Tons Of Carbon Emissions Research Articles

Are policy mixes in energy regulation effective in curbing carbon emissions? Insights from China's energy regulation policies

AbstractWe consider the policy mixes of three categories of energy regulation policies in China: renewable energy law (mandatory policy), low‐carbon city pilot (voluntary policy), and carbon emissions trading system (market‐based policy). The mix of mandatory, voluntary, and market‐based policies mitigates 4.359 million metric tons of carbon emissions. Voluntary and market‐based energy policies work, while mandatory policy fails due to rent‐seeking by local officials. Policy mixes are more effective in undeveloped and politically average regions than in developed and politically rich ones. Government attention, industrial structure, and green innovation are the economic mechanisms; consistency, coherence, credibility, and comprehensiveness are the policy mechanisms. Our study highlights that policy category, rather than policy quantity, matters more in determining policy effect.

Identification of sustainable carbon capture and utilization (CCU) pathways using state-task network representation

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) can be a pertinent solution to avoid millions of tons of carbon emission. The challenge is to identify, among numerous available options of carbon sources capture/utilization technologies, and products, the CCU pathways with best economic and/or CO2 reduction potential. In this work, we propose a novel framework for identifying sustainable CCU pathways, i.e., combinations of sources, processes, and products, using a superstructure based on state-task network (STN) representation. STN allows incorporation of nonlinear models including first-principles or surrogate models into the superstructure representation of potential CCU pathways. The proposed framework solves the superstructure optimization problem of mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) by introducing logic-based outer approximation (LOA), to reduce the computational time and improve the solvability greatly. A case study using a sizable CCU superstructure demonstrates that LOA can reduce the computational time from hours to minutes while identifying any sustainable pathway from a superstructure with highly nonlinear surrogate models.

The impact of embodied land flow in interregional trade on carbon emissions in China

The interregional flow of land embodied in remote linkages exerts a significant impact on land use and transfer of carbon emissions from land use patterns among regions, underscoring the importance of investigating this process for sustainable land utilization. This study quantifies the embodied land flow and its impact on carbon emissions in China, and further clarifies its characteristics by constructing the contribution and dependency index. The results show that more economically developed regions occupy land in less developed regions through embodied land flow. The flow of various land types is heterogeneous across regions, reflecting disparities in regional endowments. The developed coastal provinces of Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai all transfer more than 10 million tons of carbon emissions to other regions. The average levels of contributions to and dependence on embodied land flow in Chinese provinces increased from 20.51% to 23.13% in 2012 to 27.14% and 27.23% in 2017, respectively. This suggests that interregional land system linkages have strengthened and land supply and demand have intensified. Furthermore, the embodied land flow and its associated transfer of carbon emissions from land use can be assessed to ascertain the entities responsible for land consumption and carbon emissions. This study underscores the significance of examining the interplay between land use and carbon emissions in shaping sustainable development pathways.

Mitigating Carbon Emissions in Maritime Operations: A Case Study of Bakungan Port

Baramulti Suksessarana, Tbk. (PT. BSSR), a mining company in Batuah Village, Kutai Kartanegara, operates a port facility in Bakungan Village powered entirely by electricity supplied by PLN. This energy source drives the crusher unit, OLC, and BLC (identified as significant energy users in the port area) and supports additional activities, such as office operations and control rooms. PT BSSR, having joined the B20 movement that emphasizes "Energy, Sustainability & Climate," supports PT PLN's program targeting a reduction of 900 million tons of carbon emissions per year. Our research, therefore, centers on energy conservation and carbon emission reduction. PT BSSR inventoried all electrical energy-consuming units, compiled an electricity usage history, and created a baseline for consumption. A linear regression equation correlating energy consumption (kWh) with crushing product (MT) was derived from this baseline, establishing a benchmark for future conservation.
 We aimed to reduce the CO2e/MT Ratio or Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Bakungan Port area from 0.44086 kg CO2e/MT to 0.3837 Kg CO2e/MT. Initiatives included implementing sensor monitoring and CCTV to prevent large rock entry, minimizing electrical "Start-Stops," conducting regular inspections and maintenance, and executing other conservation programs. The research led to a successful reduction in Greenhouse Gas/Carbon Emissions by 0.025e/MT, equivalent to 101.11 Tons of CO2e per year. This equates to a reduction of 0.169 kWh/MT or 680.689 kWh annually, yielding a cost saving of Rp 220.06/MT or a total of Rp 883,988,533 per year.

Life-cycle assessment reveals disposable surgical masks in 2020–2022 led to more than 18 million tons of carbon emissions

Life-cycle assessment reveals disposable surgical masks in 2020–2022 led to more than 18 million tons of carbon emissions

Comprehensive evaluation of hydrogen-rich energy application in iron ore sintering process: Deep function mechanism analysis and process optimization

Applying hydrogen-rich energy such as natural gas to replace coal/coke in the steel industry can efficiently mitigate CO2 emissions and accelerate the process of carbon neutrality. Gas injection sintering technology has been widely used in industry for more than ten years, but the replacement ratio of solid fuels by hydrogen-rich gas has been stagnated at about 15%, the technical breakthrough is urgently needed. This paper discusses the influence of equal/segmented gas injection on sintering indexes based on pilot sintering tests, and the factors limiting gas concentration in this technology are revealed from heat distribution and mineral structure. The results show that the cooling rate of upper layer decreased with 0.8 vol% natural gas injection in 5∼12 min when the coke breeze reduced from 5.6 wt% to 5.3 wt%, which is crucial to improve the total indexes while the indexes of lower layer decreased due to the heat loss. Higher gas concentration will reduce the oxygen partial pressure, which will affect the combustion rate of coke breeze. As the gas gradient increased from 0 to 0.2 vol%, the number and size of pores decreased and the total indexes increased due to the decrease of cooling rate of upper layer from 112 °C/min to 74 °C/min and the hematite of layer-1 disappeared while calcium ferrite increased gradually. For a 360 m2 sintering machine, segmented gas injection can reduce the production cost of $1330000 and 50720 tons of carbon emissions per year compared to the equal concentration injection. The coupled oxygen-gas-steam injection method can accelerate the heat transfer rate without affecting the oxygen partial pressure, so as to achieve a higher fuel replacement ratio, providing a new way of sintering with low cost and low carbon emission.

System dynamics prediction and development path optimization of regional carbon emissions: A case study of Tianjin

The prediction of regional carbon emissions and the optimization of development paths are particularly important. Regional heterogeneity leads to different links between carbon emissions and population, economy, industry, energy, environment, and other factors. However, most of the previous studies carried out the accounting, factor decomposition, prediction, and decision-making of regional carbon emissions alone, which failed to form the sustainable assessment of regional carbon emissions. Therefore, the carbon emissions coefficient, Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index, system dynamics model and Interlink Decision Making Index were selected in this study to establish the regional carbon emissions systems framework. In this study, a mega-city such as Tianjin was taken as an example, the comprehensive assessment and prediction of regional carbon emissions system was carried out. The results show the change in energy intensity had the strongest mitigation effect, reducing carbon emissions by 106.17 million tons in total, and the per capita GDP effect had the strongest promotion effect, with a cumulative contribution of 265.19 million tons of carbon emissions. Among all 13 scenarios in Tianjin, Scenario-12 is identified as the optimal development path and provides policy suggestions. The results of this study not only verify the effectiveness and necessity of the framework, but also provide guidance tools for regional carbon emissions development. The results of this study validate the effectiveness and necessity of the framework to provide guidance for the regional carbon emissions development path. The results of the case also provide help for the optimization of Tianjin's carbon emissions development path.

Simulation and economic analysis of an innovative indoor solar cooking system with energy storage

Solar energy technology and energy storage technology are promising to make a contribution to current energy and global climate issue. The energy demand of daily cooking is enormous, and conventional cooking methods use gas or electricity with large carbon emissions. This paper proposes an innovative solar cooking system (SCS) integrated with rock-bed thermocline storage. Thermal oils transfer heat from the collectors to the rocks in the charging process and release heat in cooktop unit for cooking. The energy consumption of a household is first assessed by a reasonable hypothesis. Mathematical models and simulation models are then established to analyze the heat transfer performance of the cooktop unit and the annual running performance of the SCS. The rock-bed thermocline storage, single-tank thermocline storage and two-tank storage are compared. The simulation results indicate that the rock-bed thermocline storage unit employed to SCS will enhance the annual running performance and acquire the minimum initial investment cost. The economic analysis shows that the lowest levelized cost of cooking energy (LCOC) of the SCS is 0.3884 $/kWh, while the corresponding levelized cost of cooking a meal (LCCM) is 0.953 $/Meal and the solar fraction (SF) is 71%. Compared to the electrical and natural gas cooker, the SCS saves 1.75 tons and 0.52 tons of carbon emissions annually, respectively.

Toward marine sustainability: Unveiling the effect of the fishery industry on blue carbon sequestration

AbstractThe fishing fleet of European Union (EU) nations gets billions in tax benefits each year, and the combustion of that fuel results in millions of tons of carbon emissions each year—and quantity of carbon dioxide equal to what Malta's entire fishing fleet emits each year. By considering the function of fishing output, fossil fuel usage, economic development, and population density (PD) from 1990 to 2022, this study examines the dynamic impact of the fishery sector on blue carbon in 27 European nations. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation and showed a significant positive association between fishing output as well as carbon sink decline at most quantiles by adopting an innovative methodology which is the method of moments quantile regression method which has a fixed factor. From the first to the ninth quantiles, fishery output greatly accelerates the decline of blue carbon storage, with a more substantial impact at the highest and a lesser influence at the lowest quantile. The findings also show that the EU14 developed countries experience a more meaningful, beneficial effect of fishing output on carbon sink deterioration than the EU13 developing nations. Economic development in EU14 created and EU13 developing nations were found to compress carbon sink degradation across all quantiles, supporting the growth theory for countries that produce fisheries. Fossil fuel usage was found to boost carbon sink degradation. In EU14 developed countries, the impact of PD was significantly negative from the first to the seventh quantiles. In contrast, in EU13 developing countries, this has a significant positive effect across all quantiles. With the help of diverse and green energy sources like the tide and wave energy, lawmakers can reduce the deterioration of blue carbon in the EU14 and EU13 nations.

GD06 The grass is always greener on the nearer side

Abstract Climate change is becoming a significant matter of concern, and ways to reduce our impact on the environment are becoming an increasing priority. We assessed the difference in carbon emissions when patients attended our peripheral dermatology clinic rather than the tertiary centre. Our objective was to establish the reduction in carbon emissions when patients attended satellite clinics instead of a tertiary service. The addresses of patients attending clinics over a month-long period were compiled, and distances to both hospitals were measured. These were compared, and the difference was used to calculate the reduction in carbon emissions. The emissions produced by staff members were added to the total of emissions produced by patients travelling to peripheral clinics. In total, 245 patients were included in the study. The total distance travelled by patients for a round trip to the satellite clinic was 10 105.9 km, and the equivalent for the tertiary centre was 14 775 km. The mean distance travelled by patients to and from the peripheral clinic was 41.25 km. The mean distance travelled by patients to and from the tertiary hospital was 84.69 km. The amount of carbon emissions produced by the patients travelling to the peripheral hospital was 1.87 tonnes. The amount of carbon emissions of patients travelling to the tertiary hospital was 2.73 tonnes. This was a saving of 0.86 tonnes over a 1-month period. Annually, this amounts to a difference of 10.32 tonnes of carbon emissions. The provision of peripheral dermatology clinics has a significant positive impact on the environment and greatly reduces the distances travelled by patients. Our study suggests that satellite clinics could reduce carbon emissions by 10.32 tonnes annually. This equates to 138 flights from Dublin to London, or 12 900 takeaway coffees. This study has demonstrated that the provision of peripheral clinics can make healthcare more sustainable, by reducing the number of carbon emissions being produced.

Challenges & Opportunities – The Road Ahead for Management of Internet Waste & Carbon Emissions for a Safe & Green Digital World

Internet, the most powerful tool responsible for the growth and development of any facet of the economy at large is growing exponentially. It has become an indispensable part of our lives accelerating trade, easing faster communication, aiding research and providing recreation. The growing complexity of its services and our dependence have further led to new inventions namely as Internet of things (IOT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR), Metaverse, Block Chain Technology, Virtual Currency and Over the Top (OTT) Platforms. These new inventions coupled with regular innovations in form of updates and versions have surged the demand for uninterrupted supply of fast speed internet services across the globe. The telecom service providers are constantly on their toes for providing fast pace internet services with minimum glitches at affordable prices in order to win over its customers. Nothing in this world is free, is rightly applicable in our current case. Everything comes at cost of the another. It entirely depends on the fact that Is the cost feasible? If yes them how much & its impact on other variables. The same internet which is like a magic wand in the hands of its users, is also responsible for creation of wastes in the form of energy, land, material resources & time contributing to un amounted tons of carbon emissions affecting the Green House Gases and ecological system. It is further giving birth to a new form of pollution under the name Internet Pollution. Diagnostics of the issue paves the way for its treatment that needs to be done in the most effective & efficient manner. The journey to solve any problem isn’t always easy due to presence of limiting factors. In the process of management of internet waste, numerous numbers of challenges have to be taken care of, coupled with the new horizons in name of opportunities which are yet to be explored. The present article is a step ahead to bring forth the challenges that come across in the course of minimising the CO2 emissions resulting in use of Internet services and also suggests the possible ways to reduce its impact on the ecological system to continue our journey in creation of Green Planet with the help of Green Technology. Key Words Internet Waste. Carbon Emissions. Internet Pollution. Sustainable Environment

Substantial carbon sequestration by peatlands in temperate areas revealed by InSAR

Peatlands are unique ecosystems that contain massive amounts of carbon. These ecosystems are incredibly vulnerable to human disturbance and climate change. This may cause the peatland carbon sink to shift to a carbon source. A change in the carbon storage of peatlands may result in surface deformation. This research uses the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique to measure the deformation of the peatland’s surface in south Sweden in response to the seasonal and extreme weather conditions in recent years, including the unprecedented severe drought in the summer of 2018. The deformation map of the study area is generated through a time-series analysis of InSAR from June 2017 to November 2020. Monitoring the peatland areas in this region is very important as agricultural and human activities have already caused many peatlands to disappear. This further emphasizes the importance of preserving the remaining peat sites in this region. Based on the InSAR results, a method for calculating the carbon flux of the peat areas is proposed, which can be utilized as a regular monitoring approach for other remote areas. Despite the severe drought in the summer of 2018, our findings reveal a significant uplift in most of the investigated peat areas during the study period. Based on our estimations, 86% of the peatlands in the study area experienced an uplift corresponding to about 47 000 tons of carbon uptake per year. In comparison, the remaining 14% showed either subsidence or stable conditions corresponding to about 2300 tons of carbon emission per year during the study period. This emphasizes the importance of InSAR as an efficient and accurate technique to monitor the deformation rate of peatlands, which have a vital role in the global carbon cycle.

The establishment of the national key ecological functional zone and the county’s ecological green development

Ecological green development is the development of conforming to nature and promoting the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. As the most basic and supportive grassroots political unit, the county level occupies a special key position in the overall national green development strategy. How to evaluate the ecological green development of the county, protect the green earth, and respond to climate change, have become a new problem facing various countries around the world. To this end, China is determined to implement the establishment of a national key ecological functional zone pilot policy to study its ecological green development from the perspective of the county. Based on the literature review and theoretical mechanism, this paper selects 1997 county-level data indicators in mainland China from 2007 to 2019 to explore the role of the establishment of national key ecological function areas on the ecological green development of counties. The implementation of the national key ecological function zone policy can significantly increase the vegetation normalization index by about 0.035–0.037 units. The implementation of the policy has greatly expanded the capacity and range of above-ground and below-ground biomass. The reduction of large-scale investment by the government, the improvement of quality and efficiency of enterprises in the region, and the increase artificial afforestation are important transmission mechanisms for the implementation of policies to affect the green development of counties. The implementation of the policy has a positive green spillover effect on adjacent areas, which can realize regional coordinated ecological governance. Each additional hectare of artificial afforestation can absorb about 134,800 tons of carbon emissions each year, bringing additional benefits of 730 million yuan. It releases about 98,000 tons of oxygen a year, which can be used for 1.312 billion people for oxygen respiration consumption every year.

Research on Optimal Design of Recycling System Based on Recovery State Assessment of Household Energy Storage

In recent years, new energy power generation has been widely used. As household energy storage will be widely promoted in the future, many households’ energy storage will soon need to be replaced. It is of great significance to study the recycling of household energy storage to reduce environmental pollution and promote the sustainable development of the household energy storage market. However, the lack of research on the design of household energy storage and recovery network from the perspective of manufacturing enterprises hinders the sustainable development of household energy storage. Based on the above, a household energy storage recycling model considering carbon emissions was established in this paper. This model evaluated the recovery status of household energy storage online through a big data platform and proposed three different recovery schemes based on the evaluation results. Through a case study of Sichuan and Chongqing, the overall profit of the household energy storage and recycling system could be increased by about CNY 1.61 million, while reducing about 1.04 hundred tons of carbon emissions, thus verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the model. In addition, the results of scenario analysis showed that the processing cost and demand are the main factors affecting the optimal design of the recycling network, and they can change the configuration of the network. Appropriate processing methods, locations, and transportation schemes would decrease the cost of production and carbon emissions. Household energy storage is possible for recycling residual values that decrease carbon emissions during storage. At the same time, further improving more efficient recycling technology is an important idea to increase the profits of household energy storage manufacturers.

Coupling optimization of hydropower and hydrogen systems considering energy supply safety culture

Abstract Although China's new energy power generation industry has developed, how to efficiently use clean energy and ensure safe supply needs further research. As a clean, pollution-free and high calorific value energy, hydrogen provides a solution for absorbing renewable energy and ensuring the stable operation of the power system. Based on the public goods attribute of system security and system operation behavior, this paper analyzes how to express the cultural value of energy supply security through economic means, and makes configuration adjustment under different interaction modes with the power grid, so as to achieve the effect of energy supply security. A multi-objective planning and operation optimization model is established, and the resource, social, economic and environmental benefits are analyzed. The model is solved by NSGA-II. The results show that the energy waste rate of hydrogen microgrid system can be reduced by 37.16%. The probability of power failure can be reduced to 0. Typical scenarios in both off-grid mode and grid-connected mode can increase economic income. In addition, up to more than 1000 tons of carbon emissions per day could be reduced under a typical scenario.

The Carbon Footprint of the Craniomaxillofacial Surgeon: A Single Center Analysis of 3D-Printed Constructs

Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) printing plays an expansive role in craniofacial surgical planning and implementation. To better understand when the benefits of this technology outweigh its environmental costs, a focused exploration of the environmental impact of 3D printing is warranted to quantify carbon emissions attributable to craniofacial surgical constructs. Methods: All invoice data from commercial vendors used at Johns Hopkins Hospital for the 2-year period from January 2020 to December 2021 were reviewed. Information on the material composition of each construct was recorded. Additionally, a total of 19 commercial printers were included. Conversion factors from the U.S. EIA were used to calculate the carbon emissions generated by the fuel consumption of each printer per hour. Results: Invoice data revealed 406 patient-specific constructs (158 contour models, 104 guides, 84 implants, and 60 splints). A total of 2644.4 printer hours and 36.1 MW of power were needed to manufacture all constructs. This is equivalent to releasing 15.71 metric tons of carbon emissions, corresponding to the emissions produced by burning 7882.1 kg of coal or 36.4 barrels of oil. Conclusion: 3D printing is a resource-intensive practice in CMF surgery. Therefore, when weighing patient benefits against environmental detriment, CMF surgeons must determine indications where 3D printing is unessential. Restricting prints to the anatomy of interest, minimizing support structures, and reusing printed constructs may all help to lessen the environmental impact of this growing practice.

A generalized payment policy for deteriorating items when demand depends on price, stock, and advertisement under carbon tax regulations

The down-cash-credit method is quite common in today’s real-world commercial transactions. In light of existing legislation to decrease carbon pollution, this research aims to investigate how down-cash-credit payments impact business strategies for perishable items in the context of the most commonly utilized carbon tax legislation. Specifically, this article demonstrates an inventory system from the buyer’s point of view in which (a) the demand curve is determined by the price, displayed volume, and frequency of advertisement, (b) the product is constantly deteriorating, (c) the supplier provides one of the frequently utilized down-cash-credit payment methods, and (d) the buyer gets taxed at a consistent rate for each ton of carbon emissions. Moreover, the goal of pharmaceutical stores is to optimize overall profit by simultaneously determining order cycle, price, and frequency of advertisements. Finally, the theoretical results are validated by solving two numerical illustrations and conducting a sensitivity analysis of the main factors resulting from the following managerial implications: (a) credit pay provides the minimum sales price, but the maximum profit margin of any financing method, (b) an increase in scale demand raises selling price and length of the cycle while increasing overall profit significantly.

Towards Achieving 100% Renewable Energy Supply for Sustainable Climate Change in Pakistan

Fossil fuel-based energy systems are mostly used for supplying energy that creates negative impacts on the environment, so in this study, the development of a 100% renewable energy system is evaluated for Pakistan for sustainable climate change. This study modeled three scenarios, namely, ongoing (ONG), energy saving policy (ESP), and green energy policy (GEP) scenarios using low emission analysis platform (LEAP) software for the study period 2022 to 2050 for Pakistan. The results revealed that a 100% renewable energy supply could be achieved through the GEP scenario. Model results show that the share of renewable sources in the total energy mix is 1117.08 TWh and non-renewable sources contribute only 18.12 TWh to meet the energy demand of 966.05 TWh until 2050. Non-renewable production leads to the generation of 8.85 million metric tons of carbon emissions, which is too low compared with the 135.47 million metric tons under the ONG scenario. The USD 1482.46 billion investment cost required for adding renewable energy capacity until 2050 is too high as compared with the USD 46.80 billion under the ONG scenario. Energy demand and production requirements are reduced by 34.18% under the ESP scenario until 2050. This approach can also be applicable to the majority of nations worldwide.

Evaluation and Optimization of heat Pump Combined District Heating System: A Case Study of China

The district heating area in China is continuously increasing, which brings an increase in district heating load. In order to solve the shortage of heating power and realize the carbon neutral target, this study proposes two retrofit schemes for district heating system by integrating air source heat pump and water source heat pump, respectively. Mathematical models are established to study the performance of the integrated systems and a bilevel optimization model is proposed to optimize them. The results show that the air source heat pump combined district heating system has better performance compared to the conventional system, which reduces 50% energy consumption, 10.8% carbon emissions and achieves better economy. The dynamic coupling property of the district heating network and power grid are also considered, and the results indicate that the introduction of air source heat pump can effectively improve the efficiency and stability of power grid and reduce the seasonal fluctuation. The potential of large-scale application of air source heat pump combined system in Beijing is evaluated. The results reveal that retrofit scheme of integrating air source heat pumps into district heating system can cover 2930 MW heating load and bring 362 million Chinese Yuan profit by reducing 219,000 tons of carbon emissions and 539,000 tons of standard coal consumption in 2025.

The future is a zero-carbon building sector: Perspectives from Durban, South Africa

The built environment is a critical part of the climate change problem in cities, and urban buildings can act as a scaled response to mitigating anthropogenic climate change. Buildings last for well beyond a hundred years and thus have the potential to provide cities with a healthier and safer environment for urban dwellers well into the future. The role of the building sector toward reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is now better understood, and has resulted in various initiatives globally to move toward being a net-zero carbon sector. The objective of this study was to provide an assessment of the costs in achieving the emissions-reduction potential for each high-emitting sector in the eThekwini Municipality (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) through the determination of a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC). The MACC was developed for 2030, 2040, and 2050 across key sectors and aligned with the approach used by the eThekwini Municipality by employing the GHG Protocol’s BASIC level of reporting that excludes the Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land-use (AFLOU) and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sectors. We found that the building sector offers the lowest cost to mitigate each tonne of GHGs when compared to other sectors in the eThekwini Municipality. Several interventions within the building sector further display positive payback periods throughout its life cycle. The MACC produced in this study is the first of its kind for any municipality in South Africa and will provide insights into the net cost of interventions that would mitigate a tonne of carbon emissions. Significance: The MACC produced in this study is the first of its kind for any municipality in South Africa. Developing a MACC adds to an important basket of factors that need to be considered when planning for future climates in cities and is of benefit in prioritising actions in addressing climate change. The MACC in this study demonstrates that energy efficiency interventions in the building sector offer substantial mitigation potential within the most feasible payback periods when compared to other sectors. The MACC may be replicated by other municipalities, to support the prioritisation of actions needed to address climate change.