotaurodont by the value of 52.91 obtained with the formula a/b x 100. In Case-2, the tooth was extracted because of the large periapical radiolucency observed in the radiography taken from the tooth which was admitted for pain and percussion tenderness. The calculation for subgroup could not be performed due to loss of the “a” value because of the cavity preparation. Although the root canal filling on the radiograph was found to be sufficient and long enough, an empty extra canal and insufficient wall adaptation of root canal filling were detected by micro-CT. Despite the fact that taurodontism can be diagnosed by 2D measurements, it is obvious that a 3-dimensional examination is necessary to obtain decisive data about the root canal cavity morphology especially for endodontic treatment and also to define prevalence and subgroups of anomalies. Although micro-CT is seen as a method that provides more detailed images, it is thought that it should be developed and supported with clinical studies in order to be valid and easy to use in clinical practice.

INTERACTION BETWEEN DENTO-MAXILLOFACIAL ANOMALIES AND GENERAL-SOMATIC HUMAN CONDITION (LITERATURE REVIEW)

The main task of modern orthodontics is to create a balanced and morphologically stable occlusion in harmony with facial aesthetics and functional adaptation. Over the last decade, there has been a clear trend towards an increase in the prevalence of malocclusion, which reaches 80% according to current scientific literature and sometimes it exceeds this percentage. Researchers note a constant and statistically significant correlation between the permanent occlusion pathology and the state of somatic health in adolescence. On the other hand, the interdisciplinary approach is one of the most urgent tasks of modern orthodontics and a constant object of searching for new methods of diagnosis and treatment.
 The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between dento-facial anomalies and somatic pathology.
 Materials and methods. Literary sources were reviewed on the relationship of malocclusion with the general diseases and the obtained data were analysed.
 Discussion. The human body is a biological system consisting of interconnected and subordinate elements. The peculiarities of their structure and relations are subordinated to their functioning as part of a single integral mechanism. Most authors note the existence of a direct interconnection between the general somatic pathology and anomalies of the dento-facial system. When analysing the literature data, several major groups of diseases that have the greatest impact on the development of the dento-facial system are clearly distinguished: diseases of the ENT organs, the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and musculoskeletal systems. At present the scientists have substantiated the concept of commonality of factors that shape both dental status and state of somatic health. An increase in the frequency of dento-facial anomalies and deformations in 1,6-2,3 times is noted in disorder of the musculoskeletal system. In this category of children, deep incisor occlusion, distal occlusion and neutral occlusion with anomalies of individual teeth predominate. In children with scoliosis, 72.9-84.3% of cases are diagnosed with dento-facial anomalies and deformations. The position of the jaws has an effect on the spatial orientation of the head and this in turn affects the position of other structures of the body. Some researchers point to the “anterior” position of the head of patients with dysfunction of the temporomandibular joints associated with the shortening of the extensors of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Research showed that in 89,3% of cases, children with bronchial asthma have dento-facial anomalies. Adolescence is one of the critical periods of human life, since it is precisely in adolescence that the neuroendocrine system begins to function, and sex hormones which affect the development of many body systems and the formation of reproductive health are produced. Under the action of steroid hormones, an active development of the musculoskeletal system occurs, which is manifested by the acceleration of total body growth and dento-maxillofacial growth. Insufficient secretion of estrogen leads to impaired bone mineralization and may cause abnormalities in the maxillofacial area. Impaired growth and development of the dento-facial system was detected in case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis, one third of the patients were examined. The skeletal pathology of the Angle I class, as well as impaired functional state of the TMJ were diagnosed. Thyroid hormone and thyroxin stimulates growth in the sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis, nasal cartilage and the growth of the upper jaw in the area of bone sutures, thereby determining of the size and position of the upper jaw. As a result of a decrease in thyroxin level, there is a delay in craniofacial growth, disproportional development, retroposition of the upper jaw and decrease in the length of the mandible.
 Thus, the correlation of malocclusion in children and adolescents with common diseases arise. Therefore, the diagnosis, tactics of treatment and prevention of dental anomalies and deformities should be considered in the context of the integrity of the unformed organism of the child, the interdependence of the form and functions of its organs and systems.

On tooth anomalies and the loss of Canis lupus (Mammalia: Carnivora) in Turkey

Because of their feeding habits, which are affected by their ranking in the last steps of the food chain, the teeth of carnivores are subjected to great forces during the breaking up and chewing of food when they are hunting. In this sense, missing teeth and tooth anomalies are common in carnivores. This research was based on an examination of the properties of the tooth structures of 25 wolf specimens collected in Turkey between 2014 and 2018. In this study, the excess and missing teeth, tooth fracture, and root anomalies in the lower and upper jaw of the head skeletons from an adult age group were examined in detail. Some anomalies, defined as the supernumerary tooth, additional roots, and fusion roots, were found in 4 skulls; tooth loss was found in 6 skulls; tooth fractures were found in 7 skulls; and tooth remains were found in 4 skulls. Fusion roots, supernumerary teeth, and additional roots were among the important variations in dentition. Tooth loss, fractures, and remains, and dental anomalies were determined in approximately 56% of the specimens in this study. It can be conclusively stated that dental anomalies were frequently encountered in wolves in the Palaearctic Region.

Triplication of upper right primary anterior teeth : a case report

The fusion is an anomalous union of two or more tooth germ at some stage in the development process resulting in a decreased number of teeth in the dental arch. Fusion is common odontogenic anomaly but triplication of primary teeth is a rare phenomenon. We report a case of a 3 - year - old girl who visited our clinic for the pain on maxillary anterior tooth. The patient was diagnosed by the fusion of a the maxillary primary right central and lateral incisor with a supernumerary tooth and caries of dentine. And then, Endodontic treatment and composite resin restoration were performed on the triple teeth. After follow-up of 6 months period, there was no marked complications.

Tooth Size and Arch Widths in Crowded Class I Malocclusion

Objective: To examine the extent to which maxillary arch width and tooth size contributes to dental crowding.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for six months after approval of synopsis by ERC of KMDC with 96 patients at department of orthodontics, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Paki- stan. Patients with age 13-21 years with maligned teeth, over-crowding, presence of all fully erupted per- manent teeth and all angle classes were included, whereas patients with history of orthodontic treatment, presence of fractured restorations/crowns with tooth anomalies such as number, size, form and position as confirmed on clinical examination and craniofacial anomalies/syndromes were excluded. Maxillary crowding was calculated as the millimetre difference between arch perimeter and the sum of tooth widths of both second premolars. Arch perimeter was measured from the mesial aspect of the permanent first molar to its antimere with a brass wire. Intermolar arch width was calculated as distance from the central fossa of permanent maxillary first molar to its antimere. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.0. Prior to analysis assumptions were tested; an independent sample t-test was used to compare differences in crowded maxillary arch widths and spearman correlation was used to determine relationship between variables.
 Results: Significant differences were obtained in anterior (t(63) = -2.547, p=0.047) and posterior tooth size (t(63)= -2.218, p=0.030) in patients with mild, moderate and severe maxillary crowded arches and an in-verse weak correlation was obtained against maxillary crowding and maxillary arch widths (r=-0.054) and maxillary crowding and anterior tooth (r= -0.201) and posterior tooth size (r= -0.353).
 Conclusion: An inverse significant relation was found between crowding and tooth sizes & significantly different tooth sizes were observed in patients with mild, moderate and severe maxillary crowding.

Prevalence of Developmental Anomalies of Teeth in a Group of Indian Children A Cross Sectional.

Prevalence of Developmental Anomalies of Teeth in a Group of Indian Children A Cross Sectional.

An Integrated Approach, Orthodontic and Prosthetic, in a Case of Maxillary Lateral Incisors Agenesis

Background: Among tooth anomalies, missing teeth is one of the most frequent, and it can be related to different therapeutical sets of problems. Often, an integrated approach that interests both orthodontists and prosthodontists is necessary, and in some cases also the periodontists. Methods: In this paper the authors report a clinical case of a 14-year-old patient, affected by maxillary bilateral incisors agenesis, molar bilateral II class and deep bite, treated in the Department of Orthodontics and Pedodontics of the University of Messina. The orthodontic treatment target was the distal movement of the maxillary molar, and the recovery of the space necessary for the prosthetic restoration of the missing lateral incisor. Maxillary molars distal movement was performed with a Distal Jet apparatus, skeletally supported by two miniscrews (Distal-Screw, American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA). After molar relationship correction, a multi-bracket bimaxillary orthodontic appliance was bonded using Empower Brackets (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA). At the end of orthodontic treatment a Maryland bridge, bonded on the central incisors and cuspids, was used in order to maintain the space necessary for the insertion of dental implants in the region of 1.2 and 2.2 Results: A class II molar relationship was corrected, with an improvement of the deep bite, and the space necessary for implant insertion was recovered Conclusion: A skeletally supported Distal Jet was efficient for molar distalization, with the advantage of not having any loss of anchorage in the anterior part of the dental arch. This apparatus does not need patient compliance, have favorable aesthetics and also give the possibility to perform asymmetric activations.

Dentinal dysplasia type 1: A 3D micro-computed tomographic study of enamel, dentine and root canal morphology.

Dentine dysplasia type 1 is a rare and complex dental anomaly. Our aim was to conduct a morphometric assessment of a dentinal dysplasia type 1c (DD1c) caries-free mandibular second molar, extracted due to symptomatic apical periodontitis. Controls consisted of five intact mandibular second molars. Micro-computed tomography analysis showed that the DD1c volume % for enamel, dentine/cementum and pulp chamber fell in the 0.36th, 99.97th and 0.09th percentiles of the control teeth (P<0.01). It also revealed an extremely complicated root canal system in the DD1c tooth with a varying degree of dentine mineralisation and aberrant dentine deposition in the pulp chamber. A crack extending from the external tooth surface to the pulp chamber was identified as a potential site for microbial invasion. Clinical implications include preventive measures and early intervention in reversible pulpitis. Conclusion: Micro-CT imaging can be useful in establishing post-extraction diagnosis of cracks and phenomic characterisation of tooth anomalies.

Dental Anomalies in Permanent Teeth Associated With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate in a Group of Colombian Children.

To assess the risk of dental anomaly presentation in permanent teeth in a group of Colombian children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) and to determine the frequency of the anomalies according to the cleft type. An analytical matched case-control study was conducted with 210 controls and 210 patients with NSCLP. The patients were classified into 3 groups: complete right unilateral cleft lip and palate (RCLP), complete left unilateral cleft lip and palate (LCLP), and complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models were used to analyze paired samples (Bonferroni adjustment, P ≤ .002). A high risk of finding agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisors, supernumerary teeth, microdontia of the maxillary lateral incisors, and rotation of the maxillary central incisors adjacent to the cleft (P < .0001) was observed in the patients with NSCLP. One or more dental anomalies were found in 98% of patients with BCLP, in 96% of those with LCLP, and in 87% of those with RCLP. Most of the anomalies were located on the cleft area. The incidence relative risk (IRR) of anomalies was highest in patients with BCLP (IRR: 10.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.76-16.3), followed by in those with LCLP (IRR: 8.51; 95% CI: 5.64-12.8). Most dental anomalies were found in the cleft area; this was expected because the cleft area was the most affected in the patients included in this study.

The prevalence of developmental anomalies among school children in Southern district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Background:The developmental anomalies of oral cavity are malformations affecting dental and oral tissues. Anomalies of teeth can be associated with primary, mixed or adult dentitions. Anomalies are the results of perturbations in the developmental stages of tissues which may be influenced by genetic and/or environmental factors.Aim and Objectives:The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of oral and dental anomalies among school attending children in Chittoor and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh. The secondary objective of this study was to compare occurrence of anomalies based on the age stratification to denote primary, mixed and adult dentitions.Materials and Methods:A total of 5000 school children, aged 3–15 years were invited to participate in the study. Information regarding age, sex, level of school education, brushing and hygiene habits were collected using a questionnaire. Intra- and extra-oral examinations were conducted by trained dental surgeons. Clinical data were collected by a single examiner and the details of these anomalies were recorded on the data sheet of the study. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test.Results:Overall prevalence of developmental anomalies was 11.40% and documented 14 types of anomalies. The prevalence of documented anomalies is as follows: tongue-tie 197 (3.90%), dental fluorosis 171 (3.40%), high frenal attachments 156 (3.10%), cusp of Carabelli 14 (0.30%), supernumerary teeth 11 (0.20%), microdontia 4 (0.10%), congenitally missing teeth 4 (0.10%), lip pits 3 (0.08%), fusion 2 (0.04%), retained deciduous teeth 2 (0.04%) and one case of angular cheilitis, cleft lip and cleft palate, talon cusp, amelogenesis imperfecta (0.02%). The prevalence of dental anomalies was 18.10% in 3–5 years, 52.30% among 6–12 years and 29.6% in 13–15 years. Chi-square test was statistically significant (P = 0.003).Conclusions:Tongue-tie was the most frequent oral tissue developmental anomaly and fluorosis was the most common developmental anomaly affecting dental tissue. The prevalence rate of the study was compared with studies published from other geographical regions in India. The variations in the reported prevalence of developmental anomalies are probably related to genetic and environmental conditions.

Prevalence, pattern and distribution of non-syndromic tooth agenesis in permanent dentition among Malaysian population

Abstract Tooth agenenesis is reduction of tooth number caused by congenitally failure of tooth development causing hypodontia and oligodontia. The prevalence, pattern and distribution are varies by populations. The aim of this study was to identify the pattern and distribution of tooth agenesis in permanent dentition among Malaysian population. Patients were in the range of 12 until 60 years old has missing average of 2 teeth missing. Excluding third molar, the prevalence of population under study was 1.005%. Mandibular and/or lateral incisors (28%) were identified as the most common missing tooth. There were no significant difference between missing tooth between male and female (p=0.265). More missing teeth were observed at maxilla jaw (54.67%), right side (54.67%), posterior region (53.33%) and missing unilaterally (71.42%). Some tooth anomalies such as peg shaped tooth (8.57%) and microdontia (5.71%) also presented. In conclusion, the prevalence studied population was lower than normal range and previous studies conducted in Malaysian but still may presumably represent group of population under study, while mild hypodontia is considered as the most common type of tooth agenesis. The most common missing tooth is lateral incisors whereas mild hypondontia is identified the most common tooth agenesis.

ORAL HYGIENE IN CHILDREN WITH MALOCCLUSIONS

The data of numerous studies show that there is a direct correla-tion between malocclusions and dental caries, periodontal dis-eases, poor oral hygiene, which is manifested by symptoms of mutual complication. The presence of orthodontic pathology (crowding of teeth, anomalies of the position of individual teeth, distal and deep bite) causes accumulation of dental plaque. Spe-cial attention in this aspect deserve children with malocclusions from boarding schools, as many of them are deprived of paren-tal attention, the opportunity to be “grafted” family culture atti-tude to their own health through hygienic oral care.The aim of our study is to detect the level of hygienic state of the oral cavity in children from boarding schools.Material and methods. Evaluation of the hygienic state of the oral cavity was carried out in 444 children of boarding schools with malocclusions using the Green – Vermillion hygienic index.The results of the study. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the average value of the Green-Vermilion index in the ex-amined children is 1.93±0.06 points, which corresponds to a poor level of hygiene. There were established some differences in the value of the index depending on the age of children. Thus, of 7 year-old children, its value was 1.99±0.07 points and up to 9 years of age it increases to 2.09±0.06 points, which indicates deterioration in the oral hygiene. In children of 12 years, the average value of this index is 1.91±0.08 points. It should be not-ed that the lowest index value was recorded in the group of 15-year-old children – 1.72±0.06 points.We decided to find out how the level of oral hygiene differs in the children of boarding schools with malocclusions depending on their residence. It was established that the worst oral hygiene was found in children of the boarding school of Sambir (premountain area). Thus, a poor level of hygiene was found in children 7 years old (2.44±0.06 points) and 15 years old (2.41±0.08 points). The rest children had a very bad level of hy-giene: 9-year-old and 12-year-old children - 2.71±0.03 points and 2.54±0.07 points, respectively. The children of boarding schools in Lviv and in Zhovtantsy (flat region) of all age groups had poorly care for the oral cavity. At the same time, it was found that the highest level of oral hygiene was in children of Strilki (mountainous region) (1.34±0.08 points) in comparison with other localities, which is explained by the quality educa-tional work of the children's dentist working in this educational institution. We also analyzed the effect of the presence of maloc-clusions on the state of oral hygiene in the examined children. It has been established that in all age groups the presence of or-thodontic pathology significantly affects the state of oral hy-giene. A detailed analysis showed that in 7-year-old children with malocclusions oral hygiene was poor (2.22±0.06 points), and in children without malocclusions - satisfactory (1.69±0.07 points). We also analyzed the indicators of the Green-Vermilion index in children with different types of malocclusions. The highest index values were found in children with anomalies of occlusion – 2.59±0.01 points. The average indexes in children with anomalies of dental arches were significantly lower: 2.38±0.03 points, which also correspond to poor oral hygiene. At the border of satisfactory and poor hygiene, the average val-ues of the index in children with anomalies of individual teeth were 1.89±0.01 points. Thus, the effect of the presence of malocclusions on the level of oral hygiene has been statistically confirmed. A difference was also found in the indicators of oral hygiene in children, depend-ing on the region of examination. With age, the motivation for caring for the oral cavity improves, which is manifested in im-proved hygiene. Also found a relationship between the presence of a dentist in boarding schools and compliance with the rules of oral hygiene, which indicates the role of the dentist in educating children in schools, especially boarding schools.

Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Deciduous Teeth and their Correlation with the Permanent Dentition: Double Teeth, Hypodontia and Hyperdontia

Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Deciduous Teeth and their Correlation with the Permanent Dentition: Double Teeth, Hypodontia and Hyperdontia

Agenesis of second premolar teeth - diagnostics and treatment

Agenesis of second premolar teeth represents a problem that dentists and orthodontists deal with on a daily basis, and which will occur with greater and greater prevalence due to a tendency for the number of teeth to decrease evolutionally. Besides being an obvious aesthetic defect, the absence of teeth may cause serious functional effects such as, for example, malocclusion. Depending on the author of a research study, agenesis prevalence rate is reported to amount to 0.3 – 36.5 per cent, which suggests that it is a problem that every orthodontist will, sooner or later, have to handle. Very delayed development of second premolars described in the literature may also cause serious problems. &lt;b&gt;Aim.&lt;/b&gt; This article is an attempt to present the problem in its entirety. It will discuss patient diagnostics, treatment planning in cases where buds of second premolars are missing as well as common tooth anomalies in subjects from the sample under examination. &lt;b&gt;Material and methods.&lt;/b&gt; Selected scientific articles from the years 1939-2015 have been reviewed. &lt;b&gt;Results and conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; A clinician has at their disposal at least several tools allowing for separation of patients that can be found in a group being at risk of agenesis or late development of second premolar teeth. A clinician may refer to the chronological age, adjacent teeth development stage or certain phenotypic traits described. A diagnosis made correctly is the foundation of good treatment strategy, which has to take into account a large number of the abovementioned factors. The best choice in these days when full wide smiles are preferred seems to be to leave the deciduous tooth in place for as long as possible.

СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТЬ У СЛЕПЫХ И СЛАБОВИДЯЩИХ ДЕТЕЙ

Background. The article presents the results of a dental examination of 68 schoolchildren of 12-15 years with visual impairment. Objectives ― to study the dental status of blind and visually impaired children in the period of permanent bite, the necessity of sanation, the level of dental care. Methods. The prevalence and intensity of dental caries, dental-maxillary anomalies, soft tissue anomalies, functional disorders of the dental-maxillary system, the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, the necessity of sanation, the level of dental care of the examined schoolchildren were estimated. For determination of the intensity of dental caries the KPU index was used. The study of the structure of this index made it possible to determine the necessity of sanation of the oral cavity, the level of caries intensity (PEC index, Leus PA, 1990) and the level of dental care (USP index, Leus PA, 1988) in this category of schoolchildren. The hygienic condition of the oral cavity was estimated by the Green-Vermillion Index. The examination results were put down into the children’s registration cards of dental status (WHO, 2013). Results. During the dental examination, a high prevalence and intensity of dental caries, poor oral hygiene among schoolchildren aged 12-15 years with visual impairment were found. The majority of the examined children suffered from dental-maxillary anomalies, anomalies of soft tissues, dysfunction of the dental-maxillary system. Anomalies of separete teeth had the largest percentage among the tooth-jaw anomalies. As a result of the examination, a high necessity of sanation and an insufficient level of dental care were established. Conclusions. The results of this work indicate the necessity of the planning measures for the prevention and treatment of dental diseases of children with this pathology.

The role of external aetiological factors in dental anomalies in non-syndromic cleft lip and palate patients.

The hypothesis tested was whether proper tooth development in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients is affected by early orthopaedic treatment (EOT), primary surgical interventions and palatal defects after primary palatoplasty. The prospective study groups comprised 369 CLP children (aged 11.0 ± 4.5years) and 500 healthy children (aged 11.1 ± 3.8years) aged > 6years without any diseases associated with increased risk of dental anomalies. Patients were examined clinically and radiologically. Primary treatment details and outcomes were extracted from the hospital records registry and analysed to evaluate the role of possible external aetiological factors in dental abnormalities. Selective tooth aplasia was the commonest dental abnormality with upper lateral incisors missing in 33.9% of CLP patients and 3.4% of controls. Central incisor agenesis was restricted to early primary periosteoplasty cases. Lateral incisor aplasia on the cleft side was significantly associated with palatal defect (P = 0.0003) and primary lip surgery type (P = 0.008). The prevalence of developmental enamel defects (DEDs) correlated with primary surgical procedure (P = 0.002), palatal defect and lack of EOT (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). Surgical trauma during early primary periosteoplasty, reduced blood supply associated with palatal defects and absence of EOT significantly increase the prevalence of frontal tooth anomalies. The prevalence of dental abnormalities in CLP patients depends on treatment protocol.

Prefabricated direct composite veneer: with and without teeth preparation

Background: Componeer (prefabricated direct composite veneer) is a nano-hybrid composite enamel veneer that combines the advantages of both, placing a direct composite resin and those of a prefabricated laminate veneer manufactured in a laboratory. Any structural defects or anomalies in the anterior teeth or ‘esthetic zone’ create a problem for the patient. Hence, composite laminate veneers focus on targeting such abnormalities where the dentist is in complete control of the outcome, despite the pre-existing color, shape, structure, contours or morphology of the tooth. The aim of the study was to determine the success rate of using prefabricated direct composite veneers for cases with minimal preparation and ‘prep-less’ technique and compare both outcomes for establishing a better and long-lasting restoration.&#x0D; Case presentation: The study presented two case reports, the first case was of a 46-year-old female with major complaints regarding spaces between upper teeth along with yellow discoloration. While the second i.e. Case 2 was of a 23 years old female with generalized spacing in her teeth due to microdontia and her chief complaint was the diastema present in between her upper front teeth. &#x0D; Management and Results: A minimal preparation technique for composite veneering was used in Case 1 to combat the problem of yellow discoloration along with generalized spacing whereas a ‘prep-less’ technique was used for Case 2. Both cases depict different methods of composite veneering and restorations for both minimally prepared or ‘prep-less’ technique showed no differences at the follow-up visit (after 6-month).&#x0D; Conclusion: Composite veneers have shown excellent results for restoring anterior defects while preserving tooth structure and surrounding tissues. It has proven to be the most time-efficient way of restorations meeting the high demands of superior esthetics and cost-effectiveness.