Tooth Anomalies Research Articles

Oral lesions and impacted teeth interlinked?-A review

Oral lesions are most prevalent in oral cavity. These have many etiologic factors. One of the most important being impacted teeth. These unerupted teeth become hazards both for patient and dentist. Also some lesions are connected with these developmental tooth anomalies. These have to be dealt seriously as if ignored they can transform into bigger oral pathologies that can be life threatening. This article sheds light onto these factors an attempt is made to highlighten these lesions that if diagnosed earlier, can be helpful in treatment planning clinically.

Distribution of dental anomalies in panoramic radiography at RSGMP Universitas Airlangga

Objectives: This research was aimed to determine the distribution of dental anomaly cases on panoramic radiographs at Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital (RSGMP). Materials and Methods: This research used a descriptive observational design with a total sampling technique from panoramic radiographic data at the Radiology Clinic of RSGMP Universitas Airlangga during 2018–2020, which had cases of dental anomalies. Results: The result showed 116 cases of dental anomalies, with more incidence in female (64%) than in male (36%). The most common dental anomaly category was the number of teeth anomalies (47.41%), followed by tooth size anomalies (29.31%), tooth shape anomalies (23.28%), and there were no cases of anomalies in tooth structure and position. The most common types of dental anomalies were microdontia (27.59%), missing teeth/agenesis (25%), supernumerary teeth (22.41%), dilaceration (16.38%), talon cusp (3.45%), taurodontism (2.59%), macrodontia (1.72%), gemination (0.86%). Conclusion: The most common cases of dental anomalies were based on their categories, namely anomalies in the number of teeth, followed by tooth size, and tooth shape.

Potential Association of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) with Dental Agenesis and Infraoccluded Deciduous Molars: Is MIH Related to Dental Anomaly Pattern (DAP)? An Observational Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Dental Anomaly Pattern (DAP) is a collection of morphologic, numeric, and eruptive anomalies of teeth that are often observed together, suggesting a potential genetic relationship. Our objective was to assess the potential associations of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH), a common developmental defect of enamel mineralization with a controversial etiology, with two specific components of DAP: (1) agenesis (AG) and (2) infraoccluded deciduous molars (IODM). Establishing such an association between MIH and one or both anomalies would provide evidence supporting a genetic link between MIH and DAP. Methods: We examined pretreatment intraoral standardized photographies and panoramic radiographs from 574 children aged 8-14 years, 287 having MIH and 287 without MIH, comparing the frequencies of AG and IODM in both groups. The subject samples were sourced from the databases of the orthodontic department at a university hospital. Results: The frequencies of AG in the MIH and non-MIH groups were 7% and 8%, respectively (p = 0.751). The corresponding frequencies of IODM were 27% and 19.2%, respectively (p = 0.082). That is, children with MIH did not exhibit an increased frequency of AG or IODM compared to those without MIH. Conclusions: These findings do not support the inclusion of MIH in DAP. Nevertheless, further analysis of possible associations is necessary to definitively validate or invalidate this hypothesis.

Comprehensive Oral Diagnosis and Management for Women with Turner Syndrome.

Turner Syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects females when one of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing. Due to high genetic and phenotypic variability, TS diagnosis is challenging and is often delayed until adolescence, resulting in poor clinical management. Numerous oral, dental and craniofacial anomalies have been associated with TS, yet a comprehensive description is still lacking. This study addresses this gap through a detailed analysis of oral health and craniofacial characteristics in a cohort of 15 females with TS and their first-degree relatives. Subjects with TS ranged from 3 to 48 years old, none showed evidence of periodontal disease and only the youngest was in mixed dentition. Using the Multifunction System, we identified an aggregation of multiple signs and symptoms in each TS subject, including tooth anomalies (supernumerary molars, agenesis, microdontia, enamel defects, alterations in eruption patterns -advanced and delayed for chronological age-, crowding, rotations and transpositions), malocclusion (class II/1 and II/2) and Class II facial profile, while relatives exhibited fewer manifestations. The early detection of these signs and symptoms is crucial for appropriate referral and the optimal clinical management of TS, especially during the critical period of 9 to 10 years when congenital dental anomalies appear. The use of an established taxonomy to describe these phenotypic features is essential for early detection. Multidisciplinary teams are required to ensure holistic care management in rare diseases like TS.

Componeer as an aesthetic treatment option for anterior teeth: a case report

IntroductionStructural abnormalities or anomalies in the anterior teeth, also known as the aesthetic zone, are an important problem for patients and a challenge for dentists. Structural abnormalities or tooth anomalies can change in color, shape, and function. Most dentists prefer minimally invasive aesthetic treatment. One of the aesthetic treatment options for anterior teeth is veneers. Veneer is a restoration that covers the labial part of the tooth with a thin layer of material to correct abnormalities in the color, shape, or function of the tooth. Veneer restoration can be done indirectly with porcelain material made in a laboratory and directly with composite material on the tooth surface or prefabricated which is available from the factory. Componeer is a prefabricated composite veneer that combines the aesthetic properties of ceramic veneers and the adhesive ability of composite veneers to the tooth structure. This case report describes the treatment of two central incisors that had been filled with composite and peg shapes on both lateral incisors using a componeer.Case reportA 32-year-old female patient came to the Dental Conservation Clinic at Dentistry Hospital, Padjadjaran University with the main complaint of her right and left upper front teeth and wanted to repair her old fillings and close the gap between her right and left upper front teeth and her canine teeth. Clinical examination showed that teeth 11 and 21 had been filled with composite which had changed color and had an inharmonious shape as well as a gap between the upper front teeth on the right and left sides and the right and left canine teeth.TreatmentThe maxilla and mandibular teeth are molded for study models and working models. In the working model, a wax-up is carried out, then a mock-up on the patient’s teeth. Next, choose the color and size of the components that match the mock up results. Teeth 11 and 21 had their old composite fillings cleaned and refilled with dentin colored composite, teeth 13, 12, 11, 21, 22, and 23 were prepared with a minimum thickness of 0.3 mm to make room for the componeer material. The teeth was etched and bonded, and bonding was applied to the inner surface of the componeer. The composite is placed on the inner surface of the componeer then placed on the labial surface of the tooth and pressed with a special tool, then light cured. The final step is polishing.Treatment resultsTeeth 13, 12, 11, 21, 22, and 23 which had undergone veneer treatment using componeer, were controlled after 1 week of treatment. The patient did not complain about the results of the treatment and said he was satisfied with the treatment.

LOCAL RISK FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of gingivitis associated with dental biofilm and to investigate the influence of local risk factors on the development of inflammatory process in the gums in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: 117 children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years at the Dental Medical Centre of the Bogomolets National Medical University were examined. All participants were examined for periodontal status, state of oral hygiene, and local risk factors for periodontal diseases. Results: A high prevalence of gingivitis associated with dental plaque (89.7%) was found in children and adolescents aged 12-17 years. The overwhelming majority of them (71.4%) had gingivitis caused by dental biofilm and local risk factors. The prevalence of malocclusions and anomalies of individual teeth was 60%. Carious tooth lesions and poor-quality proximal restorations were detected in 37.1% of participants. Violations of the rules of individual hygienic care of the oral cavity were observed in 54.3% of patients. Conclusion: Local risk factors lead to a significant deterioration in periodontal health in childhood and adolescence, especially in the case of their combined adverse effects. Significant predictors of gingivitis include the accumulation of microbial biofilm and tartar due to poor oral hygiene, dentoalveolar anomalies, carious cavities and proximal restorations, irregular toothbrushing and poor interdental hygiene. The high prevalence of gingivitis necessitates the priority development of primary prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.

Small RNAs and tooth development: The role of microRNAs in tooth agenesis and impaction

Background/purposeTooth development, or odontogenesis, is a complex process in which several molecular pathways play a key role. Recently, microRNAs, a class of approximately 20-nucleotide small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression, have been implicated in the odontogenesis process. This study aimed to assess the role of miRNAs in odontogenesis anomalies, specifically agenesis and impaction. Materials and methodsWe analyzed a manually curated list of 82 miRNAs associated with human odontogenesis, sourced from literature data. Employing two different approaches to validate findings, we conducted functional enrichment analysis to evaluate the cell pathways, diseases, and phenotypes enriched for those miRNAs. ResultsOur findings indicate that the analyzed miRNAs regulate pathways linked to tooth anomalies, including the TGFꞵ and Wnt signaling pathways, and those governing the pluripotency of stem cells, known to mediate various cellular processes, and interconnected with odontogenesis-related pathways. Furthermore, the analysis disclosed several pathways associated with tumors, including small cell lung and gastric cancer. These results were confirmed also by diseases and phenotypes enrichment evaluation. Moreover, cell network analysis disclosed that miRNAs are embedded and interconnected in networks associated with dental diseases and cancer development, thus confirming the functional enrichment analyses. ConclusionIn summary, our results offer a quantitative measure of the potential involvement of miRNAs in regulating pathways crucial for developmental processes, notably odontogenesis, and provide results suggesting potential association with oncogenesis processes as well.

Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Patients with Non-syndromic Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution pattern of dental anomalies in the permanent teeth of patients with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Additionally, it aimed to compare differences in dental anomalies between cleft and non-cleft areas, considering gender and cleft phenotype. Panoramic radiographs of 164 patients diagnosed with non-syndromic orofacial clefts were retrospectively analyzed by a single examiner to confirm dental anomalies. The dental anomalies investigated included tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth, microdontia, rotation, ectopic eruption, and enamel hypoplasia. Cleft phenotypes were categorized into 7 types based on medical and dental records. A significantly higher prevalence of supernumerary teeth was observed in males than females within non-cleft areas (<i>p</i> = 0.017), with no significant differences in other dental anomalies. In non-cleft area, patients with cleft palate exhibited a high prevalence of tooth agenesis (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and microdontia (<i>p</i> = 0.012) compared to other cleft phenotypes. Maxillary incisor rotation was closely associated with adjacent tooth agenesis in unilateral cleft lip and palate cases (<i>p</i> = 0.034). This study suggests that the additional subphenotype based on dental anomalies in patients with orofacial cleft may serve as applicable clinical markers.

Morphometric variations and nonmetric anatomical traits or anomalies of the primary molar teeth, plus the molars' size thresholds for sex identification

IntroductionMorphological and morphometric features of the teeth are of interest to various clinical and academic dental and medical fields including prosthodontics, orthodontics, anatomy and anthropology, pathology, archeology, and forensic dentistry. These have been more or less researched in the case of the permanent dentition. However when it comes to the primary dentition, the literature is scarce and controversial. No study worldwide exists on the cutoff points (thresholds) for sex identification; no study exists on metric or nonmetric traits of deciduous teeth in Iranians. Hence, the aim of the study was to assess both the metric and nonmetric traits of primary molars, as well as their cut-off points for sex identification.MethodsIn this epidemiological cross-sectional study, pretreatment casts of 110 children (51 boys and 59 girls) aged 6 to 12 years were collected. Maxillary and mandibular first and second primary molars were evaluated regarding their metric traits (mesiodistal and buccolingual widths) and 9 nonmetric traits (Accessory cusp on the upper D, Accessory cusp on the lower D, Fifth cusp on the upper E, Carabelli’s cusp on the upper E, Protostylid on the lower E, Fifth cusp on the lower E, Sixth cusp on the lower E, Tuberculum intermedium [metaconulid] on the lower E, and Deflecting wrinkle on the lower E). ROC curves were used to identify cut-off points for sex determination as well as the usefulness of metric measurements for this purpose. Data were analyzed using independent-samples and paired-samples t-tests, McNemar, Fisher, and chi-square tests, plus Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (α = 0.05).ResultsAll the primary molars’ coronal dimensions (both mesiodistal and buccolingual) were extremely useful for sex identification (ROC curves, all P values ≤ 0.0000099). Especially, the mandibular primary molars (areas under ROC curves [AUCs] between 85.6 and 90.4%, P values ≤ 0.0000006) were more useful than the maxillary ones (AUCs between 80.4 and 83.1%, P values ≤ 0. 0000099). In the mandible, the first primary molar (maximum AUC = 90.4%) was better than the second molar (maximum AUC = 86.0%). The optimum thresholds for sex determination were reported. Sex dimorphism was significant in buccolingual and mesiodistal crown widths of all the primary molars (all P values ≤ 0.000132), but it was seen only in the case of 2 nonmetric traits: Deflecting wrinkle (P = 0.001) and Tuberculum intermedium (metaconulid, P = 0.029) on the lower Es, taking into account the unilateral and bilateral cases. The occurrence of nonmetric traits was symmetrical between the right and left sides (all P values ≥ 0.250). All mesiodistal and two buccolingual molar measurements were as well symmetrical (P > 0.1); however, two buccolingual measurements were asymmetrical: in the case of the maxillary E (P = 0.0002) and mandibular D (P = 0.019). There were three weak-to-moderate correlations between the nonmetric traits of the mandibular second molars (Spearman correlations between 22.7 and 37.5%, P values ≤ 0.045). Up to 6 concurrent nonmetric traits were observed in the sample, with 53.6% of the sample showing at least 2 concurrent nonmetric traits at the same time, without any sex dimorphism (P = 0.658).ConclusionSex dimorphism exists considerably in primary molars’ sizes, but it is not as prevalent in their nonmetric traits or abnormalities. Primary molars’ crown sizes are useful for sex identification; we calculated optimum cut-off points for this purpose, for the first time.

The tooth: A marker of developmental abnormalities

Tooth formation results from specific epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, which summarize a number of developmental processes. Tooth anomalies may thus reflect subclinical diseases of the kidney, bone and more broadly of the mineral metabolism, skin or nervous system. Odontogenesis starts from the 3rd week of intrauterine life by the odontogenic orientation of epithelial cells by a first PITX2 signal. The second phase is the acquisition of the number, shape, and position of teeth. It depends on multiple transcription and growth factors (BMP, FGF, SHH, WNT). These ecto-mesenchymal interactions guide cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation ending in the formation of the specific dental mineralized tissues. Thus, any alteration will have consequences on the tooth structure or shape. Resulting manifestations will have to be considered in the patient phenotype and the multidisciplinary care, but also may contribute to identify the altered genetic circuity.

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (Whsc1) methyltransferase signals via a Pitx2-miR-23/24 axis to effect tooth development

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a developmental disorder attributed to a partial deletion on the short arm of chromosome 4. WHS patients suffer from oral manifestations including cleft lip and palate, hypodontia, and taurodontism. WHS candidate 1 (WHSC1) gene is a H3K36-specific methyltransferase that is deleted in every reported case of WHS. Mutation in this gene also results in tooth anomalies in patients. However, the correlation between genetic abnormalities and the tooth anomalies has remained controversial. In our study, we aimed to clarify the role of WHSC1 in tooth development. We profiled the Whsc1 expression pattern during mouse incisor and molar development by immunofluorescence staining and found Whsc1 expression is reduced as tooth development proceeds. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays, we determined that Whsc1 and Pitx2, the initial transcription factor involved in tooth development, positively and reciprocally regulate each other through their gene promoters. miRNAs are known to regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally during development. We previously reported miR-23a/b and miR-24-1/2 were highly expressed in the mature tooth germ. Interestingly, we demonstrate here that these two miRs directly target Whsc1 and repress its expression. Additionally, this miR cluster is also negatively regulated by Pitx2. We show the expression of these two miRs and Whsc1 are inversely correlated during mouse mandibular development. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the potential role of Whsc1 in regulating tooth development and a possible molecular mechanism underlying the dental defects in WHS.

Dens Invaginatus of Mandibular Premolars and Maxillary Anterior Teeth: A Case Report in Three Brothers

Dens invaginatus (DI), also known as dens in dente, is a developmental anomaly of teeth with enamel and dentin layers folded into the pulp cavity. This case report is about three brothers without any systemic diseases or syndromes. They all have DI on the permanent mandibular premolars and permanent maxillary anterior teeth. Several teeth needed root canal treatment due to this dental anomaly. Some DI can be difficult to detect and can progress to severe cavities and periapical abscesses without notice. Most of these diseases were detected unexpectedly through radiographic examination.

Comparisons of Dental Anomalies in Orthodontic Patients with Impacted Maxillary and Mandibular Canines.

To assess the presence and possible associations between the type of dental anomalies and maxillary and mandibular canine impactions in orthodontic patients treated for canine impaction, panoramic radiographs of orthodontic patients treated for canine impaction were assessed for the presence of associated dental anomalies. A random sample of orthodontic patients without canine impaction matched for age and gender served as controls. Descriptive and exact inferential statistics were implemented in order to assess potential associations between canine impaction and dental anomalies. A total of 102 orthodontic patients with 70 maxillary (MaxCI) and 32 mandibular (ManCI) canine impactions were assessed. The control group included 117 orthodontic patients. Dental anomalies were present in more than 50% of patients with impacted canines and in 20% of the controls. Tooth agenesis was significantly more common in the MaxCI group when compared to the ManCI group, while supernumerary teeth and canine transmigration were registered more often in the ManCI group. When compared to the control group, peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors and tooth agenesis were significantly more prevalent in the MaxCI group, while canine transmigration, supernumerary teeth, the agenesis of mandibular incisors and tooth transpositions were significantly more prevalent in the ManCI group. The impaction of other teeth was significantly more common in both canine impaction groups when compared to the controls. The prevalence of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients with impacted canines was higher than in orthodontic patients without canine impaction. Different types of tooth anomalies were found in the MaxCI and ManCI groups.

Prevalence of permanent numeric dental anomalies in panoramic radiography in an Iranian population

Aim: Dental number anomalies are a group of congenital developmental disorders divided into two groups supernumerary and missing teeth. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of numeric dental anomalies using panoramic images in patients referred to the Hamadan Dental Faculty. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 2,197 panoramic radiographs of patients aged 6-49 years were evaluated. These anomalies are divided into two groups: 1) Supernumerary teeth, including Mesiodens, Distodens, and Peridens, and 2) Missing teeth, including Hypodontia, Oligodontia, and Anodontia. A Chi-square test was performed to assess the relationship between the anomalies. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16, in which P-value < 0.05 was considered the statistical significance level. Results: Of 736 males (32.2%) and 1548 females (67.8%) in this study, 32 (4.3%) and 55 cases (3.8%) had supernumerary teeth, respectively. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth was 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.6% in males and 0.2%, 1% and 1.2% in females for mesiodens, distodens, and peridens, respectively. Also, 243 males (10.6%) and 655 females (28.6%) had missing teeth anomalies. Hypodontia in the maxilla was the most common anomaly in both genders, while mesiodens was the least common. Conclusion: Hypodontia was the most common anomaly, followed by peridens; the least common anomaly was mesiodens. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth was greater in males, though the difference was not statistically significant. In comparison, females had a greater prevalence of missing teeth.

A SCOPING REVIEW: GENE MUTATIONS OF NONSYNDROMIC HYPODONTIA AND ITS PREVALENCE IN GENDER AND TYPE OF TEETH

Non-syndromic hypodontia is a developmental anomaly characterized by the absence of one to six of permanent teeth. The goal of this review was to identify all known gene mutations, prevalence of gender and type of teeth, to review current research and identify knowledge gaps on the topic of nonsyndromic hypodontia. Three electronic databases were performed (Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus) and restricted to English papers published after 2012 until 2019. Search terms were combined as follows: Hypodontia or 'non-syndromic hypodontia' and 'genes' or 'tooth anomaly' and 'mutation' or 'genes' and were checked against the inclusion criteria independently by two investigators. From 16 studies, five genes currently known caused non-syndromic hypodontia: WNT10A (37 variants, 256 patients), MSX1 (9 variants, 112 patients), PAX9 (17 variants, 79 patients), AXIN2 (8 variants, 60 patients) and EDA (2 variants, 11 patients). It was demonstrated that females exhibited a higher prevalence of hypodontia with 89.3% as compared to males with 84.2%. The most commonly missing teeth was a lateral incisor, followed by second premolar and central incisor. Five genes, including WNT10A, PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2 and EDA, are currently considered to have the ability to cause nonsyndromic hypodontia. Lateral incisor was found to be commonly missing teeth and there was an increased risk for females to have hypodontia than males.

Comprehensive management of a child with multiple dens invaginatus

‘Dens invaginatus’ (DI) is a developmental anomaly of teeth, where an infolding of the enamel occurs into the dentine, creating a pocket or a dead space, as a result of the invagination of the enamel organ into the dental papilla prior to calcification. DI have been reported in 0.3–10% of the population. This case describes the comprehensive management of a 9-year-old child with multiple dens invaginatus. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Early diagnosis and early intervention of DI is important to avoid dental caries, pulpitis and pulp death.

Clinical survival of No-prep indirect composite laminate veneers: a 7-year prospective case series study

BackgroundThe no preparation technique which is a reversible form of treatment characterized by the absence of tooth tissue preparation and preserves the soft tissue architecture while preserving all natural tooth structures is indicated in cases where the tooth structure allows material to be added. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical performance and survival rates of indirect composite laminate veneers with no preparation after 7 years.Materials and methodsA total of 80 indirect composite veneers were placed on maxillary anterior teeth in 35 patients (n = 80). Diastema (n = 64), wedge tooth anomalies (n = 9) and re-shaping (n = 7) were the main indications for veneer treatments. All laminate veneers were fabricated with an indirect microhybrid composite material (Gradia, GC Dental). No tooth preparation was performed. Light-cured resin cement (Choice 2, Bisco) was used to lute the veneers. Composite veneers were evaluated using Modified United States Public Health Service criteria. Survival rates of the veneers were calculated using Kaplan-Meier statistics. The data containing the results of the USPHS criteria at baseline, 2 years and 7 years was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test at the 0.05 level of significance.ResultsThe overall survival rate was 91.3%. After 7 years, 7 absolute failures including 4 debonding (marginal adaptation, score 4) and 3 fractures (fracture of restoration, score 3) were noted. Color match was scored as 1 (n = 34) and 2 (n = 15). Slightly rough surfaces (41 of 73 laminates) and slight marginal discoloration (15 of 73 laminates) were noted. The overall scores after 84 months were significantly higher than the baseline scores for the marginal adaptation (p = 0.008), color match (p = 0.000), marginal discoloration (p = 0.000), surface roughness (p = 0.000), and fracture of restoration (p = 0.001) criteria.ConclusionsIn this study, indirect composite veneers without any preparation on maxillary anterior teeth showed acceptable performance in terms of both survival rate and quality of restorations. This procedure offers a predictable and successful treatment that ensures maximum preservation of the intact tooth.

DENTAL ANOMALİLERİN PREVELANSI: KONİ IŞINLI BİLGİSAYARLI TOMOGRAFİ ÇALIŞMASI

Aim: Dental anomalies are usually detected incidentally on panoramic radiographs taken during routine dental examinations. Incidentally seen anomalies could be seen more clearly in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) due to the limitations of two-dimensional radiographs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the localization of dental anomalies in the jaws and gender distribution in patients living in the Western Black Sea region by evaluating the CBCT images previously taken for different reasons retrospectively. Methods: Radiographic data of 207 patients out of 1230 patients who applied to Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department and who were requested to have CBCT imaging due to any reasons were included in the research. The distribution of anomalies in CBCT images were scanned retrospectively classified as maxillary - mandibular, unilateral - bilateral, and female-male according to gender. Results: In our study, 105 of 207 patients with dental anomalies were female and 102 were male. An overall of 239 anomalies were detected in 207 patients. The most prevalent dental anomaly in both sexes was determined to be impacted teeth (%46). Considering the localization distribution of the anomalies, the most prevalent anomaly in both the maxilla and mandible was the impacted tooth. Considering the location of the anomalies in the jaws, and anomalies were mostly observed unilaterally (%80). Conclusion: Impacted teeth anomalies were the most prevalent type of dental anomalies in the Turkish subpopulation. CBCT is a very useful method for the detection of dental anomalies, especially root and canal anomalies.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORAL LIQUID IN CHILDREN WITH MALOCCLUSION AND DIFFERENT ENAMEL RESISTANCE

One of the factors in the development of dental caries in children with malocclusion is the insufficient enamel mineralization in different age periods, that is, its resistance is reduced. An important role in the formation of enamel resistance is played by the oral fluid, in particular its physical properties, mineralization potential and protective mechanisms. Fluctuations in the pH of the oral fluid significantly depend on the hygienic condition of the oral cavity and the nature of the food. At the same time, the possibility of access of mineral elements to the surface of the enamel significantly worsens in case of increased viscosity and decreased rate of saliva secretion of oral fluid. This, in turn, contributes to the reduction of diffusion processes in tooth enamel and the creation of conditions for the development of enamel demineralization.
 The purpose of the investigation is to study the peculiarities of the physical properties of oral fluid in children with malocclusion at different levels of enamel resistance.
 Research methods. It was found that the concentration of hydrogen ions in the oral fluid of the examined children with malocclusion is, on average, 6.67±0.05 units, and the viscosity and rate of saliva secretion is 2.32±0.06 rel. unit and 0.43±0.02 ml/min. In children with anomalies of individual teeth, the average pH value of the oral fluid is 6.93±0.08 units, while with anomalies of the dental arches and occlusion, there is a shift of the pH to the acidic side. In 12and 15-year-old children with anomalies of occlusion and caries-resistant enamel, the pH of the oral fluid is higher by 7.46% and 7.85%, respectively, compared to children with conditional-resistant and caries-susceptible enamel, the viscosity of the oral fluid is lower by 40.49% and 33.48%, respectively, and the rate of salivation is higher by 26.19% and 22.92%, which changes the function of oral fluid in the latter towards the demineralizing solution.
 Conclusions. Thus, the detected changes in the physical properties of the oral fluid in children with malocclusion and reduced enamel resistance may be important in the pathogenesis of dental caries development, as in such conditions the function of the oral fluid changes from mineralizing to demineralizing.

Histomorphological study of gingival recession in the experiment

Among periodontal diseases, one of the most common forms is gingival recession, which is a progressive displacement of the marginal gingiva in the apical direction. Studies by a number of authors indicate an increase in the prevalence and intensity of recession from 9.7 % to 99.3 % (at the age of 15 years to adult age, respectively) [1–3]. The reasons for the development of recession may be the following factors: anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the alveolar process, anomalies of teeth, dentition and dental occlusion, microbial factor (hard and soft dental deposits), acute or chronic gum injury, bad habits, and iatrogenic causes [10, 9, 11, 17]. Gingival recession is the cause of dentin sensitivity, as well as a factor in additional plaque retention, which stimulates further loss of periodontal attachment [11, 17]. Any aesthetic violations significantly reduce the quality of life. In this aspect, gum recession, which causes exposure of the roots of the teeth, has an extremely negative effect on the psycho-emotional state of a patient. An integrated approach to the problem under consideration is of great importance, in particular, in elderly and senile people, where systemic disorders of mineral metabolism often come to the fore [4, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16]. Experimental modeling of periodontal pathologies is of great clinical and rehabilitation significance [6, 7, 10, 11, 13]. Currently, there are various methods of treating gingival recession using a complex of therapeutic, surgical, orthodontic, and orthopedic methods. However, the results of observations and monitoring of the effectiveness of known methods of treating gingival recession do not indicate long-term restoration of periodontal tissues [5, 10, 11, 17]. Thus, the foregoing indicates the feasibility of conducting experimental and clinical studies to find methods aimed at activating recovery processes in periodontal tissues and allowing to increase the effectiveness of treatment of patients with gingival recession.