Tons Of Biomass Research Articles

Liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass through biochemical conversion pathway: A strategic approach to achieve an industrial titer of bioethanol

Owing to fossil fuel depletion, the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol has gained momentum in the field of transportation sector. In the present study, liquefaction of sorghum stalks has been performed for the production of fermentable sugars and their subsequent conversion into bioethanol. Pretreatment, delignification, enzymatic hydrolysis are three sequential steps involved in the liquefaction process. About 82% of hemicellulose hydrolysis was attained by the pretreatment of sorghum stalks at 121 °C with 0.2 M sulfuric acid for 120 min. Further, the pretreated residue was de-lignified with 1–5% (w/v) sodium hydroxide which resulted in 85–98.7% removal of lignin. Subsequently, around 65–99.6% of cellulose hydrolysis was attained at an optimum enzyme loading of 30 mg protein/g of glucan. The optimum liquefaction condition of sorghum stalks was achieved by performing the pretreatment process at 121 °C with 0.2 M sulfuric acid for 120 min, delignification at 121 °C with 2% NaOH for 20 min and enzymatic hydrolysis at 50 °C with 30 mg protein/g of glucan for 72 h. Furthermore, 18.4 g/L and 74.7 g/L xylulosic and cellulosic ethanol was produced from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis derived hydrolysates, respectively. Finally, 97.7% of sorghum stalks liquefaction was achieved, in which 84% of holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) converted into 494 g of fermentable sugars which is further converted into 225 g or 285 mL ethanol per kg of sorghum stalks (equivalent to 285 L ethanol per ton of biomass).

Accounting for the role of transport and storage infrastructure costs in carbon negative bioenergy deployment

AbstractDeployment of bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) is projected to be crucial in reducing the United States’ CO2 emissions intensity. In this paper, we utilize a spatially explicit costing model to evaluate how regional biophysical factors and geography affect BECCS viability. We find that the cost of biomass provision and CO2 transport and storage are an average of $20/t‐CO2 and $16/t‐CO2 for aquatic and terrestrial BECCS, respectively. Assuming rapid technological development in the CO2 capture domain, this corresponds to 40–72% of land area in the conterminous United States exhibiting systems integration costs compatible with 2030 carbon prices (median $90/t‐CO2). Results are strongly influenced by the cost of geologic sequestration, in particular storage quality (as driven by depth, permeability, etc.) and available capacity, rather than simply proximity to nearby CO2 sources. For this reason, the Southeast presents appealing BECCS readiness owing to high biomass productivity (several counties with yield >100 000 dry ton of biomass per year) interspersed with well‐explored sinks with large sequestration potential and optimal reservoir quality with permeability >500 mD. We also find that geologic storage capacity is unlikely to be a major biophysical constraint, as sink utilization in most states would likely remain below 10% at the projected rates of BECCS deployment to achieve the 2 °C target and as low as 1% in Texas, Oklahoma, and Alabama. The analysis also reveals subtle secondary outcomes; for example, to what extent different regions may be well poised to adopt different, complementary negative emissions technologies based on specific confluences of circumstances. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Contracting for perennial energy crops and the cost-effectiveness of the Biomass Crop Assistance Program

Using a framework that meshes mechanism design theory and real options analysis, we recover the contract terms that a biomass processing plant would offer a farmer to induce conversion of land to perennial energy crops. We consider three contract terms: performance payment (price per dry ton of biomass), establishment payment (one-time payment per acre planted), and acreage payment (annual payment per acre planted). We find that, in equilibrium, the contract signed by farmers and buyers of Miscanthus (the perennial energy crop of choice in our analysis) uses a combination of all three payments. Conditional on the equilibrium contract, we show how changes in the structure of the Biomass Crop Assistance Program affect cost and risk along the vertical supply chain. Our analysis reveals that subsidies to both establishment and acreage payments are equally cost-effective in reducing production cost of cellulosic biofuels. However, establishment subsidies are more effective at reducing risk for the buyer and, therefore, dominate acreage subsidies from a risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness criterion. This suggests that a larger share of the Biomass Crop Assistance Program budget should be allocated to establishment subsidies to the detriment of matching payments (subsidies to performance payments) and maintenance payments (subsidies to acreage payments).

Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane Straw: a Discussion Based on Industrial Experience in the Northeast of Brazil

Second-generation technology (2G) is currently the industrial route that is being developed with the potential to meet the demand for biofuels and bioproducts. The technology studied in the present work is based on the non-food processing of sugarcane straw, which is unlike the bagasse processing route (a lignocellulosic residue) that is commonly used in boilers for steam and electricity generation. In the last years, cellulosic ethanol plants worldwide include the utilisation of corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, wood waste and plant residues. Therefore, a communication based on industrial aspects using sugarcane straw is important in order to expand the knowledge regarding this promising technology. The main objective of this work included listing the results obtained in a cellulosic-ethanol production industry using sugarcane straw, located in the Northeast region of Brazil and taking into account the efficiency of pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes and comparing these results with data found in the literature regarding studies with similar efficiency. It was possible to observe that the production of ethanol from sugarcane straw at an industrial scale achieved a productivity of 200 l of ethanol per tonne of biomass, exhibiting 90, 70 and 85% of pre-treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation efficiency, respectively.

Recent Developments in Palm Fibers Composites: A Review

There is a growing interest in the development of natural fiber composites (NFC), alternate to the existing artificial fiber composites. In recent years, the application of natural fibers as reinforcement in composite structures has received increasing attention due to their advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness and favorable biocompatibility over synthetic fiber composite materials. Every year, palm harvesting generates tons of biomass wastes around the globe, whereas these fibers have the potential to be recycled and involved in the development of palm natural fibers composites (PNFC). This paper presents a review on the recent developments in palm natural fibers composites. Various palm types and their extracts such as sugar palm, oil palm, date palm, and peach palm are included in the review. Furthermore, their physical, mechanical, morphological, electrical, and thermal properties are reviewed. It is observed that palm fibers can be applied with a variety of resins like epoxy, polyester, polypropylene, and high-density polyethylene since these PNFCs reveal a set of remarkable characteristics.

Quantification and technological assessment of bioenergy generation through agricultural residues in Punjab (Pakistan)

High dominance of imported oil and gas with constantly depleting natural resources has resulted in a vast energy crisis for Pakistan. Hence, renewable substitutes need to be sought whose utilization and technological availability is a significant issue for a developing country. Opportunely, Pakistan has agricultural potential through which energy can be harnessed for both transport and power sectors. However, to ensure a sustainable supply, it is critical to assess the availability of feedstock and the technologies for its processing. This study quantifies both technical and theoretical potential of bioenergy generation through common agricultural residues and mainly non-edible oilseeds available in Punjab as it is the largest province of Pakistan with the most substancial availability of agricultural land. The appraisal method used WTE conversion processes, feedstock availability, residue characteristics, and cost factors in Bio-IRENA and NREL simulators for quantification of bioenergy, to provide an outlook for its use in energy-consuming sectors, and economic feasibility based on Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The methodological framework adopted in this study can be used to perform technological assessment of bioenergy in any region. Punjab annually produces 70 Million ton of crops which can further produce up to 50 million tons of biomass in the form of agricultural residues. Based on technological considerations, it can produce 21–25 TWh of electricity through Methane Engines, 60 TWh from Combustion and up to 53 TWh from Gasification Steam Turbines. However, due to feedstock availability, and the farmer's willingness to sell, the technical potential falls in a range of 12–50% depending on the crop. Further, considering the annual consumption of Pakistan in the power and transport sector, it can fuel up to 2.3 Million Cars and supply electricity to 23% of the population.

Quantifying prey availability using the foraging plasticity of a marine predator, the little penguin

Abstract Detecting changes in marine food webs is challenging, but top predators can provide information on lower trophic levels. However, many commonly measured predator responses can be decoupled from prey availability by plasticity in predator foraging effort. This can be overcome by directly measuring foraging effort and success and integrating these into a measure of foraging efficiency analogous to the catch per unit effort (CPUE) index employed by fisheries. We extended existing CPUE methods so that they would be applicable to the study of generalist foragers, which introduce another layer of complexity through dietary plasticity. Using this method, we inferred species‐specific patterns in prey availability and estimated taxon‐specific biomass consumption. We recorded foraging trip duration and body mass change of breeding little penguins Eudyptula minor and combined these with diet composition identified via non‐invasive faecal DNA metabarcoding to derive CPUE indices for individual prey taxa. We captured weekly patterns of availability of key fish prey in the penguins’ diet and identified a major prey shift from sardine Sardinops sagax to red cod Pseudophycis bachus between years. In each year, predation on a dominant fish species (~150 g/day) was replaced by greater diversity of fish in the diet as the breeding season progressed. We estimated that the colony extracted ~1,300 tonnes of biomass from their coastal ecosystem over two breeding seasons, including 219 tonnes of the commercially important sardine and 215 tonnes of red cod. This enhanced pCPUE is applicable to most central‐placed foragers and offers a valuable alternative to existing metrics. Informed prey‐species biomass estimates extracted by apex and meso predators will be a useful input for mass‐balance ecosystem models and for informing ecosystem‐based management. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Biomass Transformation of Cellulose via N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Umpolung of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural

Nature produces ∼170 billion tons of biomass per year; meanwhile, only a small percentage is used. Cellulose is the most abundant component in biomass; thus, the selective transformation of cellulose to high-value-added products is one of the most promising pathways to sustainable society. Here, we report an N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed umpolung of 5-(chloromethyl)furfural, which is easily obtained from cellulose, and its subsequent reaction with ketones is developed, giving the corresponding highly functionalized products in good yields. We believe that this carbene-catalyzed transformation of 5-(chloromethyl)furfural will facilitate the development of biomass transformations.

Control of Invasive Forest Species through the Creation of a Value Chain: Acacia dealbata Biomass Recovery

In Portugal, some species are now considered invasive by law and have proliferated in recent years. Among these, Acacia dealbata stands out. This work investigated the behavior of this species, in order to characterize and evaluate its potential as raw material for biomass pellets production, while controlling its proliferation. It was found that A. dealbata has a large capacity for raw material supply, as cutting 2 ha resulted in about 140 tons of biomass. Thus, the attribution of a market value for this material could result in a reduction in the area occupied by the invasive species, once the demand for it increases, causing a pressure over the resource. This pressure on the species must be duly followed by other control measures, such as reducing the population and mitigating its proliferation. Laboratory tests have shown that both the raw material and the finished product are similar to those obtained with other species normally used for biomass pellet production, such as Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a high potential for this species in the production of biomass pellets for energy, and that this may be an important contribution to controlling the proliferation of this invasive species.

Evaluating the potential of carbohydrate-rich microalga Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730 as a feedstock for biofuel and β-glucans using strategies of phosphate optimization and low-cost harvest

With the increase of global energy consumption, bioenergy from microalgae has been recognized as a potential alternative choice. A novel carbohydrate-rich microalgal strain, isolated from Xisha Islands (China), was identified as Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730. To accumulate biomass for bioenergy production, strategies of phosphate optimization and chitosan flocculation were used to evaluate its potential for the production of biomass, total carbohydrates, and β-glucans. The biomass of this alga reached 12.3 ± 0.1 g L−1 in vertical bubble column photobioreactors at the phosphate concentration of 120 mg L−1, and the productivities of total carbohydrates and β-glucans maximized up to 242.6 ± 2.3 mg L−1 day−1 and 108.1 ± 4.0 mg L−1 day−1, respectively. Simultaneously, flocculation results demonstrated that the recovery rate of the biomass, total carbohydrates, and β-glucans were over 90% at a low chitosan concentration of 3 mg L−1. The flocs were easily collected and washed through a 300-mesh bolting cloth, presenting an ultralow harvest cost of 2.93 US$ per tonne of biomass. In summary, addition of suitable phosphate and flocculation with low chitosan concentration could be effective strategies to enhance the commercial potential of Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO–45730 as a feedstock for biofuel and β-glucans.

The Production of Gaseous Biofuels Using Biomass Waste from Construction Sites in Recife, Brazil

Due to climate change problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions generated by fossil fuels and from waste disposition, fuel alternatives for power generation are being extensively researched. Currently, in Brazil and in many countries, wood waste is disposed in landfills. However, due to lignin, one of the major constituents of biomass, which prevents wood waste from suffering microbial degradation, there is no significant mass degradation, even over decades, when landfilled. Hence, landfilling is not a solution to discard wood waste. Hence, one of the solutions to get rid of the great amount of wood waste is to use it as feedstock in waste-to-electricity (WTE) projects. WTE projects are in high demand in the world, as they can replace fossil fuels and they reduce two major environmental problems (greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of fossil fuels and the accumulation of waste in landfills), while generating biofuels and/or electricity. One of the residues that can be used in WTE projects is biomass residue from construction sites (CCbiowaste). CCbiowaste could be converted into gaseous biofuels through pyrolysis or gasification. These gaseous biofuels can be used in Otto engines connected to an electricity generator (gensets) to produce electricity and/or heat (cogeneration applications). Hence, the objective of this research was to characterize (physically, chemically, and energetically) civil construction biomass wastes (CCbiowaste), produced in a residential building construction site in Recife, Brazil, and to use these wastes in a bench-scale gasifier to produce gaseous biofuels at the temperatures of 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. The gaseous fuels were collected in the gasifier and analyzed in a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) to determine their composition and heating values. The lower heating value (LHV) results varied from 8.07 MJ∙m−3 to 10.74 MJ∙m−3 for 700 °C to 900 °C gasification temperature. These gaseous fuels were tested in an adapted Otto cycle engine connected to an electricity generator to prove the feasibility of this application. The highest total energy per ton of biomass was obtained for mixed wood and Pinus at 900 °C, with approximately 13 GJ∙ton−1. Hence, the use of CCbiowaste can become an option for the reuse of wasted wood instead of simply dumping in a landfill.

Declines in an abundant aquatic insect, the burrowing mayfly, across major North American waterways

Seasonal animal movement among disparate habitats is a fundamental mechanism by which energy, nutrients, and biomass are transported across ecotones. A dramatic example of such exchange is the annual emergence of mayfly swarms from freshwater benthic habitats, but their characterization at macroscales has remained impossible. We analyzed radar observations of mayfly emergence flights to quantify long-term changes in annual biomass transport along the Upper Mississippi River and Western Lake Erie Basin. A single emergence event can produce 87.9 billion mayflies, releasing 3,078.6 tons of biomass into the airspace over several hours, but in recent years, production across both waterways has declined by over 50%. As a primary prey source in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, these declines will impact higher trophic levels and environmental nutrient cycling.

Assessment of Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Oocystis minuta for removal of sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate in wastewater

Application of wastewater for algal biomass production can not only lead to production of thousands of tons of biomass for subsequent biofuel production, but also can provide for significant removal of contaminants in wastewater. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the growth, contaminant removal, and biochemical component (lipid, carbohydrate, and protein) accumulation potential of Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Oocystis minuta cells in wastewater supplemented with different concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. The results show maximum biomass productivity of 33, 19, and 98 mg dw/L/d for C. vulgaris, S. obliquus, and O. minuta, respectively. Phosphate removal (more than 90%) was highest in the culture with O. minuta; about 93% nitrate was removed by C. vulgaris, and the highest sulfate removal of 36% was observed in the culture with S. obliquus. The biochemical composition of the microalgae cells is in the ranges of 22–65% carbohydrate, 19–38% protein, and 8–17% lipid. This indicates that carbohydrate and protein are preferentially accumulated as compared to lipids under the growth conditions investigated for each of the microalgae strains.

Research on the use of cylindrical cutting drums with blades in cascade for Miscanthus harvesting

In the current context of climate change, a special place is occupied by the field of energy plants. One of the renewable sources providing the biomass necessary for the generation of bioenergy, widely used in the last decades in the EU countries is the Miscanthus culture, which by capitalisation provides a series of economic benefits, but especially in terms of environment. This can be used for the production of electricity and/or thermal energy both in large power plants (30 MW +), which use thousands of tons of biomass annually, and in small domestic systems that use several tons, during the winter months. By using the Miscanthus in the combustion process, the carbon dioxide emissions are reduced and the methane emissions from the deposits are eliminated. In the case of applying the technology for Miscanthus culture direct harvesting (culture of perennial plants, over 2 m high, and high density), the technological process consists of cutting, chopping and loading in the means of transport of the harvested material. The paper presents the technological process of direct harvesting and analysis of the results obtained, achieved with the help of the trailed forage harvester CTF.

An Examination on Biomass Power as Primary Energy and Generation of Electricity using Biomass

With genuine concern all inclusive and in India on the utilization of petroleum products, it is vital for India to begin utilizing sustainable power sources. India is the seventh biggest nation on the planet traversing 328 million hectares and abundantly presented with sustainable wellsprings of vitality. Among the sustainable power sources, biomass assumes an indispensable part particularly in country regions, as it constitutes the real vitality source to lion's share of family units in India. Biomass vitality is the usage of natural issue introduce and can be used for different applications. As indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, biomass represented 10.2% of the world's aggregate yield of primary energy. The International Energy Agency extends that it will be the quickest developing sustainable power source amongst now and 2030, giving as much as 30% of the power devoured worldwide by 2050. In India, woodland and agricultural biomass is the most as often as possible utilized organic matter because of its prepared accessibility and the development of the producing technique included. India delivers around 450-500 million tons of biomass for each year. Biomass gives 32% of all the essential vitality use in the nation at display.

ParthaDasgupta, Time and the Generations: Population Ethics for a Diminishing Planet. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019. xliv + 296 p. $28.00

ParthaDasgupta, Time and the Generations: Population Ethics for a Diminishing Planet. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019. xliv + 296 p. $28.00

Lignocellulosic biomass from agro‐industrial residues in South America: current developments and perspectives

AbstractSouth America is a pivotal supplier of agricultural commodities for a growing world population. This large‐scale production generates a substantial amount of lignocellulosic residue. Inadequate disposal of this material can lead to putrefaction and leaching, and can attract insects and rodents. Solid residues can be treated by incineration or composting – both causing greenhouse gas emissions. Biotransformation of lignocellulosic residues into valuable products has been proposed as a more sophisticated alternative to burning. However, pretreatment steps are necessary to obtain fermentable sugars for biological or thermochemical transformation into value‐added products. In this review, we noted trends in lignocellulosic biomass generation and potential uses, with special attention to the procedures necessary for the generation of fermented products and bio‐oil. This survey pointed out that sugarcane bagasse, cereal straws, bananas, and oil‐palm biomass can generate about 900 million tonnes of biomass by 2025. Based on production data from several researchers it was estimated that these raw materials have the potential for annual production of more than 550 million tonnes of fermentable sugars (i.e., glucose and xylose), 670 million tonnes of bio‐oil, or 4000 TWh of thermal energy. We describe procedures and strategies for the conversion of these residues to produce higher value‐added biomolecules and to promote more sustainable application of lignocellulosic biomass © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Characterization and Deconstruction of Oligosaccharides in Black Liquor From Deacetylation Process of Corn Stover

The NREL developed, atmospheric pressure, low severity Deacetylation and Mechanical Refining (DMR) process under atmospheric pressure, generates highly fermentable, low toxicity sugar syrups and highly reactive lignin streams. The dilute alkali deacetylation step saponifies acetyl groups from the hemicellulosic fraction of biomass into a black liquor waste stream that also contains solubilized acetic, ferulic, p-coumaric acids and lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs), oligosaccharides, and solubilized lignin. Valorization of the soluble components in the deacetylation black liquor waste stream requires characterization of the black liquor. WeOur analyses show that glucan, xylan and lignin were three main components in black liquor and the oligosaccharides in the black liquor were mainly xylan dimers and trimers with arabinofuranose branch groups mainly on the xylooligomers. GPC chromatograms showed that the black liquor also contained oligomeric lignin moieties with molecular weights ranging between 1800 to ~10,000 Da. Enzymatic saccharification of the black liquor was conducted based on the compositional and structural information. Incorporation of Novozymes Cellic® CTec2 and HTec2 commercial cellulase and hemicellulase enzyme preparations with various accessary enzymes showed up to 57% hydrolysis of the xylooligosaccharides in the black liquor to monomeric sugars, which could be used to improve biorefinery carbon utilization in biological fermentations to improve end product fuel or bioproduct volumes per metric tonne of biomass processed. This is so far the first study about characterizing DMR black liquor and exploring breaking down the oligosaccharides in black liquor for potential use.

Lignin-Based Carbon Nanomaterials—The Future Scope

Carbon, a versatile material available in nature, can assume various allotropic forms, which improves its chances of useful exploitation in various applications. The application scope increases for carbon when it is brought to nanosize structures, like fullerenes and related materials, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, and carbon nanocomposites with better mechanical, thermal, electronic, and electrical properties, coupled with chemical robustness. Various precursor materials used for carbon nanostructures include hydrocarbons, carbonaceous industrial wastes, carbon blacks, carbon nano-onions etc. The high cost of precursors in particular is caused by petro-based sources, and manufacturing costs are narrowing the applications of carbon materials in high-performance structural materials. One alternative is biobased precursor materials like lignin, a polymeric aromatic compound with various side chain substituents found in plant cell walls. Lignin consists of more than 60 % carbon on a theoretical basis and can be a green carbon source for the production of carbon-based nanomaterials. Worldwide data show that the paper and pulp industry alone produces ∼50 × 109 kg of lignin per annum. The E20 or E30 norms of biofuel blending shows that each ton of biomass produces ∼15–25 % (w/w) of lignin as a by-product. Therefore, precursor material limitation can be avoided if lignin-based sources are used for nanomaterial production. In addition to these, animal manure from herbivores can also be considered for the same beause the manure contains significant amounts of microbial, processed lignin in the rumen with decreased degree of polymerization, making it suitable to play with the structure for various applications, particularly with nanocomposites. Some of the applications based on lignin might require preliminary functionalizations to the source material. Lignin-based nanomaterials have various applications in many biocompatible-based applications, such as for cancer diagnosis, drug delivery, optical sensors, tissue engineering, energy storage devices, air filtration, oil-water separation, electronics, and catalysis, etc.

Hydrologic impacts and trade-offs associated with forest-based bioenergy development practices in a snow-dominated watershed, Wisconsin, USA

Growing demand for biomass-derived fuels has resulted in an increase in bioenergy projects in recent years, a trend that is expected to continue. However, broad expansion of bioenergy feedstock production may have significant environmental consequences. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to investigate how forest-based bioenergy development may affect hydrological systems at the watershed scale. Specifically, this study addresses hybrid poplar cultivation for biofuel production in a snow-dominated watershed in northern Wisconsin, USA. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), calibrated and validated for streamflow and biomass production cycles, is used to evaluate the effects of land use change corresponding to a range of biofuel development scenarios. The biofuel scenarios follow physically-based rules for land use conversion to poplar plantations from hay, pasture, and forested lands; along with a suite of alternative management practices, including rotation time, planting density, fertilizer application and irrigation. Trade-offs between biomass production, fertilizer use, and hydrologic alteration are evaluated for the feedstock production system. The highest density (1111 trees/100 m2) and shortest rotation (5-year) treatments produce the highest biomass and are the most efficient treatments in terms of water and fertilizer use per ton of biomass. The high efficiency is due to optimal relationships between leaf area index, biomass production, and N uptake. At annual or greater time scales, the simulated conversion to poplar had minimal effect on ET and streamflows. However, in summer months, the ET from the poplar substantially exceeds that of the original land use, so that streamflows decrease by as much as 50%. Irrigation to meet soil water deficits increased biomass production, but only by 4% on average, which is not surprising for a temperate, humid watershed.