Tonne Of Grain Research Articles

Response Surface Methods to Optimise Milling Parameters for Spirit Alcohol Production from Irish Wheat Grain.

To standardise research activity and determine alcohol yield from native Irish hard wheat grain, a benchmark approach that reflects Irish industry norms is required. The goal of this study was to optimise milling parameters, grain particle size, and grain to liquid ratio towards developing a standard process. Hard wheat (Triticum avestivum cv. Costello) was used in this study. Experiments utilised a response surface method approach. When both 30 and 35 g of flour were used at a particle size of 0.2 mm, alcohol yield was >350 L of alcohol per tonne of grain (LA/tonne), but with a particle size of 0.65 and 1.1 mm, alcohol yield decreased to between 250 and 300 LA/tonne. It was noted that, during response surface study, >300 LA/tonne was achieved when grain amounts were >25 g, at a particle size of 0.2 mm; therefore, a follow-up experiment was conducted to determine whether there was a significant difference in grain amounts ranging from 25 to 35 g. During this experiment, no significant difference in alcohol yield was observed between 30 and 35 g of grain. Because there were no significant differences, the ideal milling parameters for alcohol yield were determined to be 30 g of flour with a particle size of 0.2 mm, achieving 389.5 LA/tonne. This study concludes that hard wheat can successfully be used for alcohol production, achieving >380 LA/tonne, when a milling size of 0.2 mm and more than 30 g of grain are used, and as such presents an opportunity for its increased use in Irish distilleries.

Plant protection of a new variety of spring weat Marsianka

The results of the study of the effect of seed dressers and herbicides on the yield and economic efficiency of the new variety of spring wheat Marsianka are presented. The experimentation, observations and registrations were carried out according to generally accepted methods. In the tillering phase of wheat, the incidence of root rot was 22% lower in crops with dressed seed. In the experiment a higher retention of yield from the disease 77.5% and an increase of 0.38 t/ha were obtained in the variant with the preparation Maxim Plus, VSK with the rate of 1.5 l/t. Using the preparations Maxim Plus, VSK and Vial TrasT, VSK (0.4 l/t), grain unit increased to 799 g/l, vitreousness - to 65.4%, 1000 seed weight - to 38.6 g, protein content - to 16.2%, gluten content in grain - to 36.0%. Vial TrasT, VSK provided better economic performance: net income increased by 23.3%, the cost per tonne of grain decreased by 9.1% and profitability increased by 20.2%. Crop treatment in tillering phase with a tank mixture of herbicides Lastik TOP, MKE (dose 0.4 l/ ha) and Magnum, VDG (0.008 kg/ha) resulted in the highest yield in the experiment 3.63 t/ha with improved quality of grain (natural weight 798 g/l, vitreousness 67.9%, grain protein content 17.3%). The herbicide Lancelot 450, VDG and the tank mixture Puma Super 100, KE + Pruner Turbo, MD ensured a weight of 38.1 g and a gluten content of 34.7%. Crops treated with the herbicide Lancelot 450, VDG, the tank mixtures Lastik TOP, ME + Magnum, VDG and Balerina, SE + Mortira, VDG provided the highest net income of 15,200-15,300 p/ha. A maximum profitability of 116.9% and a minimum cost of 3,688.66 p/t were obtained from the use of Greneri, VDG.

Productivity of Rainfed Winter Wheat with Direct Sowing and Economic Efficiency of Diversified Fertilization in Arid Region of South Kazakhstan

Reduced soil tillage is a powerful means to mitigate soil degradation. However, in arid climates, no-till rainfed technologies often result in yield drop due to lack of soil moisture and mineral nutrition. Rainfed production of winter wheat using direct sowing and diversified fertilization in South Kazakhstan was studied in 2019–2020. Eight field-scale treatments using nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were studied for biometric parameters of winter wheat. An economic profitability of the amendments used was assessed. The soil managed to accumulate productive moisture to support plants’ needs during formation of productive organs. Use of phosphorus fertilizer at direct sowing accelerated grain maturation, and the combination of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer lengthened the growing season. The highest production cost of 1 tonne of grain was in the plots that did not receive any amendments, and the lowest cost was in the treatment with use of plant growth stimulants together with micronutrient fertilizer. For the first time, optimization of the soil nutritional regime with consideration of the biological and phenological demands allowed for the balance of the plant nutrition and cost efficiency of grain production with direct sowing of winter wheat in dry conditions in South Kazakhstan.

Impact of institutional agriculture credit on profitability of paddy

Rice is the staple food for largest community in the world belongs to the poaceae family. It is 10,000 years old farming covering alone 11% of arable land. It is considered to be the largest source of energy for poor men. This crop is leading among all other food crop worldwide. In India, it is grown over an area of about 45 million hectares producing about 112.91 million tonnes of grain. In terms of both area and production, it stood second after wheat. It alone provides about 22 percent and 17 percent of calories and proteins to the world’s total supply. The yield of paddy in before credit use situation was estimated to be 48 Qt. per ha, which increased to 52 Qt. per ha in after credit use situation. The increase in yield was estimated to be 7.06 percent. The average price realized by farmers for paddy was found to be Rs.950 per Qt. in before credit use situation, while same realized in after credit use situation was Rs.1060 per Qt. Thus, net returns received were found to be increasing by 37.01 percent after credit use situation over the same in before credit use situation.Thehighernetreturnsrealizedinaftercreditusesituationfrompaddy were on account of higher yield obtained and better price fetched by the farmers.

Ecological efficiency of post-harvest processing of grain during the use of combined solar and wind energy systems

With increasing production of cereals and legumes, the amount of energy used during their post-harvest processing increases, and, consequently, greenhouse gas emissions from the consumption and production of such energy increase. Since post-harvest processing of grain is one of the energy-intensive processes in agricultural production, and the greatest use of energy in this process is grain drying, the purpose of this study is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from electricity consumption in post-harvest processing of grain by using combined solar and wind energy systems meeting the needs of low-temperature drying of grain. Installations that use this process are active ventilation hoppers. Power supply of such systems is accompanied by indirect emissions of carbon dioxide from electricity consumption. It is established that one of the ways to reduce the emission of such gases, as well as to ensure the reliability and energy efficiency of low-temperature grain drying in active ventilation systems is the use of wind energy and solar radiation. To compare environmental efficiency, it was determined that the criterion for the effectiveness of combined solar and wind energy systems to improve the process of lowtemperature drying of grain is a direct environmental criterion for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from electricity consumption. It is established that the ecological effect of reducing carbon dioxide emissions depends on the levels of autonomy of the use of combined solar and wind energy systems and the amount of electricity consumed in the process of lowtemperature drying of grain. Theoretically, it is calculated that the use of such systems for the supply of active ventilation bunkers can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from 122.7 to 16,564.5 kg·CO2 with lowtemperature drying of grain from 25 to 225 tonnes of grain per year. The practical value of this study is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during low-temperature drying of grain through the use of combined solar and wind energy systems

The role of energy in mitigating grain storage losses in India and the impact for nutrition

Globally, India's population is amongst the most severely impacted by nutrient deficiency, yet millions of tonnes of food are lost along the supply chain before reaching consumers. Across food groups, grains represent the largest share of daily calories and overall losses by mass in India. This study quantifies energy input to minimise storage losses across India, responsible for up to a quarter of grain losses. In doing so, we explore links between three Sustainable Development Goals-SDG2, SDG7, and SDG12-, and provide insight for development of joined up agriculture and health policy in the country. Focusing on rice, wheat, maize, bajra, and sorghum, we quantify one route to reduce losses in supply chains, by modelling the energy input to maintain favourable climatic conditions in modern silo storage. We quantify key nutrients (calories, protein, zinc, iron, vitamin A) contained within these losses, and calculate roughly how much deficiency in these dietary components could be reduced if grain losses were eliminated. Our modelling indicates that maize has the highest energy input intensity for storage, at 110 (18) kWh per tonne of grain (kWh/t), and wheat the lowest, at 72 (14) kWh/t. This energy cost represents 8%-16% of the energy input required in grain production. We estimate if grain losses across the supply chain were saved and targeted to India's nutritionally deficient population, average protein deficiency could reduce by 46±4%, calorie by 27±2%, zinc by 26±2% and iron by 11±1%.

EFFICIENCY OF NANOCOMPOSITE COMPLEX OF BACTERIAL PREPARATION AZOHRAN IN MILLET CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY

Objective. Determine the efficiency of bacterization of millet seeds with a complex nanocomposite bacterial preparation Azohran (Azohran-nano) depending on the growing conditions of the culture; establish the effect of mineral fertilizers in combination with a biopreparation on the productivity of agrocenoses. Methods. Field experiment (to assess the influence of the studied factors onthe growth and development of plants and millet yield), measuring- and weight-based, economiccalculations, statistical. Results. During three-year observations, a positive effect of mineral fertilizers and pre-sowing inoculation of millet seeds with Azohran-nano on plant height, plant weightgain, heads weight and crop productivity was established. The height of plants in the variant withbacterization of seeds when growing millet without fertilizers in the stalking phase was higher by5.6 % than the corresponding parameters of the control variant and with the concomitant use offertilizers and bacterization this figure increased to 8.1 %. Seed inoculation had a positive effect onthe weight of millet heads.The efficiency of bacterization in the cultivation of the crop at the background without fertilizers was 6.3 %, and when the plants were cultivated using nutrition with nitrogen during the growing season, this figure increased by 11.5 %. The highest yields of millet were reported for seedtreatment with Azohran-nano. Yield in the control variant was 3.75 t/ha, while after the bacterization of seeds with the preparation, crop productivity increased by 16.5 % Upon the interaction between mineral fertilizers with nanocomposite preparation, parameters increased by 19.9–28.6 %.Under the influence of pre-sowing inoculation of seeds, the cost of 1 tonne of grain decreased, andthe net operating profit increased. Conclusion. The use of nanocomposite complex of the preparation Azohran-nano in millet cultivation technologies promotes the growth and development ofplants, increases crop productivity and is a highly efficient agricultural measure.

Мaize hybrids for grain and silage in agro-ecological conditions of the Republic of Srpska

Maize is used in human and animal nutrition, in industrial processing (nutritional products, pharmaceutical industry, alcohol industry, chemical industry, textile industry). Economical significance of maize is derived from its yield, namely its total production of grain maize, as well as silage. Today, together with potatoes and sugar cane, maize is used for production of bioethanol, a very important source of renewable energy. Maize is grown worldwide on surfaces of 192,05 million ha, on which around 1,108 billion tonnes of grain is produced. The largest producers of genetically modified corn in the world are USA, Brasil, Argentina, while in the EU GM corn is grown in Spain and Portugal. Maize is the most important field crop in the Republic of Srpska and is grown on 46.7 % of sown areas. In a ten-year period (2008-2017) the least growing area on which the maize was grown were in 2012 (120,901 ha), and the largest in 2008 (148,539 ha). The limiting factor in achieving high yield are meteoroidal conditions (high temperatures, draught or excessive rainfall) because of which average yield variation is from 2.7 to 5.3 t ha-1 . The biggest cereals and maize production in Republic of Srpska, the one of 1,657,556 tonnes, was achieved in 2016 which, compared to 2015 was an increase of 46%, or 520,000 tonnes, and was affected by a record breaking maize production of 1.178.423 tonnes. In organic corn production the sweet and popcorn are the most bred. The improvement in agricultural production mostly depends on perfecting the existing and developing the new and appropriate technical solutions. The accent is increased on protection of the environment, production of healthy and quality food and decrease in production expenses, and all of this can be achieved by applying the conservation treatment of soil. Growing corn in complete and regular crop rows, especially in which there are legume plants, can significantly affect the decrease in weediness and increase in grain yield. The corn is often grown in combined sowing with other plants, most often with soy, beans and fodder pumpkin. Maize breeding in past period created many hybrids, which enabled a permanent yield increase. The methods of conventional breeding are efficient but slow in creating a germplasm tolerant on existing range of climate conditions and are not suitable for rapid improvement of multiple stress tolerance. Molecular breeding enables increase in speed and efficiency of breeding. The only institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina which deals with breeding and creating new species and hybrids of grown plants, adapted to local agroecological conditions is the PI Agricultural Institute, Banja Luka. So far, the Institute created nine maize hybrids, the most significant being BL 43.

Environmental sustainability and economic matters of commercial types of common wheat

Common wheat, a fundamental commodity on international markets, is increasingly differentiated into commercial types on domestic markets to meet the demand of processing companies. Improver wheat, biscuit wheat, ordinary and superior bread-making wheat are commercial varieties with specific technological characteristics. Wheat farming systems are constantly evolving, and as a result, related environmental issues emerge. We applied an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) analysis, where the functional unit was 1 tonne of grain for each typology and system boundaries were from cradle to farm gate. Primary data were used in the study, and special attention was paid to fertiliser use. From an LCA perspective, our findings show that nitrogen (N) plays an essential role in plant production although producing different waterborne and airborne emissions and nitrate leaching, for the 4 commercial typologies studied. Furthermore, the impact can be differentiated based on the technological features of the commercial types. Our results led us to observe that the four wheat types show contrasting economic and environmental performances.

LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCT TRENDS BY 2050: REVIEW

This review was done on livestock and livestock product trends by 2050 from different scientific papers. Globally, livestock and livestock products are changing rapidly in response to human population growth (9.2 billion), urbanization (70%), and growing incomes (1.1-3.1%) by 2050. More than 60 billion land animals are used worldwide for meat, egg, and dairy production. The global livestock population could exceed 100 billion by 2050, pig meat by 290%; sheep and goat meat by 200%; beef and buffalo meat by 180%; milk by 180%; poultry meat by 700%; and egg by 90%. In 2004, livestock consumes nearly 43% of feed and could rise to 48–55% by 2050. Global feed demand will be almost doubled, and 1.3 billion tonnes of grain is consumed by farm animals each year. The average grazing intensities in the world are expected to increase by about 70%, from 0.19 in 2000 to 0.098 Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) per ha in 2050 and uses one-third of the world’s fresh water. Climate change may alter the productivity, reproductive efficiency of animals. Contrarily, livestock production is a significant contributor to environmental problems, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution, and increased health problems. To solve the challenges of livestock and livestock products,, biotechnology and nanotechnology are being harnessed in various aspects of the livestock industry to hasten breed development for improved animal health and welfare, enhanced reproduction, and improved nutritional quality and safety of animal-derived foods.

Uptake and Exportation of Micronutrients by Transgenic Cultivars of Maize Under No-tillage in the Brazilian Cerrado

Introducing cultivars of high productive potential with adequate agronomic management has contributed to the increase of maize yield in Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the extraction and exportation of micronutrients by modern maize hybrids grown in no-tillage system in the Cerrado region (Brazilian Savannah) with two fertilization levels. We established two crop environments with differentiated levels of soil fertilization, use of products for seed treatment and leaf fertilization, in which four transgenic hybrids were grown. For each environment, we used an experimental design of randomized blocks with four replicates. There were eleven plant samplings during the crop cycle to quantify dry mass production and Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn extraction. Micronutrient uptake is increased when a hybrid with higher potential for biomass production grows in an environment with greater supply of nutrients. Uptake persists throughout the maize cycle, including during the final stages of the reproductive phase, showing late demand for the crop. On average, after tasseling, about 39, 50, 42, and 49% of the total Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn absorption still occurs, respectively. Total uptake of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn are, respectively, around 8, 199, 58 and 40 g to produce a tonne of grain, from which 23, 5, 8, and 42% are exported by the harvest. Micronutrient uptake and exportation rates for the studied transgenic hybrids are lower than the ones previously reported in Brazil and in works abroad.

EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF LAND RECLAMATION IN RUSSIA

According to the natural and climatic conditions, Russia is located in a zone of risky agriculture: there is a precipitate deficit on 80% of arable land, and excessive over moistening on 10% of arable land. This is also complicated by climate aridization. In drought years it is practically impossible to implement intensive agrotechnologies and adaptive-landscape farming systems without the use of land reclamation. Currently, in Russia, the total area of irrigated lands is 4.27 million hectares and 4.8 million hectares of drained lands. The average productivity of irrigated land is 2.9 tonnes of grain units/ha. In the case of land reclamation, it is possible to increase the productive potential by 3-4 times. The methodology of increasing the productive potential of agricultural lands by irrigation and drainage reclamation based on the energy evaluation of land reclamation activity is proposed. The energy assessment includes the calculation of the bioclimatic potential, the energy assessment of the state of the soil and the vegetation cover. For the energy estimation of land reclamation, a new indicator is proposed a turbulent energy output, the difference between the radiation balance, the energy of soil formation, and the energy accumulated in soil humus and crop production. This makes it possible to predict the productive potential of agricultural land, depending on the amount of energy invested in land reclamation. The proposed approach makes it possible to move from a real evaluation to a unified energy estimate. The calculations of productivity according to the developed method for various natural zones of the European part of Russia are performed. Chernozems showed the greatest productive potential. It reaches 7.7 tonnes of grain units/ha, and in case of irrigation it can increase up to 10-12 tonnes/ha; the productivity of sod podzol and gray forest soils under natural conditions does not exceed 1.3-2.0 tonnes of grain units/ha, while irrigation productivity will increase to 6-8 tonnes of grain units/ha. Irrigation in the semi-desert and desert zones of the European part of Russia allows increasing their productivity up to 5 times. The proposed method allows selecting the most favorable zoning soils for the reclamation, justifying the crops that ensure the maximum yield in these soil and climatic conditions. The article shows that food security will be ensured during the development of land reclamation in soil and climatic conditions of excessive and insufficient moisture.

Relative grain zinc loading ability of cereals (rice, wheat, maize) and a grain legume (chickpea)

Data from field experiments conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during the last few years on Zn biofortification of the cereals, viz. wheat (Triticum asestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) and a grain legume (chickpea) were utilized in studying the comparative efficiency of these crops in grain Zn loading. Although Zn uptake per tonne of grain produced was the highest, the grain Zn loading was the lowest in rice. Zn concentration in grain (an intensity factor) was the highest in wheat at 46.8 mg/kg, closely followed by maize at 45.1 mg/kg, chickpea at 41.8 mg/kg and was the least for rice kernels at 21.2 mg/kg. ZnHI (a capacity factor for measuring grain Zn loading) was also the highest for wheat at 51%, followed by chickpea at 39.3%, maize at 35.9% and was the least for rice at 17.9%. Further, rice grain contains husk (about one-third by weight) and only kernel is consumed, for which ZnHI was only 6.3%; a major part of Zn loaded on grain in rice goes to the husk. Thus, from the Zn nutrition point of view rice is the poorest cereal. However, rice deserves utmost attention, because it is the staple food in South, Southeast and East Asia, where about 62.5% of the world’s people live and hunger and malnutrition is rampant. Since most grain Zn loading in rice is from the Zn absorbed by the roots through xylem in contrast to other crops, where it is mostly achieved through mobilization of Zn in the vegetative tissue through phloem, it is suggested that rice plant types using grain Zn loading through phloem be developed. It is necessary, because applied Zn gets fixed or precipitated in soil through several mechanisms and its availability to rice plants gets reduced as it reaches grain filling stage.

Concept, status and impact of foodgrain banking in Indian villages: A review

Utilization and distribution of foodgrain always remain as an un-ending riddle to the policy makers and administrators despite surplus in foodgrain production in an agriculture dominated economy. At one hand, glut in market leads to distress sale by the debt-ridden farmers and consequent disinterest in farming among village youth in long run; on the other hand rural societies in difficult terrain faces regular cycle of seasonal hunger due to climate, crop and infrastructure related reasons. The time has come to think beyond the overburdened public distribution system to channelize the surplus produce properly since more than 20 million tonnes of grains produced are destroyed annually due to improper transport, inadequate storage facilities both in institutionalized sector as well as farmers' home. Grain banking is a remedy to the food loss and food insecurity, is mostly applied for tribal areas and difficult terrain with high seasonality of agriculture and harsh climate. It has been successfully applied in Odisha, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand, where community managed grain banks with set rules and norms provide the needy with grain, who in turn returns it through cash or kind. Clusters all over the country could be conceptualized with grain banks in glut region and the nearest starved region exchanging food and that may be hoped to reduce distress sale, wastage and hunger. Present paper is an attempt to review the grain bank concept implemented in India, its pros and cons along with the strategies for scaling up.

Alistair M. Hetherington.

Alistair M. Hetherington.

Input constraints to food production: the impact of soil degradation

Global demand for food is increasing in terms of the quantity, quality and reliability of supplies. Currently, over 90 % of our food is grown on (or in) a virtually irreplaceable, non-renewable natural resource – the soil. This paper examines the latest research on selected soil degradation processes (soil erosion by water, compaction, loss of organic matter, loss of soil biodiversity and soil contamination) and specifically how they impact on food production. Every year, an estimated 12 million hectares of agricultural land are lost to soil degradation, adding to the billions of hectares that are already degraded. It is estimated that soil degradation leads to a potential loss of 20 million tonnes of grain per annum, but this is likely to be an underestimate, because the evidence base is limited in identifying direct impacts of soil degradation on food production. Some soil management practices have been used to mask the effects of soil degradation on food production (e.g., additions of chemical fertilisers), but comprehensive soil conservation practices are required to respond to the multiple problems of soil degradation if the world is to be able to feed more than 9 billion people by 2050.

Rotational grass/clover for biogas integrated with grain production – A life cycle perspective

Rotational perennial grass/clover has multiple effects in cropping systems dominated by cereals. This study evaluated the environmental impact of rotational grass/clover ley for anaerobic digestion in a cereal-dominated grain production system in Sweden. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to compare two scenarios: (i) a cropping system including only spring barley and winter wheat; and (ii) a cropping system including 2-year grass/clover ley in combination with spring barley and winter wheat. The functional unit was one tonne of grain. The two main functions of the grass/clover crop were to provide feedstock for biogas production and to act as an organic fertiliser for allocation among the cereal crops in the rotation. Special consideration was given to nitrogen (N) management and the rotational effects of the grass/clover ley. In total, 73% of the N requirement of cereals in the ley scenario was met through symbiotic N fixation. Replacing diesel with biogas and mineral fertiliser with digested grass/clover biomass (digestate) reduced the use of fossil fuels substantially, from 1480MJ per tonne in the reference scenario to −2900MJ per tonne in the ley scenario. Potential eutrophication per tonne grain increased in the ley scenario, mainly owing to significantly higher ammonia emissions from spreading digestate and the larger area required for producing the same amount of grain. Potential acidification also increased when N mineral fertiliser was replaced by digestate. Crops relying on symbiotic N fixation are a promising feedstock for reducing the use of non-renewable energy in the production chain of farm-based bioenergy, but careful handling of the N-rich digestate is required. Replacing cereals intended for feed or food with bioenergy crops leads to indirect land use changes (iLUC) when the displaced crops must be produced elsewhere and the benefits obtained when biofuels replace fossil fuels may thereby be outweighed. In this study, the iLUC factor assumed had a critical effect on global warming potential in the ley scenario. However, carbon sequestration and the higher yield potential of subsequent cereal crops can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from iLUC to a varying extent. We recommend that crop sequences rather than single crops be considered when evaluating the environmental impact of production systems that include perennial legumes for food, feed and bioenergy.

Agroecological features of the new varieties soft winter wheat Yuvivata 60

The main factor, and cost-effective rapid increase in yield of all crops and raising its quality is an innovative process for the creation and introduction of new varieties. Overall condition of use in the production of new varieties is very unsatisfactory. For this year the country loses more than 1.5 mln. tonnes of grains of winter cereals. Currently, the requirements for soft winter wheat, as a factor of sustainable productivity, increase. Despite the obvious advances in breeding wheat varieties as genetic yield potential of more than 10 t/ha, the actual implementation of it is around 50 %. Therefore remains an urgent problem of developing varieties with high potential and implementation of evidence-based their growth. Thus, the genetic yield potential genotype implemented with a balanced exposure of a number of factors. The purpose of research – create a soft winter wheat variety with well-defined ecological and adaptive properties and high quantitative and qualitative indicators of grain yield, varieties show ability to withstand adverse abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors of the environment for future breeding. Stated agroecological characteristics of variety soft winter wheat Yuvivata 60 by economically valuable indicators. Performed a detailed description of the new variety wheat based on morphological and biological characteristics. Showing environmental features Yuvivata 60 (in terms of genotypic effect and degree of plasticity) under different conditions ecotops of Ukraine. For agricultural producers proposed of adaptive variety soft winter wheat Yuvivata 60, that will provide guaranteed high quality and grain yield.

Regression modeling of field emissions in wheat production using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach

Field emissions of Irianian wheat production were investigated. Data were collected from 260 farms from the city of Fereydonshahr in the Esfahan province. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was developed to assess environmental impacts associated with the production of wheat in the studied region. Global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication potential (EP), human toxicity potential (HTP), terrestrial eco-toxicity potential (TEP), oxidant formation potential (OFP) and acidification potential (AP) were calculated as 2620.86 kg CO2 eq.t-1 (tonne of grain), 14.25 kg PO4-2 eq.t-1, 1111.7 kg 1,4-DCB eq.t-1, 10.59 kg 1,4-DCB eq.t-1, 0.0073 kg ethylene eq.t-1 and 19.07 kg SO2 eq.t-1, respectively. In order to specify a relationship between input materials and field emissions (direct and indirect emission), the Cobb-Douglass production function was applied. The impacts of farm area, N, P2O5, K2O, diesel fuel and biocides were entered as independent variables and different impact categories as dependent variables. RMSE of models for GWP, EP, HTP, TEP, OFP and AP was 0.07, 0.19, 0.17, 0.34, 0.49 and 0.26, respectively. Accordingly with a rise in farm size level, the emissions per tonne of grain produced decreased. Accordingly, large farms are more environmentally friendly due to more yields and less emissions per tonne of grains.

Exploring Sampling for near Infrared Spectroscopy

S ampling and sample preparation are two aspects of analytical work by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy or reference methods in which, regrettably, research has usually lagged behind other developments in the technology. There are a number of things that the average NIR user needs to know about samples, sampling, sample preparation and sample presentation to the instrument. These include: 1) What is a sample? 2) What is the significance of a “truly representative” sample? 3) How should a sample be taken? 4) What affects the accuracy of sampling? An in-depth article on sampling that appeared in the Mythbuster column of the previous issue of NIR news comprehensively dealt with items 2 and 3. This article will discuss items 1 and 4, together with some other aspects of this all-important aspect of NIR technology. But first a note on the “Truly Representative Sample”. The truly representative sample should provide the material for the most accurate method of determination of the composition and functionality of the entire population. To save expense and time in testing, fully representative samples are usually thoroughly-blended composites of sub-samples that have been taken during operations such as storage of grain in elevators or silos, and other operations where the populations are too big, and the number of sub-samples too numerous to test individually. The danger with truly representative composite samples of large bulks is that they mask the variance that occurs within the sample. For example, if a composite sample is taken during storage of farmers’ deliveries of freshly-harvested grain into a 3000-tonne silo, the composite may show that the moisture content is 12.9%, a safe value for storage. But the individual deliveries may have ranged from 11% to 16% in moisture content. The delivery of, for example, 12 tonnes of grain at 16% moisture into a silo could cause spoilage within the silo that would not become apparent until the grain was later moved out of the silo for marketing. The heated grain would become dispersed throughout the grain as it moved out of the silo (Figure 1). When a composite sample is going to be prepared from a series of deliveries or sub-samples of cargo loading, the variance or the standard deviation (SD) among the samples and the range in analytical data should be determined. To obtain this important information, each individual sub-sample that goes to make up the composite should be tested before compositing. This used to be impracticable with reference testing, but it can be easily and cheaply achieved using NIR spectroscopy by scanning every subsample as it is taken.