Tons Of Greenhouse Gases Research Articles

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and cost of energy transport from Saudi Arabia with conventional fuels and liquified natural gas

The International Maritime Organization has recently developed several regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To meet these targets, ship builders and operators must either replace or upgrade the existing fleet with new decarbonized vessel technologies and/or switch to alternative fuels. The latter has been of interest, especially using liquified natural gas (LNG), among other alternative fuels, which can have lower emissions than conventional fuels. In Saudi Arabia in 2023, LNG was priced about 10 times lower than in Europe. In this study, Well-to-Wake life cycle GHG emissions and cost are calculated for a SUEZMAX tanker operating with three fuel options: high sulfur fuel oil, very low sulfur fuel oil and LNG. This is done for two different trips, for Saudi Arabia to Japan and Saudi Arabia to the Netherlands. Results show 11% and 12% life cycle GHG emissions reduction with LNG for trips to the Netherlands and Japan, respectively. From a sensitivity analysis of methane slip, LNG cost and anchoring time, the cost of GHG abatement for the LNG vessel varied from 171 United States dollars (USD) to –255 USD, and from 206 USD to –191 USD per ton of GHG, for the trip to the Netherlands and Japan, respectively.

Benefits and challenges in deployment of low global warming potential R290 refrigerant for room air conditioning equipment in California

High global warming potential gases (“high GWP”) are the fastest growing sector of greenhouse gas emissions in the world and in California and are primarily used as refrigerant gases in refrigeration and cooling equipment. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) refrigerants are the dominant type of high GWP gases with GWP values thousands of times larger than CO2 on a 100-year timescale. Refrigerant-grade propane (“R290”) has a very low GWP (GWP = 3.3) with good thermodynamic properties and good cooling equipment performance but the flammability of any leaked refrigerant makes equipment design, handling, and maintenance critical factors to manage. This paper focuses on the potential climate benefits and costs of transitioning to R290 refrigerant in small room air conditioning (AC) units, specifically window AC, packaged terminal AC/heat pumps (PTAC/PTHP), and mini-split heat pumps. Overall climate impact for a transition to all three types of air conditioning units in the 2022–2051 timeframe is found to be from 15 to 64 million metric tons of greenhouse gas (GHG) savings in California with a cost of saved CO2eq that ranges from $14.50 per ton of CO2eq saved to −$50.30 per ton of CO2eq saved (net savings) depending on whether the baseline refrigerant is R32 or R410A and depending on the relative energy efficiency for R290 units compared to baseline units.

Sustainable Blue Foods from Rice-Animal Coculture Systems.

Global interest grows in blue foods as part of sustainable diets, but little is known about the potential and environmental performance of blue foods from rice-animal coculture systems. Here, we compiled a large experimental database and conducted a comprehensive life cycle assessment to estimate the impacts of scaling up rice-fish and rice-crayfish systems in China. We find that a large amount of protein can be produced from the coculture systems, equivalent to ∼20% of freshwater aquaculture and ∼70% of marine wild capture projected in 2030. Because of the ecological benefits created by the symbiotic relationships, cocultured fish and crayfish are estimated to be carbon-negative (-9.8 and -4.7 kg of CO2e per 100 g of protein, respectively). When promoted at scale to displace red meat, they can save up to ∼98 million tons of greenhouse gases and up to ∼13 million hectares of farmland, equivalent to ∼44% of China's total rice acreage. These results suggest that rice-animal coculture systems can be an important source of blue foods and contribute to a sustainable dietary shift, while reducing the environmental footprints of rice production. To harvest these benefits, robust policy supports are required to guide the sustainable development of coculture systems and promote healthy and sustainable dietary change.

Estimation of organic carbon stocks in bottom sediments of Middle Kaban lake (Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan)

The lakes has an enormous sediment carbon storage potential. This study aims to estimate sediment organic carbon stock in the of Middle Kaban lake, Republic of Tatarstan. The study revealed that the in the surface layer of lake sediments carbon stocks amount to 1134 tons. Total organic carbon stocks in the bottom sediments of Middle Kaban lake amount to 5986 tons. In CO2 equivalent, 21949 tons of greenhouse gases are accumulated in the lake bottom sediments.

Investigating the effect of Manufactured sand and Silica Fume on the properties of Concrete

In the present era, concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials worldwide. Consequently, the demand for natural river sand is increasing. Since the mining of natural sand has already been outlawed by the government in many regions, now it is essential to look into sustainable materials to control natural sand extraction. Hence, manufactured sand (MS) has been shown in numerous studies to be a more practical and environmentally responsible alternative to river sand (RS), which is normally used in the production of concrete. At the same time, the cement industry produces tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, affecting atmospheric conditions. Now, it’s time to look into a suitable replacement material for cement. To investigate the feasibility of using manufactured sand & silica fume in place of river sand and cement under normal climatic conditions fresh, mechanical and durability properties were conducted in the laboratory. Twelve samples of M30 grade cubes and cylinders at desired M sand percentages of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 & 0% and 5% variation of silica fume with cement are included in this study as a comparison to the control mix. After 28 days of water curing, a random variation in the properties of concrete was observed in the samples. In this experimental study, SF represents Silica Fume, MS represents manufactured sand, RS represents river sand, FA represents Fine aggregates and CA represents Coarse aggregates.

Disentangling the US military's climate change paradox: An institutional approach

AbstractStudies estimate that the US military it is a bigger polluter than 140 individual countries, having emitted hundreds of millions of tons of greenhouse gases in the twenty‐first century. Despite this, the military is also one of the organizations most affected by climate change, given its global infrastructural reach, and one that is positioning itself to grapple with the social and political upheavals resulting from the climate crisis. Thus, paradoxically, despite its role as a major driver of ecological degradation, the military is one of the few influential institutions in the US that has demonstrated a willingness to grapple with the effects of climate change. In this paper we explore these two sides of the relationship between the military and climate change. Combining perspectives from the military and environmental sociology literature, we review the military's role as a polluter as well as a stakeholder. We examine the military's attempts to reconcile those two approaches through the adoption of a philosophy of “winners and losers” of climate change, highlighting the limits and possibilities of this approach. To make sense of the military's response, we review the conflicting institutional logics guiding the Pentagon's efforts. We conclude by suggesting that policymakers resolve these tensions through a strategic retreat from its globe‐spanning presence.

Assessment of intangible ecosystem services of forests of the Ternopil region

Purpose. Assess the intangible ecosystem services of forests in the Ternopil region. Methods. Descriptive, statistical, assess and geoenvironmental analysis. Results. The article assess intangible ecosystem services forests of the Ternopil region: recreational capacity, oxygen production, carbon dioxide assimilation, greenhouse gas absorption. The region is dominated by operational forests, the average age of forests is 62 years. The main forest-forming species are oak, beech, hornbeam and ash. Ecologically permissible recreational capacity of forests of the Ternopil region is 824 400 people for all lands of the forest fund and 112 500 people for recreational-health forests. It is established that the average daily volume of oxygen production by forests of the region is 36,6 thousand tons, the volume of carbon dioxide assimilation – 45,8 thousand tons. Forests of Ternopil region, during the year, absorb 875 700 tons of greenhouse gases. The development of integrated use of forest resources and the expansion of the use of intangible forest resources remain priority areas for the forestry in the region. Conclusions. This area of research is promising and relevant, especially in the context of current global and regional climate change. Such studies should be detailed at the level of individual state forestry enterprises, administrative districts and territorial communities. The results of such research contribute to the monetization of forest ecosystem services and the rational management of forest ecosystems on the basis of sustainable development.

Improper disposal of medical waste costs health systems and the environment.

Health care is a major polluter both in terms of emissions and contributions to landfills. The combined health sectors of the United States, Australia, England, and Canada emit an estimated 748 million metric tons of greenhouse gases each year, more than all but the six top polluting countries in

Evaluation of apple pomace biochemical transformation to biofuels and pectin through a sustainable biorefinery

The waste apple pomace, rich in free sugars and structural carbohydrates, can prove to be a good feedstock for biofuels and value-added chemicals production. In this work, apple pomace was used for the production of pectin and biofuels by applying dilute sulfuric acid (1% w/v) treatment. The treatment factors, i.e., temperature and residence time, were optimized to maximize the pectin and biofuels (bioethanol and methane) yields. The solid loaded in the treatment step was 10 g of dried apple pomace per 140 ml of sulfuric acid (1% w/v). The liquor resulting from the dilute acid treatment, containing solubilized sugars and pectin, was subjected to fermentation and pectin recovery. The resulting treated solids were anaerobically fermented to produce biomethane. Furthermore, the environmental and economic aspects of the process developed were evaluated. The highest pectin extraction yield of 164 g pectin per kg of dried apple pomace was obtained after 60 min acid treatment at 94 °C. The pectin extracted with the highest yield had a degree of esterification and galacturonic acid content of 71.3% and 61.2%, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum sugar yield of 411.4 g fermentable sugars (glucose and fructose) per kg of dried apple pomace was obtained at 140 °C after 30 min acid treatment, which was anaerobically fermented to 136.3 g ethanol per kg of dried apple pomace. The highest methane yield (>120 mL/g volatile solids) was obtained at mild conditions. However, the yield decreased with treatment severity. The process developed in this work has a potential to produce over 131.1 million liter of bioethanol in Iran (in 2020). The estimation showed that mixing 5% ethanol (E5) with gasoline can reduce nearly 189.2 k ton of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in comparison with a gasoline-fueled vehicle in 2020.

Tele-visits for GERD: "Ecofriendly, efficient and effective".

Sars-CoV-19 pandemic necessitated a transition to telemedicine for many healthcare encounters. The environmental impact of this transition in gastroenterology (GI) combined with user experience has not been studied. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent telemedicine visits (telephone and video) at a GI clinic at West Virginia University. Distance of patients' residence from clinic ×2 was calculated, and Environmental Protection Agency calculators utilized to calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that were avoided from tele-visits. Patients were reached by telephone and were asked questions to fill in a validated Telehealth Usability Questionnaire with Likert scales (1-7). Variables were also collected via chart review. A total of 81 video and 89 telephone visits were conducted for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) between March 2020 and March 2021. A total of 111 patients were enrolled, with a response rate of 65.29%. Mean age was lower in the video visit cohort compared with the telephone visit cohort (43.45±14.32years vs 52.34±17.46years). Most patients had medications prescribed during the visit (79.3%), and a majority had laboratory testing orders placed (57.7%). We calculated a total distance of 8732miles that the patients would have traveled if they were to present for in-person visits (including return trips). A total of 393.3 gallons of gasoline would have been required to transport these patients to and from the healthcare facility to their residence. A total of 3.5 metric tons of GHG's were saved by avoiding 393.3 gallons of gasoline for travel. In relatable terms, this is equivalent to burning more than 3500 pounds of coal. This averages to 31.5-kg GHG emissions and 3.54 gallons of gasoline saved per patient. Telemedicine for GERD resulted in significant environmental savings and was rated highly for access, satisfaction, and usability by patients. Telemedicine for GERD can be an excellent alternative to in-person visits.

Impact of Remote Cardiac Monitoring on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Global Cardiovascular Carbon Footprint Project

BackgroundRemote monitoring (RM) of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) is efficient and requires fewer resources than conventional monitoring. However, the impact of RM on the carbon footprint (CF) is not known. ObjectivesThe authors sought to evaluate the reduction in cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with RM as compared to conventional monitoring of CIEDs and its relevance to CF. MethodsData were obtained from a third-party RM provider on 32,811 patients from 67 device clinics across the United States. Distance from home address to the device clinic for patients on RM was calculated. Savings in total distance traveled over 2 years was calculated using frequency of follow-up required for the device type. National fuel efficiency data and carbon emission data were obtained from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Environmental Protective Agency, respectively. The average gas price during the study period was obtained from U.S. Energy Information Administration. ResultsIn the study population, RM resulted in a total saving of 31.7 million travel miles at $3.45 million and reduction of 12,518 metric ton of GHG from gasoline. There was a reduction of 14.2-million-page printouts, $3 million in cost, and 78 tons of GHG. Improvement in workforce efficiency with RM resulted in savings of $3.7 million. There was a net saving of $10.15 million and 12,596 tons of GHG emissions. ConclusionsRM of patients with a CIED resulted in significant reductions in GHG emissions. Efforts to actively promoting RM can result in significant reduction in CF.

Intelligent Technologies, Enzyme-Embedded and Microbial Degradation of Agricultural Plastics

This review appraised current research on enzyme-embedded biodegradable agricultural plastics and microbial degradation, given that the increased use of fossil-fuel-based plastics in agriculture involved significant environmental tradeoffs. Over 370 million tons of plastics were produced in 2019, releasing over 400 million tons of greenhouse gases during production, transportation, consumption, burning, and exposure to sunlight biodegradation. Less than 10% of bags are recycled at the end of their life, leading to environmental pollution. Thus, it is imperative to summarize studies that have suggested solutions of this problem. The scoping review approach was preferred, given that it established current practices and uncovered international evidence on bio-based solutions and conflicting outcomes. Bioplastics with low greenhouse warming potential had a small market share (approximately 1%). The accumulation of fossil-fuel-based plastics and poor post-use management releases mercury, dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Enzyme-embedded polymers degrade fast in the environment but lack the desired mechanical properties. Even though polylactic acid (PLA) and other bioplastics are better alternatives to synthetic polymers, they persist in the environment for years. Fast degradation is only practical under special conditions (elevated temperatures and humidity), limiting bioplastics’ practical benefits. The research and development of plastics that could degrade under ambient conditions through enzyme-catalyzed reactions and soil-inoculated microbes are ongoing. However, there are no guarantees that the technology would be profitable in commercial agriculture. Other limiting factors include the geographical disparities in agricultural plastic waste management. Future perspectives on the waste management of agricultural plastics require smart technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and enzyme-embedded plastics that degrade under ambient conditions. The replacement of synthetic plastics with polylactic acid and polycaprolactone/Amano lipase (PCL/AL) composite films would offset the negative ecological effects. A major drawback was the slow research and development and commercial adoption of bio-based plastics. The transition to bioplastics was resource- and time-intensive.

An Insight into Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Green Hydrogen Production

At present, the energy shortage and environmental pollution are the burning global issues. For centuries, fossil fuels have been used to meet worldwide energy demand. However, thousands of tons of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned, contributing to global warming. Therefore, green energy must replace fossil fuels, and hydrogen is a prime choice. Photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) under solar irradiation could address energy and environmental problems. In the past decade, solar photocatalysts have been used to manufacture sustainable fuels. Scientists are working to synthesize a reliable, affordable, and light-efficient photocatalyst. Developing efficient photocatalysts for water redox reactions in suspension is a key to solar energy conversion. Semiconductor nanoparticles can be used as photocatalysts to accelerate redox reactions to generate chemical fuel or electricity. Carbon materials are substantial photocatalysts for total WS under solar irradiation due to their high activity, high stability, low cost, easy production, and structural diversity. Carbon-based materials such as graphene, graphene oxide, graphitic carbon nitride, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon quantum dots can be used as semiconductors, photosensitizers, cocatalysts, and support materials. This review comprehensively explains how carbon-based composite materials function as photocatalytic semiconductors for hydrogen production, the water-splitting mechanism, and the chemistry of redox reactions. Also, how heteroatom doping, defects and surface functionalities, etc., can influence the efficiency of carbon photocatalysts in H2 production. The challenges faced in the PWS process and future prospects are briefly discussed.

The New Challenge of the European Leather Supply Chain in the Current Geopolitical Environment

Every year around the world, tanneries valorize and ennoble about 8 million tons of raw hides and skins, a waste material from the agri-food supply chain that would otherwise be destined for disposal in landfills or incineration, resulting in the release of about 5 million tons of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, leather, an extraordinary example of valorization and conversion of a putrescible and polluting material, has a much longer use life than its substitutes and a far more favorable degradative fate for the environment. The war in Ukraine and the consequent repercussions on the international market are likely to further exacerbate the historic need for raw materials (crude and semi-finished) of the European and, in particular, of the Italian tanning industry; and tanneries in non-European (Asian and South American) countries, given the greater availability of raw hides and skins, could take advantage of this to reduce the competitiveness of EU tannery in the markets. So worrisome is the situation that one of the world's most important associations of tanning industrialists, the National Union of the Tanning Industry (UNIC-Unione Nazionale Industria Conciaria), in agreement with the European Confederation of Tanners (COTANCE), has planned, in the first months of the year 2022, to request the European Commission to limit the export of European raw/semi-processed hides and skins outside the EU borders. In such a disturbing scenario, there is a clear need to adopt countermeasures projected over the medium and long term and adequate investments, for the ever-increasing implementation of the principles of circular economy and technological innovation in order to improve the environmental, but also economic, sustainability of the leather industry.

Building a Sustainable Energy Community: Design and Integrate Variable Renewable Energy Systems for Rural Communities

This study proposes a decentralized hybrid energy system consisting of solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines (WT) connected with the local power grid for a small Najran, Saudi Arabia community. The goal is to provide the selected community with sustainable energy to cover a partial load of the residential buildings and the power requirements for irrigation. For this, a dynamic model was constructed to estimate the hourly energy demand for residential buildings consisting of 20 apartments with a total floor area of 4640 m2, and the energy requirements for irrigation to supply a farm of 10,000 m2 with water. Subsequently, HOMER software was used to optimize the proposed hybrid energy system. Even considering the hourly fluctuations of renewable energies, the artificial neural network (ANN) successfully estimated PV and wind energy. Based on the mathematical calculations, the final R-square values were 0.928 and 0.993 for PV and wind energy, respectively. According to the findings, the cost of energy (COE) for the optimized hybrid energy system is $0.1053/kWh with a renewable energy penetration of 65%. In addition, the proposed system will save 233 tons of greenhouse gases annually.

Performance evaluation of grid-connected photovoltaic system for Kuttiady village in Kerala, India.

To combat the adverse environmental effects of fossil fuel burning for power generation and to conserve it for strategic use, new, clean, and renewable energy sources are being utilized for power generation. The study presents techno-economic analysis of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant to partially meet the energy consumption of the people of Kuttiady village in Kerala, India. The proposed 2315.5kW installed capacity PV is found to be feasible for the village and can produce 3878.3 MWh of energy annually while the demand is 4044.86 MWh at a plant capacity factor of 19.1% and cost of energy of 290.73 $/MWh. The performance of the proposed PV plant measured in terms of final yield (4.59h), reference yield (5.64h), and performance ratio (82%) is compatible and even higher with many such plants in India and other countries. Economic sensitivity analysis is also performed by varying the interest, discount, and inflation rates to check their effect on cost of energy, benefit cost ratio, and payback period. As the interest and discount rates decrease, the cost of energy and payback period also decreases while benefit cost ratio increases. The proposed plant can help in avoiding around 785 tons of greenhouse gases entering the local atmosphere of the Kuttiady village.

Deployment a hybrid renewable energy system for enhancing power generation and reducing water evaporation of a dam

In recent years, repetitive electricity outages, and water crisis have caused major problems in Iran. Moreover, air pollution is a serious problem that Iran is facing, especially in provinces such as Tehran, Khuzestan, Markazi, etc. In this study, a grid-connected Hybrid system consisting Hydropower turbine of Karun-3 dam in Khuzestan, and floating solar photovoice (FSPV) is proposed to cover 5% of the electrical demand of Khuzestan province during peak hours. This system can increase the stability of the system and prevent outages, reduce the water usage for energy production, reduce the evaporation, and reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As was anticipated, the proposed system produced a huge amount of electrical energy during peak hours, and the excess energy was used to pump the water back to the dam reservoir. Utilizing this idea could prevent the use of valuable water for energy production. The economic analysis represents the cost of energy (COE), and net present cost (NPC) of 0.0596 $/kWh and 1.66 B$, respectively. The required FSPV covers 1.16 km2 of the reservoir, and reduced 1.97% of the evaporation, preventing emitting almost 5 million tons of GHG per year. According to the results, increasing the FSPV capacity reduced the COE and evaporation and increased the NPC. Therefore, utilizing a system containing FSPV and the total hydropower capacity of the country to cover 5% of the peak load of Iran resulted in a COE of 0.0218 $/kWh, NPC of 32 B$, and reduced the evaporation to 41.68%. Also, replacing old power plants using the proposed system needs an investment cost of 616 M$, which is much higher than fossil fuel plants. While, the annual costs of the hybrid system are 37% lower than fossil fuel plants, which makes the hybrid system economically justifiable, in 20 years.

Synergic emissions reduction effect of China's “Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan”: Benefits and efficiency

Large amounts of fossil fuels that are consumed in association with the urbanization process, lead to billions of tons of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Air pollution control policies have the synergic effects on carbon emissions reduction, but whether they can improve the synergic emission reduction efficiency (SERE) needs to be studied. 279 Chinese cities are selected as research samples. We evaluate the synergic effect of China's “Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan” (APPCAP) from the perspectives of benefits and efficiency with the Difference-in-differences (DID) model. We further decompose the SERE into synergic emission reduction technological efficiency change (SEREEC) and synergic emission reduction technological change (SERETC) to analyze the internal impact mechanisms. The result shows that: (1) SERE has increased by 8 % from 2010 to 2017, for the expansion of the possibility boundary. (2) The APPCAP has co-benefit of carbon emissions reduction by 1.5 %, but inhibits the SERE increase by 1.2 % because of the lack of resource allocation efficiency improvement. (3) The APPCAP has an inhibitory effect on SEREEC and a promoting effect on SERETC. Therefore, the government should emphasize the source control and treatment efficiency, and further strengthen the system innovation for achieving urban sustainable development effectively.

Data-driven offshore CO2 saline storage assessment methodology

The world produces approximately 50 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases annually. This is measured in CO2-equivalents, and geologic CO2 storage has the potential to advance decarbonization and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. New technologies to assess offshore carbon storage are needed to address resource, regulatory, and commercial needs. Although most efforts to assess storage resources focus on onshore criteria, offshore reservoirs offer significant storage potential and distinct development challenges. Potential advantages of offshore carbon storage include being further from human population centers and less potential to interact with groundwater. The U.S. Department of Energy's method for evaluating storage capacity in non-oil-bearing saline reservoirs has been enhanced to support assessments for offshore environments in the Offshore CO2 Saline Storage methodology (OCSS). This methodology applies data-driven capabilities to estimate saline storage capacity while accounting for features specific to offshore reservoirs. Features include changes in CO2 density and sedimentary differences that impact estimates of permanence and capacity. The Offshore CO2 Saline Storage Calculator mechanizes OCSS to estimate storage capacity. This paper presents the methodology and estimates for 18 geologic domains in the Gulf of Mexico. Potential storage distributions, sensitivity analyses, and the incorporation of spatial data and tools to support safe site selection are also discussed.

Vessel sharing and its impact on maritime operations and carbon emissions

The shipping industry touches approximately 90% of all international trade, producing roughly one billion tons of greenhouse gases each year. Changes in the operations and coordination of global‐shipping vessels can have a substantial impact on vessel's carbon emissions, but these efforts need to fulfill the service expectation of individual firms receiving consignments. We examine the associated gains (or losses) in operational efficiencies and environmental benefits (if there are any) from vessel sharing. We do so by analyzing a dataset that merges multiple years of U.S. port records and maritime emissions data. Using simultaneous regression equation models, our results indicate that the maritime emissions (attributable to receiving firms) drop by 5%, on average, for each additional carrier sharing a vessel. We confirm several operational efficiencies emerging from vessel sharing, such as increased average utilization and reductions in “route redundancy.” These operational changes mediate the total effect of vessel sharing on emissions. However, we do find that vessel sharing is associated with a slight increase in lead time, measured as the number of days it took to deliver the goods. Although our empirical setting is in the global shipping industry, asset sharing is a mechanism that can be adopted by any industry. Our findings show the importance of exploring the conditions and settings where sharing may or may not have operational and/or environmental trade‐offs.