Ideological Tool Research Articles

Disruptions in Greenscape Politics in Modern Turkey: A Case Study of Başkent Nation s Garden

Public green spaces can be regarded as an important component of an urban tissue, besides bearing ideological political connotations. The emergence of modern parks as part of public greenscape started with the 19th century Ottoman Nation's Gardens. Following the first modern parks, which started to be referred to as Nation's Gardens in the Ottoman Empire, the notion of the garden was replaced by a park during the Republican Era, which displaced the Ottoman Nation's Gardens from cityscapes. The Nation's Gardens projects, revived as an election promise in 2018 and began to be built, forming part of Turkey's greenscapes in all provinces, differ from the Ottoman Nation's Gardens, to which they explicitly refer in the name. The article will discuss the changes in greenscape projects in Turkey that have been used as ideological tools and have undergone constant changes in every period and government. In line with the findings of the article, it is a fact that the users, contents, and even the locations of these greenscapes have been frequently altered throughout history. The article also provides a comprehensive analysis of the Başkent Nation's Garden project, being one of the most symbolic political projects, for discussing the changing ideologies and political priorities to open up a broader discussion on the nature of Greenscape Politics in Turkey. The research aims to contribute to the discussion of the obstacles created by the design of parks and garden areas, which form an important component of cities, differing with each political approach, thereby hindering the continuity of the urban fabric. It invites a critical examination of how political influence can create fragmentation in the field of city planning, ultimately affecting the sustainability, functionality, and cultural coherence of urban spaces.

Mediatization of History: the Ukrainian Context

The article examines the phenomenon of mediatization, namely the mediatization of history, which is proposed to be considered as an increase in the role of traditional and new media in the creation, interpretation and dissemination of information about historical events of the past and the processes of the present, providing access to this information and formation at the personal, interpersonal and group levels interaction of the audience's attitude to historical events and modern facts. It is shown that the effectiveness of history mediatization technologies is explained by the powerful development of both traditional and new media. The author shows that the mediatization of history, on the one hand, has become a trend of the 21st century, when historical media projects are gaining more and more popularity and find their audience through documentaries, own documentary projects of TV channels, the Internet, social networks, YouTube, films on historical topics, and on the other hand, it is used as a tool of the political ideology of the state. A conclusion is made about the use of mediatization tools both for explaining historical events and facts and forming the civic position of the audience, and for falsifying the historical past, imposing false myths and stereotypes on the mass consciousness.

Celal Kasımov, Edebi Mahkemeler

Prof. Dr. Celal Kasımov’s book Edebi Mahkemeler (Literary Courts) is an in-depth study of the literary and cultural pressures applied in Azerbaijan during the Soviet era. The book reveals, through archival documents, how Soviet authorities used literary works as ideological tools in their efforts to erase national identities. The repressions, exiles, and control over literature during the Lenin and Stalin periods are thoroughly analyzed. The book discusses the literary courts that judged the characters of works such as M. Celil’s Ölüler (The Dead), C. Cabbarlı’s Aydın and H. Cavid’s Şeyh Sanan (Sheikh Sanan). Additionally, the trial of Azerbaijan’s national musical instrument, the tar, is examined. The Edebi Mahkemeler (Literary Courts) book aims to document the impact of the Soviet regime on Azerbaijani literature and culture.

The Cognitive Trap of Rousseau's "Organic Metaphor" and the Construction of U.S. Policy in Europe and Eurasia

The ideological dimension of international relations and foreign policy represents a distinct area of interaction, often situated at the intersection of political theory and philosophy. This study explores how metaphors, particularly Rousseau’s Organic Metaphor and its adaptation by Woodrow Wilson in his conceptualization of nationalism, function as powerful cognitive tools within the political sphere. These metaphors can act as "cognitive keys" that shape the perception of socio-political realities, influencing both the understanding and actions of political actors. However, while they provide a framework for understanding the internal logic of events, they also limit cognitive freedom by acting as implicit filters. This article traces the instrumental use of these metaphors in U.S. foreign policy, particularly how Wilson’s conceptualization of nationalism, derived from Rousseau’s metaphor, was utilized to reshape the ideational landscape of European politics in the 20th century and is now being applied in Eurasia. The concept of nationalism allowed for the fragmentation of competing political entities, aligning with the U.S. strategy of divide et impera to oppose integration movements. The article further examines how these strategies, which once targeted European empires, are now being employed against emerging integration unions in Eurasia, thereby highlighting the continuity of ideological tools in American foreign policy across different historical contexts.

Transnationality and stylistic ideology in semi-cubist Finnish art between 1914 and 1923

The article focuses on the changes in Finnish modern art and artistic discourse caused by World War I and Finnish Independence in 1917–1918. World War I changed artistic networks radically, because travel to France was no more possible, and Independence of Finland changed the art world with the ideas of national modernism. These changes centred in Finland around the role of cubism – seen as a logical continuation of Paul Cézanne’s art – and were expressed in both formal language and artistic discourse. Questions of “primitive” in art and its connection to cubism and to what is national in art were also essential in defining Finnish modernism and avant-garde in around 1917–1920. There was small exhibition of French cubism in Helsinki in 1915, but otherwise knowledge of cubism came via second-hand sources, such as lectures, art magazines and Der Sturm Gallery’s exhibitions. Norwegian art historian Jens Thiis had a strong impact on notions of cubism in Finland. It is in my interest to show that there were transnational connections between Scandinavia, Russia and Finland, and also more or less between Finland and oth- er “new states”, which were born after Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian empires collapsed. These connections can be seen in formal elements and iconography of kind of cubo-expressionism, which was a kind of fusion of cubist structuralism and expressionist emotion. This “semi-cubism” seemed to serve as stylistic ideology or ideological tool for those who had thoughts of national modernism in countries like Poland (formists), Latvia (artists like Jēkabs Kazaks), Estonia (artists like Jaan Vahtra and Märt Laarman) and Finland (art of the so called November Group). It is obvious that artists in Finland were not conscious of what happened on the southern side of the Baltic Sea, but there are so many parallels which were born by shared general views of the role of new art, that it is possible to see not only France, Norway or Russia, but also Poland, Latvia and Estonia as artistically close to Finland, when one tries to map the topography of Finnish semi-cubism in late 1910s and early 1920s.

Translation as an Ideological Tool: An Analysis of Rasha Ṣādiq’s Feminist Translation of Rosalind Miles’s Who Cooked the Last Supper? The Women’s History of the World

Translation as an Ideological Tool: An Analysis of Rasha Ṣādiq’s Feminist Translation of Rosalind Miles’s Who Cooked the Last Supper? The Women’s History of the World

Political and relational co-creation for inclusive tourism development

ABSTRACT Co-creation between public actors across organisational borders and hierarchies, as well as between public, private, civic and academic stakeholders has become norm and an ideological tool in tourism research and management. As co-creation entails issues of power and accountability, it is a political act and some entities, not least certain public actors, have the ability to affect the agency of others. This paper concerns the lack of policy and academic debates on who participates and how the diversity of actors are involved in tourism co-creation. The purpose is to critically explore the agency and relationships involved in multi-level co-creation for tourism development. We specifically point to agency connected to people’s different positionalities and preconditions for participating, and how the ways that people practise agency affect relational work. We use an interdisciplinary theoretical framework, integrating tourism literature on co-creation with critical tourism and diversity studies, and a case of multi-level co-creation for inclusive tourism development in a Swedish municipality. Through the study, the “who” in co-creation is widened, and the “how” expands into suggestions for just inclusion of minorities. Ensuring in-depth understanding of abstract concepts such as diversity, inclusion and multiculturalism is essential to follow policies for co-creation with action.

一般論文] 그로테스크 캐리커처

North Korean satirical cartoons in the 1950s were influenced by the Soviet ‘Grotesque caricature.’ It was political and artistic. Grotesque was an effective ideological tool to accuse the public of the denial of imperialism, bureaucracy, and capitalism that hindered socialist utopia and awaken them as the right communists by emphasizing politics and satire through exaggerations, distortions, and metaphors that violated realism. This acceptance of Grotesque aesthetics shows that North Korea enriched the diversity of cartoon forms and was not simply obsessed with realistic descriptions.

Ideologies in Geospatial Futurism: A Computational and Critical Discourse Inquiry Into the ArcGIS and ESRI-Blogs

Geographic information systems (GIS) are ubiquitous building blocks of geosurveillance environments embedded in everyday social practices. This article builds on the literature on geomedia, the criticisms of GIS, and communicative spaces, to delve into the realm of GIS software and spatial analytics. The data corpus consists of ArcGIS and ESRI blogs on the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) site, which defines itself as the global market leader in GIS software, location intelligence, and mapping. This project assesses the impact of their discursive representations of the future and the societal implications of these views through an iterative process of computational and critical interpretive analyses—extending from LDA topic modelling to critical discourse analysis—to unveil the ideological underpinnings of a corporate-prescribed understanding of (GIS) future. The analysis reveals that representations of the future in the main blogs of the geospatial industry are deeply embedded in ideological principles that emphasise perceived indispensability and technosolutionism as the inherent belief that complex social, political, and economic issues can be solved primarily or exclusively through technological means. The article identifies the rhetorical and structural operations in a discourse that ultimately kidnaps any alternative futures. The geospatial industry’s representations of the future serve as ideological tools that shape perceptions about societal development and democratic conditions. The critical engagement with these representations contributes to understanding the role of GIS technology in the shaping of fair futures built on democratic public spheres in the digital age.

Populism and Religion: Freedom of Self-Expression, State, modernity

Populismo e religione: Libertà di autoespressione, politica, modernità, caratteristiche procedurali ABSTRACT: The article is devoted to the topic of populism in religion in modern conditions. The article explains the correlation between freedom of expression and populism. The authors consider the phenomenon of populism in various aspects, including: populism as an instrument of politicization of a religious organization, populism as a latent component of internally sacralized (though outwardly neutral) politics. For many centuries, the ruling regimes of various states have sought and tried to put the Church at the service of their political interests, trying to use the churches in their own domestic and even foreign policy games, related attempts to manipulate religious identities and engage in artificial "church-building", to turn churches into handy ideological tools in the service of power - all this was a hybridization of political populism and religious populism tailored to it. But under such conditions, religious populism is always a forced imposition of tendencies destructive to the Church, it is always a profanation of the religious, the destruction of the most fundamental foundations of religion. But equally, the Church must be protected on the other side - from populist attempts to infringe on the Church's corpus of values, on relics and names honored by the rhetoric of freedom of expression. The authors conclude that populism (as a socio-legal tool, which is based on the paradigm of populism) should be used very cautiously - in the sphere of religion in a secular state. SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. Populism. General concept, characteristic features, ontology - 2.1. The concept of populism - 2.2. Populism as a concept - 2.3. Populism as ideology - 2.4. Characteristic features and elements of populism - 2.5. Taxonomic diversity of populism - 2.6. Populism and democracy - 3. Religion and populism - 3.1. Religious populism as subtype of populism - 3.2. Freedom of expression and populism - 3.3. Populism as a tool of politicization of a religious organization - 3.4. Populism as a latent component of implicitly sacralized (albeit explicitly neutral) politics - 4. Conclusion.

Post-Soviet Civilizational Transit in Central Asia

The relationship between politics and history is becoming complex and tense in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. The history of the countries and peoples of the region becomes the subject of an intense ideological struggle, during which Soviet historiography is partially, and sometimes completely, rejected, and new ideological myths are created that have no real historical basis. Not only historiography is being rethought, but also its context – historical memory, the historical culture of the new states of Central Asia. On the one hand, the ruling elites seek to place the historical memory of the Central Asian peoples under strict state control, affirming the ideology of state nationalism and referring to it not only political doctrines, but also traditions, religion, philosophy, social and human sciences. The rejection of society from cultural memory is typical for Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. On the other hand, historical memory becomes an ideological tool of intra-elite political struggle and society (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan). This is the essence of the post-Soviet civilizational transit in Central Asia.

Инаковость индивидуального бытия человека в условиях фейковой реальности

The article considers the phenomenon of fake and its influence on the individual existence of a person. In circumstances where public opinion is entirely manipulated, the freedom of thought is constrained. Overwhelmed by the excessive influx of information, an individual gradually loses the capacity to distinguish between what is true and false. Having embraced the ideological slogan “This is completely different” and acknowledged the importance, the acceptability of double standards, opting for a fabricated reality becomes a choice of the lesser evil for an individual. On the one hand, there exists truth, liberty, and accountability, which necessitates considerable effort for a meaningful existence. On the other hand, the devaluation of these values to the level of “one’s own truth,” comfortable conformity, and a reduction in the degree of accountability to the status of “possessing” or “maintaining one’s reputation” enables an individual to seamlessly conform to the prevailing consensus, without stepping out of the comfort zone. The data from domestic and foreign researchers studying this phenomenon are analyzed. Key issues related to the nature of fake, the roles of mass media and new media are identified, the author’s definition of this concept is provided. In the context of this article, a “fake” is interpreted as a means of ideological manipulation, serving as a defining feature of a text regarding its deviation from the truth. The typical psychological traits of an “average” individual, who generates untruths and is open to accepting them as facts, his/her inclination to “avoid information”, attributing truthfulness to what is essentially an opinion, and showing unquestioning faith in diverse experts, enable contemporary information consumers to merge their personal perception of reality with the constructed reality presented by influential media sources. It is concluded that a fake, having various forms of existence, is an ideological tool for manipulating individual and supra-individual consciousness, while individuals find themselves immersed in a new fake reality.

Performing Colonization:

Theatre is always influenced by the culture in which it is performed, and can be employed as an ideological tool to influence its cultural context in return. This article assesses the role of European theatre practices in the ideological colonization of the Americas. World’s Fairs, Wild West shows, and Christian pageant theatre are methods by which colonial ideology was communicated to audiences and performances, and sites of resistance for Indigenous performers in the past and the present.

Myth of mankind and the representation of people in Late 18th-century British dictionaries of trade and commerce

The investigation aims at analysing the two general notions of mankind and people in two lexicographic reference works on trade and commerce published in London in the 1750s: Rolt’s A New Dictionary of Trade and Commerce (1756) and Postlethwayt’s The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce (1757). An overview of the same notions in universal dictionaries of arts and sciences (cfr. References, Primary Sources), issued before and after ND and UD, will also be of help to define a more general background. Starting from the key words mankind and people, their frequency and relevance in the two dictionaries, the investigation is widened to include related terms (e.g. multiword expressions and language patterns in which mankind and people occur) and semantic categories (e.g. specific contexts of use: social condition, social values, demography, identity and citizenship, etc.). The many entries, cross-references, and the various lexical clusters reveal a complex lexicographic and lexicological network. This network, beyond providing information and contents on specific topics, ultimately emphasises the hierarchical organising principle at the basis of Late Modern British society: in particular, people unfolds into a myriad of ‘entities’. Dictionaries of trade and commerce are plentiful sources of knowledge, from general concepts and notions to more specific contents, but also powerful ideological tools.

The Past And Present Of Moving Images:Transcending The Boundary Across Departments In The Vocational Higher Education

Animations were given credentials as an effective medium in various campaigns and public service announcements (PSA). It helps to shape and spread information, frame public attitudes, and ensure the roles and responsibilities. History records how animations were utilized as PSA during WW2 in the form of training content, instructions, propaganda and ideological tools to promote and glorify patriotism. In higher education, animations can be utilized to support the socialization material about quality assurance. An animated PSA in the form of a video explainer was produced as a collaboration between the Quality Assurance (QA) Department and the Animation Study Program of Politeknik Multimedia Nusantara to support project-based learning for semester 2 students. This article aims to link connections between the history of animation as a public service announcement (PSA) with the conduct of project-based learning in vocational institutions, and quality assurance socialization. Descriptions about the history of moving images, project-based learning strategies, and quality assurance socialization are implemented as methodologies to explain the interrelationships among the three. The authors then present a gap analysis regarding the problems in implementing project-based learning faced by the animation study program and the problems faced by the QA department. An action plan is produced to close the gap using existing resources. The result is a descriptive explanation to support the feasibility of how a vocational institution should connect the needs of academic departments and other departments through a collaborative process. In the discussion section, an analysis will be presented of how animation as a medium is capable of transcending the boundaries across departments Keywords: moving image history, animation, project-based learning, quality assurance in education

Idealistic Modification of the Materialistic Veda

This article explores the origin and the later developments of the Veda. The objective is to examine the materialist philosophical content of the early Vedas and contrast it with the idealistic readings of the text from later eras. This article discusses the research issues surrounding the historical roots of the Vedic literature and the idealistic changes made to it in later times. The study has used historical materialism as a methodological tool and examined several Vedic verses, relating them to the socioeconomic conditions of the period in which they were composed. The article has analyzed the roots of some terminologies frequently used in the text and their connections to the philosophy of the Veda. The terms bhagavan, rita, Dānam, Havana, Brahman, yajña and name of some gods are frequently used in the Veda and their meanings are analyzed in a particular historical contexts. The article reveals that the Vedic verses are the simple creations of Vedic Aryans and they are associated with the everyday desires of the Vedic people, such as those for food, cattle, rain, safety, prosperity, health, and progeny. The early creation of the Vedic verses are this-worldly and materialistic in content and they are in no way otherworldly and spiritualistic. The meaning of most of the terminologies found in the text has materialistic origin and in course of time, their meanings are converted into opposite. The philosophy of the Veda has its root in the collective mode of production and with the introduction of private property and classes, the text is made an ideological tool of the minority of governing classes. The Veda's original materialistic meaning is altered, and the book is transformed into a spiritual guidebook—an ideological weapon used by the ruling classes to deceive and repress the vast majority of laboring people.

Disease Mongering: social determinants and mental health in the ideological tools that construct and propagate the phenomenon of "manufacturing" mental illnesses

More than ever, the issue of Health is in evidence, and it is not an exclusively medical matter, but it extends to the work of other disciplines and to society as a whole. The global socio-political-economic scenario points to the call, by the World Economic Forum, for "the great reset". The most important countries in the world in a global agenda, dealing with issues such as the environment, education, poverty, hunger, energy, etc., have given great importance to the issue of health. Health is beginning to occupy a place of responsibility not only for the State but for the entire world population on the global stage. In this context, a particular social phenomenon that has already taken root and grown rapidly in many countries, altering discourses about what is health and what is illness, returns to the spotlight: The phenomenon of pathologizing and medicalizing life, in which "non-medical problems are defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of diseases or disorders" (Conrad, 1992, p.209), and for every illness a pill that can restore well-being, preferably as quickly as possible. This reality would not be possible without the ideological force of the discourses of three socially significant actors, which operate simultaneously cooperating for the effectiveness of the "manufacture" and propagation of "mental illnesses", namely, the Hegemonic Medical Model, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and the Mass Media as long as they are in the service of pharmaceutical propaganda. This article is a bibliographic review around the social determinants in health/illness processes focusing on mental health, in order to understand the ideological tools that construct and propagate the phenomenon of "manufacturing" mental illnesses.

International Recognition of Common Values of Humanity: China's International Communication

The common values of humanity are the shared values of human society and the value basis of building a community with a shared future for humanity. Enhancing international recognition of the common values of all humanity will help build consensus on the values of worldwide people and provide an ideological tool for reforming the global governance system in the new era. Through the concept logic analysis of international recognition of the common values of humanity, existing difficulties and era opportunities of international recognition of the shared values of humanity can be analyzed in reality, the ideological and the political elements structure, and building the path of the ascension of the shared values of humanity’s international recognition in the diversified subject, a platform of globalization, new media and the specific content.

Badiou and Agamben Beyond the Happiness Industry and its Critics

Abstract Modern continental thought is skeptical toward happiness and no longer easily reconciles its pursuit with a desire for justice, the good, and truth. Critical theory has unmasked happiness as a commodity within an industry, an ideological tool for control, and a sedative to, justification of, and distraction from social injustice. This article argues that these diagnoses make it all the more important that philosophy, rather than taking leave of happiness, once again turns it into a serious object of thought. Employing the work of Badiou and Agamben as case studies, it asks what a critically informed yet affirmative philosophy of happiness should entail at a structural level. Assessing their philosophical models of happiness, this article 1) recognizes in their work a revival of the ancient ideal of a true, just, and happy life, 2) opens up a new way of evaluating their work, and 3) articulates basic requirements of a contemporary, affirmative philosophy of happiness beyond the happiness industry and its critics.

Пролетарская vs Советская литература: (как партия руководила литературой)

The paper analyzes the process of formation and introduction into practice of party control over the literary process. The correlation/opposition of the terms “proletarian literature” and “Soviet literature” in the first decade of Soviet power is considered through the prism of increasing party influence on society. The first manifestation of party control is the decree “On Proletkult” (1920), after which the organization entered the structure of the People’s Commissariat of Education. Adopted in 1925, the resolution “On the party’s policy in the field of fiction” clearly pointed to the only possible way of development: literature can and should develop within the framework of Soviet ideology. The resolution of 1932 “On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations” demonstrated to the literary community that RAPP did not have the capabilities of a “state administrative organization”. Only a party that can and should use literature as an ideological tool has such opportunities. The restructuring of literary organizations has changed the status of fiction, which overnight became “Soviet”. The first All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934 finally consolidated the concept of “Soviet” for the country’s fiction, which made it the bearer of party ideology. The prerequisites for such strict guardianship of the state are connected with the peculiarities of the historical development of the Bolshevik Party, the nature of which was the suppression of dissent. An analysis of the development of relations between the party leadership and literary organizations in the USSR during the period under study indicates that the actions of the party in its desire to control are associated with the desire to turn literature into an ideal propaganda tool.