Tons Of CO2 Research Articles

Investigation of Energy Generation Potential of Solar Panels Placed as Shutters for Windows in Residential

This study investigated the annual potential to generate electricity from 260 W solar panels placed on windows as a shutter of a sample flat in a mass housing in Bolu, Türkiye, which has adverse conditions such as shadowing and limited sunshine duration. Results showed that 4.36% of the annual energy consumed by the sample flat from the network can be produced by solar panels placed on the windows as shutter. It is predicted that the residential windows in the 500 flats mass housing where the sample flat is located have the potential to generate at least 53.73 MWh of electrical energy per year. This generated energy can prevent the emission of 14,010,632 tons of CO2 annually. It has been shown that the electrical energy produced from the residential windows can be used with 94.55% efficiency with the DC installation proposed within the scope of the study. It is shown that spread lighting provided by LED strips may be an alternative for Light Fidelity communication. This is the first study for Bolu in which measurements were recorded for one year.

4-dimensional seismic interpretation to monitor CO2 injection in carbon capture & storage project of Sleipner field, North Sea, Norway using inversion method

Sleipner is the world's first commercial Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project, located off the coast of Norway, with the goal of reducing carbon emissions by capturing CO2 and storing it in a utsira saline aquifer sandstone reservoir capable of storing up to 600 billion tonnes of CO2. The CO2 injection in these projects increases year after year, so the CO2 development must be monitored to see the distribution pattern and its implications for the reservoir zone. The purpose of this research is to calculate and model the CO2 distribution resulting from acoustic impedance inversion using 4-dimensional inversion, to calculate the repeatability from seismic data between baseline and monitor using the Normalized Root Mean Square attribute. In the processing, baseline and monitor data must be matched in the overburden zone using a cross-equalization process so that the inversion process. The results revealed a correlation between the two seismic data sets (baseline and monitor) with the classification of Reasonable Repeatability, and CO2 distribution in a securely stored reservoir that spreads laterally and does not leak.

Process design and energy assessment of an onboard carbon capture system with boilers or heat pumps for additional steam generation

ABSTRACT This study proposes a novel onboard carbon capture system (OCCS) with reduced fuel consumption. The proposed system included a heat pump with an intermediate heat exchanger, a parallel compressor, and a steam compressor. The proposed system consumed 43% less fuel than the boiler for producing the same amount of steam, which was required for CO2 stripping. In addition, a blended solvent of amino methyl propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ) was applied to the OCCS. A rate-based process simulation indicated that this solvent resulted in 22% lower reboiler duty, compared to a monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. Further, it was shown that the proposed OCCS with the heat pump and the AMP/PZ solvent achieved a reduction of approximately 50% in both fuel consumption and CO2 emissions along with 26.9 USD reduction for capturing one ton of CO2, compared to the OCCS with a boiler and MEA solvent.

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECSS): Life cycle environmental and economic assessment of electricity generated from palm oil wastes

Rapid deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs) will be needed to help mitigate climate change. Among various NETs, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is seen as an option with multiple environmental benefits, including increasing the share of renewable energy while capturing carbon and providing an effective solution for waste management if waste biomass is utilised. This research presents the first environmental and economic sustainability assessments of BECCS utilising palm oil waste abundant in palm oil producing countries, such as Malaysia. The following five types of waste are considered: fronds, trunks, empty fruit bunches (EFBs), shells and fibres. Process simulation, techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) are combined to determine the life cycle impacts and costs of BECCS from cradle to grave. Two units of analysis are considered for both the impacts and costs: ‘generation of 1 MWh of electricity’ and ‘capture of 1 tonne of CO2’. The global warming potential (GWP) is net-negative for both functional units, ranging from −1270 to −1410 kg CO2 eq./MWh and −840 to −1729 kg CO2 eq./t CO2 removed, the latter depending on the credits for electricity generation. However, all other 17 impacts increase by 13–217% with the addition of CCS. The systems without CCS have net-positive GWP of 59–126 kg CO2 eq./MWh. Per MWh electricity, the system with fibres has the lowest and palm fronds the highest impacts for most of the categories considered; per tonne of CO2 removed, there is no clear feedstock preference. The levelised costs of electricity (LCOE) of BECSS plants are US$98–119/MWh, with fibres being the best and fronds the worst feedstock. Compared to the systems without CCS, the LCOE of BECCS are 3.6–4.1 times higher. The costs of BECSS per tonne of CO2 removed are US$66–74, with CCS contributing US$50–53/t CO2. Based on the current availability of palm oil wastes in Malaysia, the system could generate 7730 GWh/yr, boosting the national share of bioenergy by 7.6 times, while removing 12 Mt CO2/yr, equivalent to 10% of annual emissions from the electricity sector.

Subsea Injection Systems Enable Carbon Capture and Sequestration

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 32460, “Subsea CO2 Injection Systems for CCS Applications: Themes, Challenges, and Opportunities,” by Julian P. Tucker and Kamaldip Randhawa, Baker Hughes. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2023 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ The complete paper presents a discussion of challenges and opportunities relating to subsea system design for CO2 injection in carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications. The scope of the text includes field development considerations, systems operation and control, intervention, monitoring, and barrier testing. A global review of existing and planned CCS developments is used to identify common system characteristics and core functional requirements. The paper reviews topics associated with CO2 transportation, injection, and storage across multiple disciplines to provide holistic guidance and commentary specifically for subsea system design relating to CO2 injection for CCS applications. Value Drivers For widespread adoption of CCS, dedicated geologic carbon storage (GCS) must be a commercially viable activity. Simply put, the cost of storage per tonne of CO2 must be less than the price that can be charged for storage as a service. Financial incentives also must be present to support the carbon price for development to take place. Transitional incentives to close the gap between costs and the low value of CO2 emissions reduction also may be required to support development. In all cases, however, the common denominator is that the cost of storage per tonne must be as low as possible. This is driven by the capital expenditure and operating costs of a project (as well as post-injection-period obligations), which include the cost of CO2 transportation and injection systems and associated equipment. Types of Transportation and Storage Networks For dedicated GCS, several types of offshore storage systems are available that are linked to different types of emitters, transportation networks, and value chains. Storage systems linked to natural gas processing facilities may be considered single-point emitters. The overall architecture of these systems, however, will depend on where the CO2-rich production stream is processed and separated before reinjection. The most common method of CO2 transportation to offshore locations is through a subsea pipeline, which enables a continuous flow of CO2 and a high system availability. It is worth mentioning that some developments also have considered transportation to offshore storage sites by ship, with injection through an intermediate floating storage vessel. Once installed, a pipeline provides continuous injection with high availability, whereas a vessel will be affected by transit time, weather conditions, downtime caused by maintenance, and high operating costs owing to fuel use. Furthermore, challenges with field expansion also may result.

Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Systems: Present and Future Feasibilities for Industrial and Building Applications

The growing demands of modern life, industrialization, and technological progress have significantly increased energy requirements. However, this heightened need for energy has raised concerns about its impact on the environment and the rising costs associated with it. Therefore, the engineering sector is actively seeking sustainable and cost-effective energy solutions. Among the promising innovations in solving the problem is the photovoltaic thermal system (PVT), which aims to capture electrical and thermal energy from solar radiation. Despite its potential, the application of PVT systems is currently limited due to the unpredictable nature of solar energy and the absence of efficient thermal energy storage capabilities. To address these challenges, researchers have explored the use of phase change materials and nano-improved phase change materials (NEPCMs) to optimize energy extraction from solar systems. By incorporating these materials, the PVT system can maximize energy utilization. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the potential applications of PVT techniques in both industrial and building settings. It also offers a detailed assessment of their commercial and environmental aspects. The research findings highlight several advantages of PVT systems, including reduced electricity consumption, efficient utilization of cooling and heating loads during off-peak periods, improved temperature stability, and enhanced thermal comfort. Furthermore, the integration of NEPCMs in PVT systems has demonstrated superior thermal performance, enabling 8.3% more heat energy storage during charging and 25.1% more heat energy release during discharging. Additionally, the implementation of solar-assisted combined heating and power systems showed the potential to prevent the emission of 911 tons of CO2 per year compared to conventional PV systems. These systems offer a promising pathway towards mitigating environmental impacts while meeting energy demands. Overall, this review article serves as a valuable resource for fellow researchers by providing detailed insights into the viability of PVT systems for various applications in the industrial and building sectors.

Efektivitas pembangkit listrik tenaga mikrohidro sebagai penyedia energi baru terbarukan berbasis komunitas

Indonesia is currently trying to achieve the number 7 sustainable development target in the energy sector through renewable energy. This is evidenced by achieving an electrification ratio of 99.20% in Indonesia, with one of Indonesia's renewable energy potentials in micro hydro to provide electricity in rural areas. This research will discuss the potential for providing micro-hydro power plants (PLTMH) outside Java, especially in West Papua Province. The research was conducted qualitatively, using a comparative study research method to compare research variables, namely the operational efficiency of the Anggi PLTMH in Anggi District, Arfak Mountains, West Papua, and the Kali Ombak PLTMH in South Mare District, Maybrat Regency, West Papua from an environmental aspect (analysis of electricity production from the PLTMH, carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the operation of the PLTMH, and a comparison of environmental impacts based on the type of environmental documents) and social aspects (reduction in the cost of community electricity due to the implementation of the PLTMH, the number of households channeled electricity, and the implementation of community involvement in the management of the PLTMH). The study results show that the Anggi PLTMH is more effective than the Kali Ombak PLTMH in providing micro-hydropower in terms of electricity production capacity, reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, and reduction of electricity costs. PLTMH Anggi can generate electricity of 108.9 kW, reduce carbon dioxide by 2.1693 tons of CO2, and save electricity costs of Rp 4,441,891.608, which is superior to PLTMH Kali Ombak. However, currently, there is still a need for development in the social field in the operation of PLTMH, both PLTMH Anggi and PLTMH Kali Ombak, in the form of community involvement because active community involvement has not yet been realized, both in the planning and maintenance stages of PLTMH and the socialization of environmental impacts based on the type of environmental documents to be able to manage the impact perspective. The community's negative attitude toward PLTMH activities.

Engineered Polymer Architectures for Thermo‐Responsive Desiccants in Dehumidification Applications

AbstractHumidity control is relevant to many processes in buildings and manufacturing and is responsible for over 600 million tons of CO2 annually. As such, desiccants that can efficiently remove moisture from air can greatly reduce emissions. A new class of desiccant materials, thermo‐responsive desiccants, has been of increased interest in the literature. These materials are generally based on thermo‐responsive polymers and exhibit a temperature‐dependent isotherm, an attribute that is small in traditional desiccants. In this work, seven key parameters needed to create an effective thermo‐responsive polymer desiccant are identified using a combination of modeling and experimental data. It is found that more thermo‐responsiveness is not necessarily better for energy efficiency, and that an optimal, “medium” value is desired. Additionally, polymer composition and architecture play key roles in adjusting the seven key parameters. Finally, based on findings from both modeling and experimental work, guidelines on synthesizing future thermo‐responsive polymer desiccants are presented.

Analysis of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste and Its Environmental and Economic Impact in Tulkarm, Palestine

Municipal solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most useful applications of renewable energy, supporting the market for renewable energy and assisting in environmental protection by reducing emissions. Sustainability is one of the key issues with solid waste management systems in developing countries, including Palestine. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology is one of the greatest strategies for effectively managing solid waste. This study focuses mostly on waste management in Palestine’s Tulkarm area. We conducted an evaluation of the potential of energy recovery from municipal solid waste through a number of approaches, such as incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. Additionally, the implications on the environment, human health, and economics were investigated. The results showed that anaerobic digestion recovered around 5156.15 kWh per day; whereas, incineration and gasification recovered about 40,986.60 and 14,663.88 kWh per day, respectively. The least recovered energy amount was roughly 3563.87 kWh per day, which was generated by landfilling technology. Additionally, the environmental analysis showed that anaerobic digestion could save around 48,362 tons of CO2 annually; meanwhile, incineration and gasification could save about 384,424 and 137,538 tons of CO2, respectively. The lowest quantity of emissions could be saved by landfilling, with about 33,427 tons saved yearly. The energy cost savings associated with each technology were also estimated. The results of the energy savings estimation showed that incineration had the highest saving of USD 4918.12; gasification and anaerobic digestion saved USD 1759.67 and USD 618.74, respectively. Whereas, landfilling had the lowest saving of about USD 427.66. A careful analysis of all aspects related to each technology, in comparison to the available waste treatment techniques, was carried out to propose a solution to cover the energy deficit in Tulkarm as a primary goal. Anaerobic digestion was found to be more environmentally advantageous and economically feasible and thus can be recommended to decision-makers and investors.

A comprehensive review of enhanced in-situ CO2 mineralisation in Australia and New Zealand

The urgent need to accelerate permanent anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) abatement has led to a growing interest in in-situ CO2 mineralisation globally. This review outlines the progress of in-situ CO2 mineralisation in Australia and New Zealand, while focusing on potential sink reservoirs for mineralisation, including magnesium-rich and calcium-rich ultramafic and mafic rocks. These rock types are abundant in various regions across both countries. The review first begins by highlighting the current status and progress of Australian and New Zealand emissions and national abatement goals. It then previews the currently funded carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) projects across both countries and discusses where in-situ CO2 mineralisation stands to complement other CO2 storage methods. Secondly, it details the different mineralisation mechanisms within selected rock types/complexes in Australia and New Zealand, followed by a discussion of the limitations and advantages of each selected major rock type/complex within both countries, including the relative distances between deposits and major emission hotspots. Finally, within this review we examine the governmental funding and perception of enhanced in-situ CO2 mineralisation within the two countries. An example in Mount Keith Ultramafic Complex (MKUC) is also presented, which shows the relationship between rock permeability, expected CO2 injection, and the estimated cost per ton for direct pumping into low permeability Peridotite deposits. The results show an inversely proportional relationship between permeability and injection rate, and thus the cost per ton of CO2 stored.The estimated cost calculations clearly demonstrate that the limiting factor of in-situ mineralisation is not the availability of sink reservoirs within Australia and New Zealand but rather the need for significant government incentives to present an attractive breakeven cost that can compete in the CO2 storage market. The results also show that New Zealand currently has a slight advantage due to the 2-fold higher carbon pricing compared to Australia.

Assessing the Feasibility of Hydrogen and Electric Buses for Urban Public Transportation using Rooftop Integrated Photovoltaic Energy in Cuenca Ecuador

A main restriction of renewables from intermittent sources is the mismatch between energy resource availability and energy requirements, especially when extensive power plants are producing at their highest potential causing huge energy surpluses. In these cases, excess power must be stored or curtailed. One alternative is increasing urban solar potential which could be integrated to feed electric buses directly or alternatively through hydrogen (H2) as an energy vector. H2 from renewable electricity can be stored and used directly or through fuel cells. This study aims to determine the H2 capability that could be achieved when integrating large-scale photovoltaic (PV) generation in urban areas. This analysis was carried out by determining the PV energy potentially generated by installing PV in Cuenca City downtown (Ecuador). Cuenca is in the process of adopting renewal of the public transport vehicle fleet, introducing a new model with an electric tram main network combined with “clean type buses”. The conventional diesel urban transport could be replaced, establishing a required vehicle fleet of 475 buses spread over 29 routes, emitting 112 tons of CO2 and burning 11,175 gallons of diesel daily. Between the main findings, we concluded that the electricity that could be produced in the total roof area exceeds the actual demand in the study area by 5.5 times. Taking into account the energy surplus, it was determined that the available PV power will cover from 97% to 127% of the total demand necessary to mobilize the city bus fleet. The novelty of this work is the proposal of a combined methodology to find the potential to feed urban transport with urban solar power in cities, close to the equatorial line.

Satellite reveals a steep decline in China's CO2 emissions in early 2022.

Response actions to the coronavirus disease 2019 perturbed economies and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The Omicron variant that emerged in 2022 caused more substantial infections than in 2020 and 2021 but it has not yet been ascertained whether Omicron interrupted the temporary post-2021 rebound of CO2 emissions. Here, using satellite nitrogen dioxide observations combined with atmospheric inversion, we show a larger decline in China's CO2 emissions between January and April 2022 than in those months during the first wave of 2020. China's CO2 emissions are estimated to have decreased by 15% (equivalent to -244.3 million metric tons of CO2) during the 2022 lockdown, greater than the 9% reduction during the 2020 lockdown. Omicron affected most of the populated and industrial provinces in 2022, hindering China's CO2 emissions rebound starting from 2021. China's emission variations agreed with downstream CO2 concentration changes, indicating a potential to monitor CO2 emissions by integrating satellite and ground measurements.

Estimation of air pollution removal capacity by urban vegetation from very high-resolution satellite images in Lithuania

In cities, particulate matter (PM10), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ground-level ozone (O3) are some of the most significant air pollutants that have negative effects on human health, vegetation, and biodiversity. The city of Kaunas (Lithuania) represents the geographical region of north-eastern Europe and the Humid continental climate zone. By using a satellite-based approach with Worldview-3 (WV-3) satellite imagery at the very-high spatial and spectral resolution, we have detected and classified the most common tree species (a total of 284,305 trees) in Kaunas with an overall accuracy of about 88% e.g., Acer spp. (10%), Aesculus hippocastanum (11%), Pinus spp. (9%), Quercus spp. (24%), and Tilia spp. (5%) in both private (e.g., residential gardens) and public areas over a large study area (56 km2). The green cover of Kaunas city represents 64% of the total study area. In 2022, the 284,305 trees detected in Kaunas city center and surrounding areas have removed approximately 2084 tons of NO2, 217 tons of PM10, and 22,938 tons of CO2 while dominant trees formed more O3 than they absorbed (1204 tons released) mainly due to the high ozone formation potential of Quercus spp.

Methodology for estimating the decarbonization potential at the neighborhood level in an urban area: Application to La Carrasca in Valencia city - Spain

Decarbonization potential estimation is critical to calculate and measure a specific area's actual greenhouse gas reduction capacity. However, it is often challenging to estimate decarbonization potential, especially when dealing with large and diverse urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to study the carbon footprint in the study area before evaluating decarbonization potential. This study aimed to develop a methodology for estimating the decarbonization potential in a district and applying it to La Carrasca neighborhood in Valencia City, Spain. The concept behind selecting a smaller area encompassing multiple sectors, including residential and services, rather than an entire city was to concentrate on often overlooked details, streamline the information processing, and consider factors that are otherwise unfeasible when a larger area is chosen. The proposed method considers all potential emissions according to scopes 1, 2, and 3 (direct emissions, primary indirect emissions, and other indirect emissions, respectively) and all possible decarbonization measures, including renewables, nature-based solutions, electrification, and improved waste management. The study utilizes several tools to achieve these objectives, including HOMER, QGIS, DATADIS, Google Earth, and Excel. The results of this study showed that the decarbonization potential of La Carrasca neighborhood is 7488 tons of CO2, representing a bit more than 11% of its overall emissions, and the total cost per emission saving during the lifetime of all the analyzed technologies is 200 €/tCO2. However, achieving complete decarbonization of the area would require more aggressive mitigation measures, government incentives, policy changes, new measures, and changes in habits among the population. Overall, the numerical results demonstrate the importance of considering an area's carbon footprint and utilizing a comprehensive methodology to estimate the decarbonization potential for effective greenhouse gas reduction. The proposed methodology could be extrapolated to other areas to estimate decarbonization potential and emissions and to determine the feasibility of achieving negative carbon emissions.

Green policies and transition risk propagation in production networks

This paper introduces a general equilibrium sectoral model including two types of energy sectors (green and brown) to study the short-run impact of different emission taxes schemes in production networks. The model is calibrated to the Spanish economy at the industry level using the input–output matrix and captures the effective cost of emissions associated to the use of energy in each industry. We show that for an increase in the price of emission allowances similar to that observed in recent years (from approximately €25 per tonne of CO2 in 2019 to almost €100 per tonne in 2022) the model predicts a cumulative decline in Spanish GDP after three years of 0.37%. The loss in value added is very heterogeneous among industries, depending on the exposure to the ETS and to their network ETS exposure, with values ranging from losses of 4% in the most affected industries to no impact in others.

The carbon footprint of ambulatory gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Endoscopy is considered the third highest generator of waste within healthcare. This is of public importance as approximately 18 million endoscopy procedures are performed yearly in the USA and 2 million in France. However, a precise measure of the carbon footprint of gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) is lacking. This retrospective study for 2021 was conducted in an ambulatory GIE center in France where 8524 procedures were performed on 6070 patients. The annual carbon footprint of GIE was calculated using "Bilan Carbone" of the French Environment and Energy Management Agency. This multi-criteria method accounts for direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy consumption (gas and electricity), medical gases, medical and non-medical equipment, consumables, freight, travel, and waste. GHG emissions in 2021 were estimated to be 241.4 tonnes CO2 equivalent (CO2e) at the center, giving a carbon footprint for one GIE procedure of 28.4 kg CO2e. The main GHG emission, 45 % of total emissions, was from travel by patients and center staff to and from the center. Other emission sources, in rank order, were medical and non-medical equipment (32 %), energy consumption (12 %), consumables (7 %), waste (3 %), freight (0.4 %), and medical gases (0.005 %). This is the first multi-criteria analysis assessing the carbon footprint of GIE. It highlights that travel, medical equipment, and energy are major sources of impact, with waste being a minor contributor. This study provides an opportunity to raise awareness among gastroenterologists of the carbon footprint of GIE procedures.

Assessment of Energy Efficiency Using an Energy Monitoring System: A Case Study of a Major Energy-Consuming Enterprise in Vietnam

Vietnam’s economy has been growing rapidly in the last 20 years, leading to significant increases in energy consumption as well as in carbon emissions. Most electricity is consumed by loads of industry and construction due to the country’s socio-economic development strategy. An energy saving strategy cannot be achieved if the industry factories lack energy consumption data. The installation of energy monitoring systems can help to improve energy efficiency by supplying daily, monthly, and yearly energy consumption reports. Moreover, major energy-consuming enterprises in Vietnam must implement solutions for energy-efficient use as prescribed in the Law on Energy Efficient Use. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impact of an energy monitoring system as an improvement solution for energy efficiency in a typical major energy-consuming enterprise in Vietnam. The study’s results, after six months, show that the total saved electricity after installing the power monitoring system was 191,923 kWh. The company saved approximately 19.584 USD and reduced emission to the environment by 139 tons of CO2. In addition, the return on investment time of power monitoring systems is about 14 months, while the annual energy costs of the factory can be reduced by about 9.62% per year. Therefore, power monitoring systems should be promoted in factories with different scales to control energy wastage in the domestic industry field.

Do coal efficiency, climate policy uncertainty and green energy consumption promote environmental sustainability in the United States? An application of novel wavelet tools

In 2020, the United States produced 4.7 billion metric tons of CO2, making it the world's second-largest polluter. To achieve the SDGs, the United States has committed to reducing net CO2 emissions by 50–52% from 2005 levels by 2030. Therefore, this study examines the co-movement between CO2 and coal efficiency, climate policy uncertainty, green energy, and green innovation using data from 1990 to 2020. To support policymakers in developing sustainable energy policies at various times, we used wavelet cohesion, wavelet correlation, wavelet coherence, and the novel causality in continuous wavelet transform to investigate these connections. The wavelet coherence and wavelet cohesion results revealed that coal efficiency contributes to reducing CO2 emissions at different frequencies and times, while climate policy uncertainty reduces CO2 emissions in the long term. Moreover, green energy consumption and green innovation improve ecological quality by reducing CO2 in the short and medium term. Furthermore, wavelet causality analysis revealed that all indicators could predict CO2 emissions at different frequencies and time periods. Based on the overall findings of this research, we recommend that policymakers in the United States support green energy and energy efficiency initiatives as the most effective ways to reduce CO2 and address other critical climate issues.

Quantification and analysis of carbon neutralization in mulberry and silk in China

With the concern of global warming, efforts are increasingly focused on understanding and addressing carbon emission in the life cycle of silk products. Whereas, the carbon sequestration effects of mulberry and silk are rarely mentioned in the previous studies on the carbon footprint of silk products. In this regard, this study constructed a biomass method to adequately evaluate the carbon sequestration effects of mulberry and silk produced in China. An application demonstration was conducted in the area of mulberry fields and the cocoon yield of the silk industry in China from 1990 to 2021. The results indicate that mulberry fields in China fixed 875.9608 million tons of CO2 from 1990 to 2017, while silk in cocoons produced in China fixed a total of 5.9528 million tons of CO2 . These vast quantities of carbon trapped in mulberry leaves enter the silk, the silkworm chrysalis and silkworm droppings, as well as other by-products as silkworms ingest, grow, and spin cocoons. This demonstrates that increased exploitation of sericulture by-products can also contribute to carbon sequestration. Besides, the influence of the silk product's lifespan should be taken into account when quantifying and analysing the carbon neutralization of silk. Therefore, extending the usage life of silk products as long as feasible can also have a great effect on the carbon sequestration of silk products.

Research on Influencing Factors of Residential Building Carbon Emissions and Carbon Peak: A Case of Henan Province in China

Buildings are considered to have significant emission reduction potential. Residential building carbon emissions, as the most significant type of building-related carbon emissions, represent a crucial factor in achieving both carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets for China. Based on carbon emission data from Henan Province, a large province located in central China, between 2010 and 2020, this study employed the Kaya-LMDI decomposition method to analyze seven driving factors of carbon emission evolution, encompassing energy, population, and income, and assessed the historical reduction in CO2 emissions from residential buildings. Then, by integrating Kaya identity static analysis with Monte Carlo dynamic simulation, various scenarios were established to infer the future evolution trend, peak time, and potential for carbon emission reduction in residential buildings. The analysis results are as follows: (1) The carbon emissions of residential buildings in Henan exhibited a rising trend from 2010 to 2020, albeit with a decelerating growth rate. (2) Per capita household disposable income is the main driving factor for the increase in carbon emissions, but the household housing purchase index inhibits most of the growth of carbon emissions for the residential buildings in Henan, with the total carbon emission reduction of residential buildings reaches 106.42 million tons of CO2 during the research period. (3) During the period from 2020 to 2050, residential buildings in Henan Province will exhibit an “inverted U-shaped” trend in carbon emissions under the three static scenarios. The base scenario predicts that carbon emissions will reach their peak of 131.66 million tons in 2036, while the low-carbon scenario forecasts a peak of 998.8 million tons in 2030 and the high-carbon scenario projects a peak of 138.65 million tonnes in 2041. (4) Under the dynamic simulation scenario, it is anticipated that residential buildings in Henan Province will reach their carbon peak in 2036 ± 3 years, with a corresponding carbon emission of 155.34 million tons. This study can serve as a valuable reference for the future development of low-carbon pathways within the building sector.