Animation Tool Research Articles

ЗАГАЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СИСТЕМИ ІМІТАЦІЙНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ GPSS

The article examines the general characteristics of the GPSS simulation modeling system. Researching the topic is relevant because it is essential for comprehending and effectively utilizing a fundamental tool in the realm of simulation modeling. GPSS (General Purpose Simulation System) has been a prominent simulation language and environment for several decades, serving as a key instrument for modeling and analyzing complex systems across various domains. It is noted that the GPSS World simulation system is a modern and powerful tool for research and analysis of various systems, in particular in the field of mass service systems. Through its development history from the original GPSS to the latest version GPSS World, it has acquired a number of improvements that make it unique and highly effective. This system has a high level of interactivity, extensive functionality and the ability to model both discrete and continuous processes. Visualization and animation tools built into the system facilitate convenient observation and analysis of simulation results. Exploring the general characteristics of GPSS is essential for several reasons. Investigating the fundamental characteristics of GPSS provides insights into its underlying principles, methodologies, and computational mechanisms. By comprehensively studying the features and capabilities of GPSS, researchers can identify opportunities for enhancing its performance, scalability, and usability. GPSS offers a range of modeling constructs, simulation controls, and statistical analysis tools. Exploring its general characteristics allows researchers to uncover the full spectrum of modeling capabilities and adapt them to diverse application scenarios. As simulation modeling evolves, GPSS continues to evolve alongside new methodologies, techniques, and technologies. Investigating its general characteristics facilitates integration with advanced modeling approaches such as agent-based modeling, discrete-event simulation optimization, or hybrid simulation paradigms. Researching the general characteristics of GPSS contributes to educational initiatives in simulation modeling and operations research. It provides valuable content for instructional materials, textbooks, and courses aimed at introducing students to simulation concepts, programming languages, and best practices.

Development of Interactive Animated Multimedia-Based Learning Tools in Improving Student Learning Outcomes Healthy Food Materials

This study aims to produce interactive animated multimedia learning tools that are valid, practical, and effective in improving student learning outcomes of healthy food materials. This method used research and development with the ADDIE model and designed quasi-experiments. The population of this study was the teacher council along with grade V students of SDN Tamanbaru, SDN Kebalenan, SDN Sobo, SDN Kertosari 1, SDN Kertosari 2, and SDN Model. With samples of SDN Kebalenan (N = 28) as the experimental class and SDN Sobo (N = 28) as the control class. Assessment instruments were in the form of questionnaires, written tests, and observations. The data analysis techniques used were validity, reliability, normality, pair sample t-test, homogeneity, and independent t-test. The results showed: 1) Interactive animated multimedia devices, very feasible to use and valid with a value of 93.33%. The average reliability of 92.6 in the Excellent Reliability category; 2) Interactive animated multimedia devices, very practical with the ability to manage learning in experimental classes by 94.5% and student responses by 91.2%; 3) Interactive animated multimedia devices, very effective based on independent t-test data, with the significance value of Levene's test 0.189 > 0.05. The value of significance equality of means 0.002 < 0.05. While the statistically independent t-test group in the experimental class was 75.61 and the control class 64.86. Thus, interactive animated multimedia learning tools are valid, practical, and effective to be used in the learning process of healthy food materials.

AN INTERACTIVE EVACUATION TOOL TO IMPROVE THE PUBLIC FLOOD PERCEPTION

Abstract. The advancing climate change increases the danger of heavy rainfall events and devastating floods, which significantly threaten people’s lives and properties. Geographic information system (GIS) has been a valuable tool for mapping flood risks and emergency management worldwide. In this paper, we develop an interactive evacuation tool to improve public flood perception. This work presents how to create an interactive and animated evacuation tool to strengthen the population’s preparedness and action ability in case of a flood. We simulate water depths and flow velocities for a flood scenario in Bonn, Germany. Afterwards, we investigate the flood’s impact on buildings and streets for different flood situations using geoinformation tools in the software QGIS. Based on thresholds from the literature, we identify endangered buildings where inhabitants have to evacuate and streets still ensuring safe locomotion options during the advancing flood. Taking possible shelter points for the population into account then allows for computing the shortest path to the nearest shelter at each flood situation. Our findings are summarized in evacuation maps that can be used together as interactive information tools for the public and can also serve rescue management and disaster education.

A fetus in the world: Physiology, epidemiology, and the making of fetal origins of adult disease

Since the late 1980s, the fetal origins of adult disease, from 2003 developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), has stimulated significant interest in and an efflorescence of research on the long-term effects of the intrauterine environment. From the start, this field has been interdisciplinary, using experimental animal, clinical and epidemiological tools. As the influence of DOHaD on public health and policy expanded, it has drawn criticism for reducing the complex social and physical world of early life to women’s reproductive bodies as drivers of intergenerational ills. This paper explains this narrowing of focus in terms of a formative and consequential exchange between David Barker, the British epidemiologist whose work is credited with establishing the field, and the discipline of fetal physiology. We suggest that fetal physiologists were a crucial constituency of support for Barker’s hypothesis about early life origins of disease. Their collaborations with Barker helped secure and sustain the theory amid considerable controversy. The trajectory of DOHaD and its focus on the maternal body can be understood, we argue, as a consequence of this alliance, which brought together two distinct conceptualizations of the intrauterine environment, one from epidemiology and the other from fetal physiology. Along the way, we trace the histories of these conceptualizations, both of which were products of mid-to-late twentieth century British science, and show how Barker’s early emphasis on social and economic conditions was superseded by a narrower focus on physiological mechanisms acting upon the autonomous fetus.

A chimpanzee’s time to feast: seasonality of Macrotermes flight hole activity and alate dispersal flights detected by termite-fishing experiments and camera traps in the Issa Valley, Tanzania

IntroductionInvestigation into chimpanzee termite-fishing behavior has provided invaluable insights into the evolution of animal tool use and culture. However, research to date often overlooks how the ecology of termites may shape the nature of this predator–prey interaction. Though anecdotal links between meteorological factors, termite dispersal flights and the ability of chimpanzees to termite-fish have been made, these relationships were never empirically tested. In this study, we examined if and how the reproductive ecology of mound building termites (Macrotermes subhyalinus) affects the availability of this resource to termite-fishing chimpanzees in the Issa Valley, Tanzania.MethodsWe utilized in-person termite-fishing experiments, remote camera trap footage, as well as meteorological data to model both the availability of termite prey across seasons for chimpanzees as well as the timing of dispersal flights of the termite reproductive caste (alates). Additionally, we describe the predator diversity that characterizes alate swarming events during their seasonal dispersal flights.ResultsWe identify strong relationships between meteorological factors, Macrotermes alate dispersal flights and vulnerability of the colony to predation. As rainfall accumulates, Macrotermes become more abundant in their flight holes and are thus more vulnerable to researcher termite-fishing experiments. This increased accessibility to Macrotermes continues until alate dispersal flights which we also find are linked to cumulative rainfall as well as negatively correlated to wind speed.DiscussionThis type of baseline data on Macrotermes ecology is fundamental when forming hypotheses and designing studies into topics such as chimpanzee culture, tool-use, and foraging cognition.

Interactive Locomotion Style Control for a Human Character based on Gait Cycle Features

AbstractThis article introduces a data‐driven locomotion style controller for full‐body human characters using gait cycle features. Based on gait analysis, we define a set of gait features that can represent various locomotion styles as spatio‐temporal patterns within a single gait cycle. We compute the gait features for every single gait cycle in motion capture data and use them to search for the desired motion. Our real‐time style controller provides users with visual feedback for the changing inputs, exploiting the Motion Matching algorithm. We also provide a graphical controller interface that visualizes our style representation to enable intuitive control for users. We show that the proposed method is capable of retrieving appropriate locomotions for various gait cycle features, from simple walking motions to single‐foot motions such as hopping and dragging. To validate the effectiveness of our method, we conducted a user study that compares the usability and performance of our system with those of an existing footstep animation tool. The results show that our method is preferred over the baseline method for intuitive control and fast visual feedback.

Tool use, or not tool use, that is the question: is the necessity hypothesis really inconsequential for the African great apes?

Investigating the drivers of tool use in animals has recently received great attention because of its implication in understanding animals’ cognition and the evolution of tool use in hominins. The necessity hypothesis posits tool use as a necessary response to food scarcity, but its role is an ongoing debate. The largest body of literature comparing animal tool use frequencies is with regard to primates, particularly comparisons between the Pan species. This supports the hypothesis that tool use is rarer in wild bonobos because of differential manipulation abilities of chimpanzees rather than different ecological needs. In this article, I aim to enrich the discussion concerning the necessity hypothesis and the ecological drivers of tool use in apes. The higher feeding flexibility of bonobos may be a key aspect to explaining the lower use of feeding tools than that observed in chimpanzees. The diet flexibility of bonobos is similar to that of the lowest level of tool users among the wild great apes: the gorilla. Gorillas can thus help to shed further light on this debate. When fruit is scarce, Western gorillas and bonobos rely more on widely available proteinaceous herbs than chimpanzees, who remain highly frugivorous. Chimpanzees may thus face a greater necessity to search for an alternative to obtain high-quality food: tool-assisted feeding. An indirect piece of evidence for this higher level of herbivory is that the prevalence of gut ciliates in bonobos is double that of chimpanzees. In each animal species, a different combination of necessity, opportunities, predisposition, and learning processes are likely to be at play in the emergence of flexible tool use in animals.

Разработка системы полуавтоматического моделирования трехмерных изображений

Descriptive geometry is one of the main disciplines of the general engineering cycle. It presents methods of accurate representation of spatial objects on a plane, as well as the identification of geometric shapes of figures from given images. That is, this discipline is designed to give future engineers the knowledge and skills to build and read drawings.
 By causing the intensive work of students' spatial thinking, descriptive geometry contributes to the development of spatial representation. In descriptive geometry, a flat image of a spatial object is called a plot (drawing).
 Students studying descriptive geometry get acquainted with examples of practical use of the theoretical provisions of descriptive geometry in course and diploma design.
 However, it is much easier to perceive drawings in volume if they can be rotated and viewed from different sides. For these purposes, you can not do without third-party software. Visualization of objects in the presence of a three-dimensional model is provided by Unity. But to create a three–dimensional model according to the drawing, other software is required - for example, Blender. Therefore, the authors set a goal: to create a semi-automatic visualization system for two-dimensional drawings in space based on Blender software and to develop comprehensive and simple documentation that will allow even people far from programming to use the program.
 It is known that Blender is a powerful program for creating three-dimensional graphics that allows you to create various objects, scenes, animations, as well as edit them. Blender is a free and open source program available to anyone interested in three-dimensional modeling and computer graphics creation.
 Among the Blender tools for creating three-dimensional models are powerful tools for modeling, sculpting, animation and visualization of objects and scenes. In Blender, you can also draw textures and create 3D animations using animation tools such as key frames.

Rapid development of individual identification and presence systems for a critically endangered antelope, the Mountain bongo

AbstractMonitoring of species, particularly remnant populations requiring urgent conservation is often hampered by the lack of reliable tools for individual identification (using images or their spoor). Here, we develop rapid monitoring tools for individual animals of the Mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci), a critically endangered subspecies of the bongo only found in Kenya. We developed and tested an individual identification system using camera trap footage, as well as a quantitative tool to identify bongo spoor in the field, both useable by naïve observers. We implemented an information content approach to assess the importance of different visual elements in 61 individual bongos to optimise our identification system. We tested the reliability of the system with 15 naïve observers. We conclude that an optimal identification system should rely on three main visual features (stripe pattern, facial markings and horns appearance). We show that reliability amongst observers is high (κ = 0.64). We also developed a field scheme to identify footprint and spoor sign. Measurements of bongo footprints were compared with those of waterbuck (Kobus ellypsiprimnus), a syntopic antelope. Confusion occurs between spoor and footprints of both species. We find that differences in the aspect ratio of bongo and waterbuck footprints can identify the two species, 1.22 (±0.08) for bongo and 1.49 (±0.10) for waterbuck. The acquisition of reliable tools ensures monitoring activities are less dependent on individual expertise, which will allow consistent monitoring of bongo remnant populations in the future. The methods we used to develop these monitoring tools can help managers and field workers in the study of this and similar rare species where monitoring is a challenge.

The Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Movement Protein Gene Is a Novel Microbial Source Tracking Marker.

Microbial source tracking (MST) identifies sources of fecal contamination in the environment using host-associated fecal markers. While there are numerous bacterial MST markers that can be used herein, there are few such viral markers. Here, we designed and tested novel viral MST markers based on tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) genomes. We assembled eight nearly complete genomes of ToBRFV from wastewater and stool samples from the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States. Next, we developed two novel probe-based reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays based on conserved regions of the ToBRFV genome and tested the markers' sensitivities and specificities using human and non-human animal stool as well as wastewater. The ToBRFV markers are sensitive and specific; in human stool and wastewater, they are more prevalent and abundant than a commonly used viral marker, the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) coat protein (CP) gene. We used the assays to detect fecal contamination in urban stormwater samples and found that the ToBRFV markers matched cross-assembly phage (crAssphage), an established viral MST marker, in prevalence across samples. Taken together, these results indicate that ToBRFV is a promising viral human-associated MST marker. IMPORTANCE Human exposure to fecal contamination in the environment can cause transmission of infectious diseases. Microbial source tracking (MST) can identify sources of fecal contamination so that contamination can be remediated and human exposures can be reduced. MST requires the use of host-associated MST markers. Here, we designed and tested novel MST markers from genomes of tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). The markers are sensitive and specific to human stool and highly abundant in human stool and wastewater samples.

Design and Development of Improvised Pivotal Animation Board

This research project aimed to create and refine an innovative tool for animators called the Improvised Pivotal Animation Board (IPAB). The IPAB differs from existing Light-emitting Diode (LED) tracing boards in terms of its unique functionality. The researchers employed the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation (ADDIE) model, adapting it to suit the specific requirements of the study. During the analysis phase, the researchers examined the features of commonly used lightboxes in the animation industry and academic settings. They focused on traditional animation techniques to identify key aspects to incorporate into the IPAB. Additionally, the researchers considered the overall cost of developing the IPAB, ensuring an economically feasible design. Moreover, the design of the IPAB was aligned with the Harmonized Gender & Development Guidelines, guaranteeing inclusivity. The development phase followed a Gantt chart, serving as a roadmap for the researchers. They used this framework to guide the creation and testing of the IPAB. The results of the study indicated that the IPAB was successfully developed and exhibited optimal functionality. The device's stability was verified, and it demonstrated the ability to pivot in both left and right directions. Furthermore, the IPAB was designed to be rechargeable, enhancing its convenience and usability.

Thermal aerial culling for the control of vertebrate pest populations

Helicopter-based shooting is an effective management tool for large vertebrate pest animals. However, animals in low-density populations and/or dense habitat can be difficult to locate visually. Thermal-imaging technology can increase detections in these conditions. We used thermal-imaging equipment with a specific helicopter crew configuration to assist in aerial culling for feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and fallow deer (Dama dama) in South Australia in 2021. Seventy-two percent of pigs and 53% of deer were first detected in dense canopy/tall forest habitat. Median time from the first impact shot to incapacitation was < 12 s. The culling rate (animals hour−1) doubled compared to visual shoots over the same populations and the wounding rate was zero resulting in a incapacitation efficiency of 100%. The crew configuration gave the shooter a wide field of view and the thermal operator behind the shooter provided essential support to find new and escaping animals, and to confirm species identification and successful removal. The crew configuration allowed for successful target acquisition and tracking, with reduced target escape. The approach can increase the efficiency of aerial culling, has the potential to increase the success of programs where eradication is a viable option, and can improve animal welfare outcomes by reducing wounding rates and the escape of target animals.

Including the patient in patient blood management: Development and assessment of an educational animation tool.

Patient blood management (PBM) programs are effective at reducing transfusion-associated mortality and morbidity; however, patient engagement within the realm of PBM remains relatively unstudied. Our objectives were to develop a novel educational tool utilizing animation to educate preoperative patients about anemia and to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention. We created a patient-facing animation for preoperative surgical patients. The animation addressed characters' health journeys from diagnosis to treatment, addressing the role of PBM. We utilized the concept of patient activation as a means to empower patients, and developed the animation to be as accessible as possible. Post-viewing, patients provided feedback utilizing an electronic survey. A final version of the animation can be found here: https://vimeo.com/495857315. A total of 51 participants viewed our animation, the majority of whom were planned to undergo joint replacement or cardiac surgery. Almost all (94%, N = 4) agreed that taking an active role in their health was the most important factor in determining their ability to function. The video was felt to be easy to understand (96%, N = 49), and 92% (N = 47) agreed that they had a better understanding of anemia and its treatment. After watching the animation, patients felt more certain that they could follow through with their PBM plan (98%, N = 50). To the best of our knowledge, there are no other PBM-specific patient education animations. Patients enjoyed learning about PBM though animation, and patient education may lead to better uptake of PBM interventions. We hope that other hospitals will be inspired to pursue this approach.

On the nature of picobirnaviruses.

The picobirnaviruses (Picobirnaviridae, Picobirnavirus, PBVs) are currently thought to be animal viruses, as they are usually found in animal stool samples. However, no animal model or cell culture for their propagation has yet been found. In 2018, a hypothetical assumption about PBVs belonging to prokaryotic viruses was put forward and experimentally substantiated. This hypothesis is based on the presence of Shine-Dalgarno sequences in the genome of all PBVs before three reading frames (ORF) at the ribosomal binding site, with which the prokaryotic genome is saturated, while in the eukaryotic genome such regions occur with low frequency. The genome saturation with the Shine-Dalgarno sequences, as well as the preservation of this saturation in the progeny, according to scientists, allows us to attribute PBVs to prokaryotic viruses. On the other hand, there is a possibility that PBVs belong to viruses of eukaryotic hosts - fungi or invertebrates, since PBV-like sequences similar to the genome of fungal viruses from the families of mitoviruses and partitiviruses have been identified. In this regard, the idea arose that, in terms of reproduction mode, PBVs resemble fungal viruses. The divergence of views on the true PBV host(s) has sparked discussions among scientists and required further research to elucidate their nature. The review highlights the results of the search for a PBV host. The reasons for the occurrence of atypical sequences among the PBV genome sequences that use an alternative mitochondrial code of lower eukaryotes (fungi and invertebrates) for the translation of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) instead of the standard genetic code are analyzed. The purpose of the review was to collect arguments in support of the hypothesis about the phage nature of PBVs and to find the most realistic explanation of the reasons for identifying non-standard genomic sequences for PBVs. Based on the hypothesis about the genealogical relationship of PBVs with RNA viruses from other families with similar segmented genomes, such as Reoviridae, Cystoviridae, Totiviridae and Partitiviridae, virologists support the assumption of a decisive role in the origin of atypical PBV-like reassortment strains between PBVs and viruses of the listed families. The collected arguments given in this review indicate a high probability of a phage nature of PBVs. The data presented in the review show that the belonging of PBV-like progeny to prokaryotic or eukaryotic viruses is determined not only by its genome saturation level with a prokaryotic motif, standard or mitochondrial genetic code. The primary structure of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein responsible for the presence or absence of specific proteolytic properties of the virus that determine its ability for independent horizontal transmission into new cells may also be a decisive factor.

Применение средств визуализации для задач оптимизации транспортной модели

The article discusses the combination of problems of transport system simulation and the visualization of the results of the optimization experiment. Simulation is widely used in logistics and supply chains, healthcare, transport, warehouse and transportation management, finance, business processes, service systems, railways, strategic planning and management. The paper discusses the solution to the optimisation problem for management of the intersection of roads of the megalopolis transport network taking advantage of one of the AnyLogic simulation tools. The AnyLogic development environment uses an object-oriented approach that helps in the organization and presentation of complex systems. Built-in animation tools make it easy to visualize the simulation model, as well as interpretation of the behavior of complex systems. The manuscript describes the visualization of the construction of an intersection and solving the problem of calculating the optimal duration of traffic light phases using an optimization experiment.

Investigating One Health risks for human colonisation with extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Malawian households: a longitudinal cohort study

Low-income countries have high morbidity and mortality from drug-resistant infections, especially from enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli. In these settings, sanitation infrastructure is of variable and often inadequate quality, creating risks of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales transmission. We aimed to describe the prevalence, distribution, and risks of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales colonisation in sub-Saharan Africa using a One Health approach. Between April 29, 2019, and Dec 3, 2020, we recruited 300 households in Malawi for this longitudinal cohort study: 100 each in urban, peri-urban, and rural settings. All households underwent a baseline visit and 195 were selected for longitudinal follow-up, comprising up to three additional visits over a 6 month period. Data on human health, antibiotic usage, health-seeking behaviours, structural and behavioural environmental health practices, and animal husbandry were captured alongside human, animal, and environmental samples. Microbiological processing determined the presence of ESBL-producing E coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and hierarchical logistic regression was performed to evaluate the risks of human ESBL-producing Enterobacterales colonisation. A paucity of environmental health infrastructure and materials for safe sanitation was identified across all sites. A total of 11 975 samples were cultured, and ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were isolated from 1190 (41·8%) of 2845 samples of human stool, 290 (29·8%) of 973 samples of animal stool, 339 (66·2%) of 512 samples of river water, and 138 (46·0%) of 300 samples of drain water. Multivariable models illustrated that human ESBL-producing E coli colonisation was associated with the wet season (adjusted odds ratio 1·66, 95% credible interval 1·38-2·00), living in urban areas (2·01, 1·26-3·24), advanced age (1·14, 1·05-1·25), and living in households where animals were observed interacting with food (1·62, 1·17-2·28) or kept inside (1·58, 1·00-2·43). Human ESBL-producing K pneumoniae colonisation was associated with the wet season (2·12, 1·63-2·76). There are extremely high levels of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales colonisation in humans and animals and extensive contamination of the wider environment in southern Malawi. Urbanisation and seasonality are key risks for ESBL-producing Enterobacterales colonisation, probably reflecting environmental drivers. Without adequate efforts to improve environmental health, ESBL-producing Enterobacterales transmission is likely to persist in this setting. Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, and Wellcome Trust. For the Chichewa translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Video-documentation of true and borderline tool use by wild American black bears

Animal tool use has been documented for a variety of wildlife, but few studies have evaluated tool use by bears. We used long-term video data to observe and classify behaviors of wild American black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Montana, USA, during 2012–2022. We present video-documentation of true and borderline tool use by multiple individuals. Six bears (4F:2M) picked up sticks from the bottom of a creek pool and then manipulated the sticks with their forepaws to scratch and/or rub themselves. In addition, one bear manipulated a tree sapling near a cage trap in an apparent attempt to reach hanging food. We identified several parent–offspring relationships among our small sample size of tool users, indicating that tool use behavior may have partially developed via social learning and/or genetic inheritance. Our findings build on the limited research on ursid tool use and demonstrate the value of long-term video data to document wild bear behavior.

Dematerialized participation challenges: Methods and practices for online focus groups.

This study explores the limitations and benefits of different approaches to conducting online focus groups and illustrates an online focus group protocol used within the Value for Schools project in Italy. According to the project evaluation design, 13 online focus groups were organized, with the participation of 101 teachers and 37 school principals. The protocol setup, incorporation, and reorganization of the indications have been discussed in the literature, addressing the methodological and practical issues, such as the selection of participants and preliminary communication with them; the web conference platform (Zoom Business); timing, as well as access times and mode; the roles of the researchers involved (moderator, co-host technical assistant, co-host-observer, co-host-animator) and their integration spaces; technological support; and animation tools. The recording and transcription tools and subsequent analysis of the textual corpus are presented. Finally, the authors discuss the validation and reliability of online focus group protocols.

Status of Instrument Development in the Field of Human-Animal Interactions &amp; Bonds: Ten Years On

Abstract The multidisciplinary nature of human-(nonhuman) animal interactions (HAI), and global interest in HAI development, has led to an explosion of research in recent years justifying the need to update previous reviews in the subject area. This paper reports the results of a systematic literature review focusing on measures of HAI created in the ten-year period since previous reviews ended (2008). Thirty new HAI questionnaires were identified using two sets of search terms. Results indicated that reliability and validity testing were still not standard within tool creation. Companion animal HAI remained dominant in the instrument field; however, there was continued research into exotic animal HAI and the initiation of research into therapy and assistance animal HAI. Refinement of terminology and consistent use of definitions could facilitate researchers from various disciplines being able to locate relevant research in future. Similar review updates are recommended for attitudes to animal tools.

This Month in Pediatric Urology.

No AccessJournal of UrologyThis Month in Pediatric Urology20 Feb 2023This Month in Pediatric Urology Julian Wan Julian WanJulian Wan More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003374AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "This Month in Pediatric Urology." The Journal of Urology, Publish Ahead of Print, pp. – REFERENCES 1. . 10 Amazing example of how deep learning AI is used in practice. Forbes.2018; 20. Accessed February 5, 2023. Google Scholar 2. . Deep learning of videourodynamics to classify bladder dysfunction severity in patients with spina bifida.J Urol.2023; 209(5):000-000. Google Scholar 3. . Interrater reliability in interpretation of neuropathic pediatric urodynamic tracings: an expanded multicenter study. J Urol.2018; 199(5):1337-1343. Link, Google Scholar 4. . Animal Tool Behavior, revised edition. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2011. Crossref, Google Scholar © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Julian Wan More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...