Tons Of Coal Research Articles

Modern Problems of Increasing Coal Mines Power Supply Efficiency

In this article, the authors consider the main problems of increasing the efficiency of coal mines electrical power system (EPS). The identified problems are divided into two groups: problems that can be solved at the design stage and problems that can be solved at the operation stage. Within each group, the authors consider various problems and propose possible solutions. It is noted that as a result of the solution of formulated problems it is possible to form the problem of developing an intelligent coal mines EPS. To solve this problem it is necessary to use modern technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things) and BIG DATA. In prospective it will allow to create a unified cyber-physical system uniting the virtual and real worlds within the framework of the coal mining technological process and ensuring the rational management of the coal mine EPS by the criterion of minimizing the energy consumption for extracting one ton of coal. As a conclusion, the authors note the necessity of solving the formulated problems for the implementation of the “Industry 4.0” concept, which has great importance for the Russian coal industry.

South Africa’s Power Producer’s Revised Coal Ash Strategy and Implementation Progress

The South African electricity public utility Eskom has embarked on a process to increase utilisation of the ash produced through the electricity generation process at its coal-fired power stations. In the 2014-2015 financial year, 119.2 million tons of coal was consumed, producing 34.4 million tons (28.9%) of ash. About 7% of the Eskom ash is sold from 6 of the 13 coal-fired power stations. Many stations are currently running out of ash storage space, and expansion of the ash disposal facilities is required, which could affect security of supply because of limited ashing areas. Additionally, legislative requirements lead to extra requirements for ash storage facilities, requiring high capital expenditure. Increased utilisation of ash will postpone or ultimately avoid such capital expenditure. The South African legislative framework strictly governs ash utilisation. For this reason, Eskom has rejuvenated its Ash Utilisation Project by submitting an application to the Department of Environmental Affairs on behalf of the industry. Eskom is therefore leading an advocacy campaign for ash utilisation. Ash could play a key role in business development, job creation, skills transfer, and localisation. The development of small brick-making facilities in close proximity to power stations is ideal. It is imperative to develop new markets that consume high volumes of ash, including road construction and agriculture and land rehabilitation. The backfilling of mines with ash provides an opportunity; tied collieries are located in close proximity to power stations and could absorb high volumes of ash and benefit the ability to rehabilitate mines and mine closures cost efficiently. Care needs to be taken for the environmental and health impacts of this application. Multiple benefits can be derived from dealing with ash in an environmentally responsible way. Not only will the environmental footprint be limited, new applications will reduce CO~2~ emissions, acid mine drainage can be treated, and mine rehabilitation will be supported. Eskom cost reduction benefits could eventually filter through to the electricity consumer in terms of electricity price, and satisfactory socioeconomic benefits can be realised.

Екологічні наслідки використання електричних теплогенераторів для ущільнення графіків електричних навантажень під час нічного провалу ОЕС України

This article presents the results of our analysis of the environmental implications of using different types of consumer regulators (electric boilers, heat pumps and cogeneration units), intended to regulate the load of the UES of Ukraine during its «night depressions». It is established that additional electricity consumption by electric heat generators (EHG) will be equal to 5.35 billion kWh per year. For the production of this amount of electricity, it will be necessary to burn from 6527 to 7456 thousand tons of coal at TPPs (depending on the period of operation of EHG), which will have a significant influence on the environment in the form of emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants, namely sulfur oxides and dust. As follows from here, in accordance with the Tax Code of Ukraine, TPPs will be forced to pay additional taxes on these emissions, which will reach about 200 million UAH per year before their reconstruction. Therefore, the introduction of electric heat generators is expedient after the modernization and reconstruction of thermal power plants, which will significantly reduce the emissions of harmful substances and, accordingly, taxes on them by a factor of 13.8. If heat pumps are used as electric heat generators, a significant area of the soil will be cooled during the life cycle of their operation, which will make it unsuitable for planting, disturb the ecological balance, and cause discomfort to the inhabitants. The process of soil temperature restoration after the removal of heat pumps from operation will take more than 20 years. In the case of introducing high-power air heat pumps, there is a risk of changing the microclimate of a residential area (overcooling during the cold season and overheating in summer). To reduce the influence of heat pumps on the environment, it is expedient to use low-potential energy sources of anthropogenic nature, namely, the heat of sewage, technological water, ventilation systems, flue gases, and others.

Cultural Strength, Connection to Land, Social Justice and the Adani Carmichael Mine: Placing Aboriginal Health and Wellbeing Front and Centre in Mining Decisions in Australia

The harvesting of Australia’s massive mineral reserves began the 1840’s; 50 years after Captain Cook landed in Botany Bay, driving massive population influx, environmental degradation and forced evacuation of Aboriginal homelands and communities. Today, the impacts of fossil fuel mining continue to disturb the physical, social and emotional, spiritual and cultural wellbeing and community cohesion of Aboriginal Australians. These First Australians already experience enormous inequalities in health, social and economic status, as well as transgenerational trauma from widespread death, systematic removal from Lands and disempowerment of family and culture since 1788. Today’s Australian focal point of environmental activism is opposition to the $16.5 billion Adani Carmichael mega-mine proposal to extract 6.3 billion tons of coal over 60 years from the Traditional Lands of the Wangan and Jagalingou people. Highlighting contravention of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples endorsed by Australia in 2009, Traditional Owner Adrian Burragabba warns, they will stop our dreaming… where will the song go; what will the song be; there will be nothing left… [but] we are still here and no still means no. Now is the time to stand stronger than ever to step up to the fight. Like most Indigenous Peoples, Aboriginal Australians recognise inseparable connections between the health of Land and its people. This talk examines benefits to epidemiologists in understanding the importance of social, emotional and spiritual wellbeing as a foundational environmental health determinant. We focus on principles developed by Aboriginal Australians (NHMRC Roadmap) to ensure that research strengthens health, spirit and integrity. We argue that these must underpin urgently needed research partnerships to improve health impact assessment with Aboriginal people facing destruction of their Lands and enforce deeper consideration in government decisions on fossil fuel developments.

Effects of fast-desorbed gas on the propagation characteristics of outburst shock waves and gas flows in underground roadways

Abstract Coal and gas outbursts are the most serious disaster in the underground mining. During an intense outburst, ejection of millions tons of coal and cubic meters of gas with high kinetic energy can cause death or injuries and even destroy underground facilities, the intensity of outburst shock waves and gas flows is highly related to the gas expansion energy, and the gas expansion energy requires the participation of a large amount of desorption gas. There is a significant difference in the gas desorption law between the pulverized coal and the unaffected coal. To investigate the effects of fast-desorbed gas on the propagation characteristics of outburst shock waves and gas flows, the particle size distribution characteristics of pulverized coal were obtained by site investigation. Then, gas desorption experiments were conducted for coal particles of various sizes at different gas pressures and temperatures. The results indicate that a segmentation function is reasonable for representing the gas desorption law during coal and gas outbursts. Based on the gas desorption law, numerical simulation for the propagation characteristics of outburst gas flows were conducted. The results show that fast-released gas compresses the air within the roadway, thereby generating outburst shock waves that propagate at high speed. The intensity of the outburst shock waves decrease with time. Simultaneously, the gas convective transport velocity is lower than that of the outburst shock waves, large areas of high-concentration gas in roadways are induced by the outburst gas flows.

Mapping the yearly extent of surface coal mining in Central Appalachia using Landsat and Google Earth Engine.

Surface mining for coal has taken place in the Central Appalachian region of the United States for well over a century, with a notable increase since the 1970s. Researchers have quantified the ecosystem and health impacts stemming from mining, relying in part on a geospatial dataset defining surface mining’s extent at a decadal interval. This dataset, however, does not deliver the temporal resolution necessary to support research that could establish causal links between mining activity and environmental or public health and safety outcomes, nor has it been updated since 2005. Here we use Google Earth Engine and Landsat imagery to map the yearly extent of surface coal mining in Central Appalachia from 1985 through 2015, making our processing models and output data publicly available. We find that 2,900 km2 of land has been newly mined over this 31-year period. Adding this more-recent mining to surface mines constructed prior to 1985, we calculate a cumulative mining footprint of 5,900 km2. Over the study period, correlating active mine area with historical surface mine coal production shows that each metric ton of coal is associated with 12 m2 of actively mined land. Our automated, open-source model can be regularly updated as new surface mining occurs in the region and can be refined to capture mining reclamation activity into the future. We freely and openly offer the data for use in a range of environmental, health, and economic studies; moreover, we demonstrate the capability of using tools like Earth Engine to analyze years of remotely sensed imagery over spatially large areas to quantify land use change.

Investigation into the Propensity of Coal for Spontaneous Heating in Stockpiles

Spontaneous heating of coals continues to be a major environmental, safety and economic concern in coal storage, preparation and firing systems in power plants. Coal handling plants mitigate spontaneous heating in coal stockpiles by stacking in layers and compaction. This study was focused on investigating self-heating behaviour of compacted and loosely stacked stockpiles commonly used in a coal handling plant. Experimental stockpiles, each having 2500–3000 ton of coal, were built: compacted and loosely stacked. Temperature changes within the stockpiles were measured over a test period. Hot coals from loosely stacked stockpile were spread out to cool and re-stacked to form a third experimental stockpile.

Impact Assessment From Coal Mining Area in Southern Brazil

The mining activity is highly environmental impacting, being the excavation process and waste sterile rejects crowding the main pollution sources. The Santa Catarina Coal Basin has great importance, considering that contains 4.3 billions tons of coal (13% of the Brazilian reserve) and 6.400 hectares of degraded area. That way, the study objective was to characterize and identify the ambient impacts derivated from coal mining activities, at the Sideropolis city, SC. The base method used to evaluate was The Leopold matrix which adaptations were made according to a qualitative attribute weighting matrix to verify the significance of impacts. The interaction between two actions of the enterprise and 11 generated environmental impacts was analysed according to the attributes of frequency, extension, duration, direction and degree, both in the physical and anthropic environments. All impacts had a negative direction, where the most striking activity was the opening of the cava, which, when forming the acidic lagoon, changes the surface water quality, being described as of great importance. Therefore, recognizing the principal environment problems could help on strategies to accomplish the recovery requirements of degraded areas on this area.

Shadow price of CO2 emissions in Indian thermal power sector

This paper estimates production efficiency and shadow prices of CO2 emissions for coal-fired thermal power plants in India. It employs a unique sample of 56 power plants for 2000–2013 acquired primarily by invoking the Right to Information Act 2005. It estimates parametric quadratic directional output distance function using linear programming approach. We find that CO2 intensity of electricity generation could be reduced by about 16 and 23% if the power plants were made to operate efficiently. The estimated average shadow prices of US$ 14.54 and 18.68 for a ton of CO2 emission, depending upon a plant’s strategies for enhancing electricity and reducing CO2 emissions, reflect that the prevailing Clean Energy Cess of US$ 6.15 on a ton of coal or US$ 3.81 on a ton of CO2 emissions is not enough to induce the required emission mitigation. Significant variation in the estimates of shadow prices across the thermal power plants calls for use of economic instruments to reduce the emissions.

Impact of Seasonal Winter Air Pollution on Health across the Lifespan in Mongolia and Some Putative Solutions.

Environmental pollution of the air, water, and soil comprise an increasingly urgent challenge to global health, well-being, and productivity. The impact of environmental pollution arguably has its greatest impact across the lifespan on children, women of childbearing age, and pregnant women and their unborn children, not only because of their vulnerability during development, but also because of their subsequent longevity. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, is a highly instructive, perhaps extreme, example of what happens with recent, rapid urbanization. It is the coldest capital city on Earth, where average ambient temperatures routinely fall below -40°C/F between November and February. During the cold winter period, more than 200,000 "Gers" (traditional felt-lined dwellings) in the "Ger district" burn over 600,000 tons of coal for domestic heating (>3 tons each). Thus, outdoor ambient particulate levels frequently exceed 100 times the WHO-recommended safety level for sustained periods of time, and drive the majority of personal particulate matter exposure. Indoor levels of exposure are somewhat lower in this setting because Gers are equipped with chimneys. Major adverse health impacts that we have documented in the Ger districts include the following: respiratory diseases among those between 1 and 59 years of age and cardiac diseases in those over 60; alarming increases in lung cancer rates in females are also beginning to emerge; and fertility and subsequent successful completion of term pregnancy falls by up to half during the winter pollution season, while early fetal death rises by fourfold. However, the World Bank has intervened with a Ger stove replacement project that has progressively reduced winter pollution by about 30% over the past 5 years, and this has been accompanied by an increase in mean term birth weight of up to 100g. Each incremental decrement in air pollution clearly has beneficial effects on pregnancy, which are likely to have the greatest positive health and macroeconomic impact across the lifespan. However, innovative policies and solutions are clearly needed to eliminate coal heating in Gers and thus further reduce the markedly negative health impact of this practice.

Development and Sliding Wear Response of Epoxy Composites Filled with Coal Mine Overburden Material

The paper reports on development and characterization of epoxy based composites filled with micro-sized mine overburden material. Coal mine overburden material is typically highly heterogeneous and is considered as waste material. For excavating each ton of coal, roughly 5 tons of overburden materials are removed and is dumped nearby occupying large space. Gainful utilization of this waste is a major challenge. In the present work, this material is used as filler materials in making a new class of epoxy matrix composites. Composites with different weight proportions of fillers (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40) wt. % are prepared by hand layup technique. Compression tests are performed as per corresponding ASTM standards to assess the compressive strength of these composites. Further, dry sliding tests are performed following ASTM G99 standards using a pin on disk machine. A design of experiment approach based on Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal arrays is adopted. Tests are performed at different sliding velocities for multiple sliding distances under varying normal loads. Specific wear rates of the composites under different test conditions are obtained. The analysis of the test results revealed that the filler content and the sliding velocity are the most predominant control factors affecting the wear rate. This work thus, opens up a new avenue for the value added utilization of coal mine overburden material.

Analysis and Research on Control Technology of Large Mining Height Fully Mechanized Face and Roadway Surrounding Rock

Coal is important basic energy and important raw materials, the development of coal industry to support the rapid development of the national economy. In the 1950s and 1960s, the proportion of coal in China's primary energy production and consumption structure accounted for 90% and 80% respectively, and the proportion of coal in 2004 was 75.6% and 67.7% respectively. In recent years, with the rapid development of fully mechanized mining equipment manufacturing technology, fully mechanized mining equipment to heavy, strong and automated, so that the reliability of the equipment is guaranteed, a strong impetus to the development of large mining technology, new round of coal mining technology revolution, the current in the East, Jincheng and other mining areas have been the first in the thick coal seam f = 1.5-5 use of large mining height fully mechanized mining equipment, to achieve the highest efficiency, the lowest cost of tons of coal. The main points of this paper are: in the production of coal enterprises to improve the competitiveness of the coal market. Conditions and conditions of coal storage conditions should be allowed to give priority to the use of large mining and mining methods.

The impact of the compositional nature of data on coal reserve evaluation, a case study in Parvadeh IV coal deposit, Central Iran

Coal proximate analysis is a form of typical compositional data, commonly represented with constant sum. Although the direct geostatistical modeling of compositional data provides apparently reasonable outputs, the results are always exposed to inconsistency and non-optimality. In this paper, we compare the compositional and noncompositional approaches to assess the problems caused by neglecting the compositional nature of data. The ultimate goal is to attain an accurate approach for coal reserve evaluation. The presented compositional approach was executed and validated on field data from the Parvadeh IV coal deposit in Central Iran. The comparison of sum of values maps, Aitchison distance, actual vs. estimated cross-plots and correct classification rate of the mentioned approaches illustrate that the compositional approach is notably more accurate and reliable. To compare tonnage – grade curves, new formulations are proposed to calculate T and T+, two moments of total tonnage, defined based on the random variables of stochastic simulation. Tonnage – grade and mean grade – cut-off grade curves showed that the noncompositional approach has overestimated ash values and underestimated carbon content. This can lead the analyst to misinterpretation and underrating the deposit. Quantitative comparison of tonnage – grade curves of the approaches revealed that at cut-offs of 31% for ash and 52% for fixed carbon, nearly 5 and 3 million tons of coal are being considered as waste by the noncompositional approach. Consequently, neglecting the compositional nature of data will result in deviated outputs, unrealistic models and unreliable evaluations and finally lead to financial losses. Thus, it is strongly recommended to consider the compositional nature of data in reserve evaluations.

Endangering Residents in Shipitull Village by Landslide at the Surface Mining in South West Sibovc

Facing the problem of the expropriation of the Shipitull village and the non-advancement of mining activity in the direction of the frontal work for the removal of the clay overburden for the use of coal, geo-mechanical drilling was performed to determine the most accurate physical-mechanical parameters to calculate the height of the partial and generals slopes with the safety factor Fs> 1.2, to create optimum conditions for the use of the detected coal reserves of 15 million tons of coal with the general 18° degree angle with safety factors Fs ≥ 1.27 according to the geotechnical standards. As the basis for calculating the slopes were taken physical-mechanical drilling parameters that were realized in 2015-2017, the tests were performed in the geotechnical laboratory at the INKOS Institute which is licensed to ISO 9001/2015 according to geotechnical standards. Based on the obtained results, statistical processing was performed for the classified parameters (physical) and the mechanical parameters obtained with the triangle test, the direct test and the tensile test. By comparing the physicochemical parameters based on the drilling of 2015 and 2017, there is change of values of angle I•0 and cohesion C in the lithological layers due to the presence of moisture. The calculations were carried out with Slide v6 and Geo5 Fine software. Two methods were used during calculation: Circular and Polynomial methods for partial angle of height (h)=30 m and angle (α)=48° with the safety factor Fs<1 and for a general angle of height (h)=55 m with angle (α)=13° with current useable reserves of 6.8 million tons of coal having Safety factor Fs ≥ 1.27.

Parrot on a Stone Plinth

Parrot on a Stone Plinth Jennifer Stock (bio) I An artist arranges five shells on a shelf. The shelf hovers in midair, juts out from a milky, dark background. Whorls, crenellations, spirals, speckles, and striations glow softly under an unseen light source. An austere color palette sharpens our sense of scale and shape. A small, peach shell lies like a recumbent amphora; a large, chalky one balances on a series of fang-like spikes. Three are oriented with their apertures toward us. We glimpse their inner voids; this shelf might be floating in outer space. An adage of my mother's returns: odd numbers work best for arrangements. The Dutch artist Adriaen Coorte will complete Shells on a Stone Plinth in 1698. At the time that he places the shells on the shelf to paint them, they are highly prized by collectors. Carried long distances to the Netherlands from Dutch colonies, the shells are part of the vast circulation of resources that will swell capital in the Western world. That the shells have been taken from a country from which much will be taken is not apparent. Their striking pose against darkness shows them to advantage but also erases their context. Coercion and beauty exist in their willful grouping against a blank background; they are at once collector's items and colonized objects. And as viewers, we are invited to savor their exoticism rather than imagine their plunder. II In 2008 I purchase a yellow-crowned Amazon parrot named Aria on Craigslist. I'm trying to improve the end of my mother's life. In pursuit of this goal, I drive to a suburban development tucked within the cancerous sprawl around Indianapolis to pick up the parrot. I know nothing about parrots, but my mother has recently said she would like one. She thinks a talking animal will make her less lonely. My parents already have a cat and two rambunctious dogs, and my mom's illness, combined with my father's dementia, puts caring for pets on an increasingly long list of things neither of them should be doing. But I'm on a mission to fulfill wishes while I can, so I pull over at a nondescript ranch house and fork over six hundred dollars. The small house is filled with birds; the people tell me that Aria was the pet of a friend who can no longer take care of her after having a baby. I gaze around at the cages lining the living room wall, the bird toys tossed across the tan shag carpet, the parrots walking around [End Page 10] everywhere, and realize that something's probably off. But soon I'm driving home with a shiny green creature crowned with a yellow lick of flame, her head cocked curiously, her eyes reptilian, flashing, inscrutable. III At the time of its construction in 1840, the Great Conservatory at Chatsworth House is the largest glass building in England. Broad translucent walls and a soaring, sixty-foot ceiling warm a collection of exotic plants: palms, moss, ferns, and aquatic lilies. Two carriages can drive within the jungle of the Conservatory side by side, allowing women in silks to gaze with an air of unfocused triumph on the spoils of imperial plant hunting in the dead of winter. Conservatory architect and Chatsworth House head gardener Joseph Paxton has created a protective environment for his transplants. He is a virtuoso at enabling plants to thrive in glass cages. He becomes the first person in England to bring the giant Amazonian lily to flower, which he accomplishes in a smaller glass house with a special tank to accommodate five-foot lily pads strong enough to sustain the weight of his young daughter Annie. His glass houses exemplify the careful control and culture that support conquest; they are an étude of the artificial. Sunlight alone does not allow plants like water lilies and lotus to survive the cold in England. So tunnels are dug under the Great Conservatory. Wagons run on subterranean rails and cart three hundred tons of coal to eight underground boilers over the course of one winter. These coal fires warm seven miles of hot water...

TDLAS直接吸收法和波长调制法在线测量CO2的比较

According to the statistics, 39.65 billion tons of coal has been consumed up from China in 2015. Obviously, CO2 emission from power generation and thermal supply industry segment contributes a large part to global warming. Therefore, it is of great importance for online monitoring of CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants. The CO2 concentration was measured by tunable semiconductor laser absorption spectrum(TDLAS), which had the benefits of high accuracy, rapid response, non-contact, etc. In order to prevent interference from absorption of other gases, a distributed feedback laser with a center wavelength of 1 580 nm was chosen as the light source. Simulated flue gas was made referring to the concentration of CO2 in the flue gas of the power plant. The direct absorption(DA) and wavelength modulation(WM) methods were used to measure the CO2 concentration. The results show that the relative standard deviation(RSD) for DA and WM are 0.94% and 0.22%, while the maximum relative errors and detection limits for DA and WM are 2.64% and 1.65%, 0.013 6% and 0.001 4%. It is found that WM is better than DA in measurement qualities. But the WM method is influenced by the calibration method in field application and the line width is interfered by the fluctuations of the parameters such as pressure and temperature, resulting in reduced long-term stability. In the case of the DA method, the concentration can be calculated directly by measuring the absorbance, line strength and pressure without calibration. It has a high signal-to-noise ratio for the measurement of gas with high concentration. Meanwhile, the measurement accuracy is high enough to meet the requirement for CO2 online measurement in power plants. Therefore, the DA method is a better choice for the CO2 measurement in the flue gas of power plant boiler.

Growth and productivity of energy poplar plantanions under the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To investigate growth patterns of 9-year-old energy plantations of four poplar clones established on fresh gray forest soils of the Western Forest-Steppe in terms of feasibility of producing raw energy feedstock and to find out the optimal harvesting timing.Methods. The plantations were established by planting woody cuttings of the following clones: ‘Druzhba’ (P. trichocarpa × P. laurifolia), ‘P. canadensis × P. balsamifera’, ‘Strilopodibna’ (P. ×euramericana × P. pyramidalis) and ‘Tronko’ (P. × euramericana). The planting design was 2.0 × 0.8 m.Results. The highest survival of 7-year-old plants marked ‘Tronko’ (88 %) and ‘Druzhba’ (86 %) clones and the smallest ‘P. canadensis × P. balsamifera’(78 %). The ‘Druzhba’ cultivar had the highest average height (10.3±0.33 m). The rest of the clones practically did not differ in terms of their height, which varied from 9.5±0.46 m to 9.8±0.36 m. The largest value of average tree diameter (7.4±0.35 cm) was found in the ‘P. canadensis × P. balsamifera’ clone, which at the same time showed the smallest survival. The rest of the studied clones in terms of average diameter differed insignificantly (from 6.5±0.27 cm to 6.8±0.32 cm). At the age of 7-year-old, the highest feedstock yield marked the stands of ‘P. canadensis × P. balsamifera’ (113 m3/ha) and ‘Druzhba’ (122 m3/ha) clones. In plantations of ‘Tronko’, yield amounted to 105 m3/ha and in the ‘Strilopodibna’ to 93 m3/ha. Thus, their 7-year-old plantations produced the feedstock yield from 13.3 to 17.4 m3/ha per year. For the next 2 years, there was a significant mortality of the trees of the clones ‘Tronko’ and ‘P. canadensis × P. balsamifera’, which negatively affected their stock records. The largest stock showed ‘Druzhba’ clone (139 m3/ha). The average change in the stock and the overall productivity of all clones turned out to be less in 9-year-old plantations as compared with 7-year-old ones. This indicates that under the conditions of the experiment, the optimal age of cutting poplar stands with an initial planting density of about 6 000 trees per 1 hectare is 6 to 7 years. The highest productivity was shown by ‘Druzhba’ plantation with the value of 122 m3/ha, followed by ‘P. canadensis × P. balsamifera’ (113 m3/ha), ‘Tronko’ (105 m3/ha), ‘Strilopodibna’ (93 m3/ha), that in terms of energy yield varied from 96.7 to 127.9 MJ per 1 ha in a year.Conclusions. On gray forest soils of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, it is advisable to establish energy plantations of all four clones under investigation with the rotation age from 6 to 7 years. ‘Druzhba’ cultivar marked high productivity indicators, with the 7-year-old plantation accumulated, on the average, 17.4 m3/ha of wood per year, which is equivalent to 8.74 tons of coal, 3.08 tons of diesel fuel and 2.56 tons of natural gas.

Economies of Scale in Seaborne Coal Transportation: A Case Study of İSDEMİR Port

Economies of scale has a vital role in keeping transport costs low in shipping. It makes possible to merchandise with far destinations. Economies of scale reduces the transportation costs per unit. Importing a commodity from a far country may cost less than importing it from neighboring country. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which this cost advantage is used in practice by industrial firms and to test the operative field validity of the theory. In this study, it is assumed theoretically that the larger vessels would have lower transport costs and the model is simplified by eliminating transport costs and coal prices. . In other words, as the distance increases, the size of the ship will also increase according to our basic hypothesis. ISDEMIR Port is selected as a sample for this study because of its geographical proper position and its high volume of coal import for its power plant that is placed to close position to the port. The data covers the years between 2008 and 2011. In these years totally 14.032.392 tons of coal imported by 313 bulk cargo ships. Correlation and regression analysis are implemented to determine the degree of the relationship. Volume is selected as a dependent variable and distance is selected as an independent variable. Results shows that there is a strong significant positive correlation between these variables. Also regression results show that change in distance explains big proportion of change in volume.

Clean up fly ash from coal burning plants by new isolated fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium glabrum

In Turkey approximately 45 million tons of coals are burned in a year and 19.3 million tons of fly ash have emerged. The bioremediation of heavy metals or different elements from fly ash makes them bio-available. However, in previous studies, requiring of long operational time and failing to show tolerance to high pulp densities of fly ash of selected fungal species makes them impractical. In this work, bioremediation of fly ash by new isolated fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium glabrum were investigated in one step and two step bioremediation process. Ca, Si, Fe and S were found to be considerable amount in studied fly ashes by ED-XRF element analysis. The bioremediation yields of Mo (100%), S (64.36%) Ni (50%) and Cu (33.33%) by F. oxysporum were high. The remediated elements by P. glabrum in fly ash were Mo (100%), S (57.43%), Ni (25%), Si (24.66%), V (12.5%), Ti (5%) and Sr (3.2%). The isolation of high fly ash resistant fungi and reduction of the bioremediation time will allow the practical applications of the bioremediation technology when it is scaled up.

The Influence of Change Load Against Fuel Cost in Coal-fired Power Tarahan Lampung Unit 3 and 4

Abstract—The operation of a power plant depends on fuel where fuel costs are incurred on a generating unit is a function of the plant load. The ability power plant carry the load determine the reliability of an electrical system, hence the power raised always be done equal to needs in side load all the time. Fluctuations demand of electrical power in side load will cause fluctuations change fuel cost. In this paper, the correlation both commonly called input-output characteristics of the power plant needs to be determined. These characteristics declared total input tons of coal per hour is used and net electrical output where the output power is available to the electric utility. One way to achieve this goal is to match polynomial regression on the data using a second order polynomial. This model allows the study of the incremental fuel cost resulting from a change load in a coal-fired power plant.Keywords—Coal-fired power, economic dispatch, incremental cost characteristics, input-output characteristics, second order polynomial regression.