Ton Of Cement Research Articles

Preparation and characterisation of pozzolanic blended cement incorporating various ratio of volcanic basalt

ABSTRACT The construction industry relies heavily on cement and concrete as primary building materials. However, concerns regarding environmental sustainability have prompted efforts to develop more durable and sustainable alternatives to Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the commonly used binder materials with low CO2 emission, where every ton of cement produce about 0.94 ton of carbon dioxide. The present study investigates the partial replacement of clinker with volcanic basalt powder in cement production to produce eco-friendly building materials with low emission of CO2, in addition to conserve the native raw materials from depletion. The replacement was done with various ratios up to 30%. The findings are supported by XRD and FTIR analyses as well as DTG. The results indicate that the use of basalt enhances the mineralogical and physical properties of the cement, resulting in the formation of a pozzolanic cement with sustainable characteristics. Notably, a 15% basalt ratio produces the highest extent of binding cementing phases upon hydration, leading to maximum compressive strength. Further, on increasing in basalt content lead to a decrease in strength, although the compressive strength remains above the target value of 42.5 MPa for 20% and more than 32.5 MPa for 25%.

The Role of Low-Carbon Fuels and Carbon Capture in Decarbonizing the U.S. Clinker Manufacturing for Cement Production: CO2 Emissions Reduction Potentials

Low-carbon fuels, feedstocks, and energy sources can play a vital role in the decarbonization of clinker production in cement manufacturing. Fuel switching with renewable natural gas, green hydrogen, and biomass can provide a low-carbon energy source for the high-temperature process heat during the pyroprocessing steps of clinker production. However, up to 60% of CO2 emissions from clinker production are attributable to process-related CO2 emissions, which will need the simultaneous implementation of other decarbonization technologies, such as carbon capture. To evaluate the potential of fuel switching and carbon capture technologies in decarbonizing the cement industry, a study of the facility-level CO2 emissions is necessary. This study evaluates the potential for using a single low-carbon fuel as an energy source in clinker production for cement manufacturing compared to conventional clinker production (which uses a range of fuel mixes). In addition, conventional carbon capture (operated with natural gas-based steam for solvent regeneration) and electrified carbon capture configurations were designed and assessed for net-zero emission targets. Carbon emissions reductions with and without biogenic emissions credits were analyzed to ascertain their impact on the overall carbon accounting. Results show that carbon emissions intensity of cement can vary from 571 to 784 kgCO2eq/metric ton of cement without carbon capture and from 166.33 to 438.66 kgCO2eq/metric ton of cement with carbon capture. We find that when biogenic carbon credits are considered, cement production with a sustainably grown biomass as fuel source coupled with conventional carbon capture can lead to a net-negative emission cement (−271 kgCO2eq/metric ton of cement), outperforming an electrified capture design (35 kgCO2eq/metric ton of cement). The carbon accounting for the Scope 1, 2, and biogenic emissions conducted in this study is aimed at helping researchers and industry partners in the cement and concrete sector make an informed decision on the choice of fuel and decarbonization strategy to adopt.

Efficiency Assessment of the Production of Alternative Fuels of High Usable Quality within the Circular Economy: An Example from the Cement Sector

This article aims to present the mechanisms regulating the waste management system of one of the European countries that affect the cement industry. This publication analyses the possibility of using selected fractions of municipal and industrial waste as alternative fuels, including an analysis of ecological costs and benefits. The methodology includes the analysis of production data and the calculation of savings resulting from the use of alternative fuels. On this basis, ecological aspects were also indicated that should be taken into account when analyzing the profitability of the investment. Production data from an example Polish cement plant were used to analyze the research problem. Based on the guidelines of environmental standards and technical specifications, the parameters that PASr alternative fuels should meet were calculated in the company laboratory. This fuel type was then calculated in terms of emission intensity and production efficiency. The research results obtained in this paper study emphasize that the change in cement clinker production technology toward the use of waste raw materials and secondary fuels does not lead to an increase in heavy metal emissions to the extent that would justify qualifying cement as a material requiring systematic control of its harmful impacts on humans and the natural environment. The conclusions show that the use of alternative fuels reduces CO2 emissions and production costs, without negatively affecting the efficiency and production volume. The average energy requirement for the production of 1 ton of cement is approximately 3.3 GJ, which corresponds to 120 kg of coal with a calorific value of 27.5 MJ per kg. Energy costs account for 30–40% of the total cement production costs. Replacing alternative fuels with fossil fuels will help reduce energy costs, providing a competitive advantage for cement plants that use it as an energy source. The presented considerations can provide an answer to all interested parties, including representatives of the executive and legislative authorities, on what path the sector should follow to fit into the idea of sustainable building materials and the circular economy.

Sustainable multi-story building design utilizing recycled marble and ceramic waste

This study explores the design of a multi-story structure utilizing recycled waste materials. Locally produced materials from recycled sources were used for making concrete and bricks. The design of a 10-story building was carried out using ETABS software. In the process, 10% of the cement in the concrete was replaced with waste marble powder (WMP), while the bricks were made by replacing 12% of clay with waste ceramic powder and 15% with waste brick powder. The materials were developed in a laboratory, adhering to ASTM standards, and their properties were input into the software for analysis and design. The results were compared to a structure made with traditional materials. The analysis showed that using recycled materials led to the conservation of 164 tons of cement and 475 cubic meters of fertile clay while maintaining the required stability standards as per building codes. The design also prevented the release of 148 tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and reduced the energy demands associated with cement production. Additionally, the building utilizing waste materials was found to be Rs. 5.8 million more economical than one made with conventional materials.

Avenues To Reduce Carbon Emission In Cement Fabrication To Acquire Carbon Credit

The cement industry accounts for roughly 8% of global carbon dioxide emission, and for every tonne of cement procured, a ton of carbon dioxide is released into the air. Cement industry is the backbone of global infrastructure development with no sign of slowing down, as such, it provides the most promising testbed for a carbon credit market to start up. Carbon credit functions as a conversion of money as payment to offset carbon dioxide emission, and can be acquired by reducing carbon emission or its greenhouse equivalents. This carbon credit can then be sold on the carbon market which provides financial incentive for companies to reduce their carbon emission. Acquiring carbon credit can be a viable capital gain strategy in developing nations due to their relatively low labor and overhead costs. This study aims to provide avenues to reduce carbon dioxide emission in cement fabrication as a way to acquire carbon credit for capital gain purposes to developing nations worldwide. This study uses literature review with a descriptive qualitative methodology, with data from relevant books and journals of renowned and reputable publishers online as validity. This study identified three promising avenues to reduce carbon dioxide emission in cement fabrication: alternative cement aggregate material fly ash and bottom ash, carbon capture and storage technology, and alternative fuel in cement fabrication. Three avenues provide pathways for players in the cement industry to adopt according to their capabilities in order to effectively reduce their carbon dioxide emission for acquiring carbon credit.

Current and potential materials for the low-carbon cement production: Life cycle assessment perspective

Given the carbon-intensive nature of cement production, conducting a comprehensive environmental evaluation using life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling is paramount to achieving eco-friendly cement standards. This study meticulously compiles and evaluates LCA findings from diverse analyses of current and potential supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) within the blended cement sector. It underscores the impact of the functional unit (FU) within the LCA approach, supply chain considerations, and technical and regulatory factors on the sustainability of blended cement mixtures. Most of LCAs studied herein show that integrating SCMs into the cement matrix typically reduces land use, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, thereby lowering the global warming potential (GWP) of ordinary portland cement (OPC) samples from 831 to 980 kg of CO2-eq to 768-481 kg of CO2-eq per ton of cement. However, in some instances, environmental indicators like abiotic depletion potential-elements (ADP-E) and human toxicity potential (HTP) rise due to increased mining, electricity, and transportation demand for SCMs. Regarding the environmental potential of alkali-activated cementitious materials and low-carbon clinker formulations, we found that limitations arise in fully replacing OPC due to global raw material availability constraints, rendering them economically unfavorable and impeding their widespread adoption. Among the SCMs examined in this study, clays, which are more widely available compared to industrially sourced materials like fly ash, slag, and silica fume, exhibited a more favorable environmental profile when evaluated using a mass-based FU. Incorporating compressive strength into the FU resulted in greater environmental benefits from high-strength blendedcement composites. However, this approach might lead to inaccurate results because higher strength does not always correspond to a lower environmental impact. Thus, establishing a FU that accurately reflects the environmental impact of blended cement and its composites (e.g., concrete and mortar) is crucial. Despite the potential of various pozzolanic materials to reduce clinker content in cement mixtures, their wide utilization remains restricted due to the absence of widescale market-based initiatives, green procurement strategies, and effective policy measures, which hampers their industrial and public acceptance. Consequently, governmental support is essential for developing and integrating sustainable cement solutions.

A New Technique of Grouting to Prevent Water–Sand Mixture Inrush inside the Mine Panel—A Case Study

Water–sand mixture inrush generally poses a significant threat to the safe operation of the quarry of coal mines. Therefore, proactive management initiatives are essential to enhance the impact resulting from mining operations. A novel approach involving grouting into the unconsolidated sand aquifer and the weathered zone was initially executed in the 1010-1 panel of the Wugou coal mine in Anhui Province, China. Considering the hydrogeological conditions of the study area, over 70 thousand tons of cement and fly ash were injected through 42 boreholes. Sampling, laboratory tests, similar materials model simulations, and numerical simulations of the trending and dipping profiles were all employed to elucidate the evolution and characteristics during the progression of the No. 10 coal seam. The outcomes illustrated that the grouting execution had transformed the structure of the porous media, weakened the watery media, and intensified the mechanical strength of the No. 4 aquifer and the weathering zone. This transformation proved beneficial in reducing the heights of the caving zone and water-conductive fracture zone, leaving more coal–rock pillars for safety. Twenty-seven underground detection drill holes and whole-space 3D resistivity exploration were adopted to verify its transformed property of low water content. During the mining process, the height of the caving zone at 19.70 m was measured through inter-hole parallel electrical detection. The pressure of hydraulic supports in the grouted area did not exceed the rated working pressure during mining. All of these findings highlight the significant impact of grouting in this study area. The successive safe mining of the 1010-1 panel demonstrates that grouting can be used to prevent water–sand mixture inrush during mining operations.

Research on the Performance and Application of a Low-Carbon Waste-Recycling Cement

This paper mainly introduces the history of the formation and development of an ultra-high performance low-carbon waste-utilizing cement (fast-setting and fast-hardening high-belite sulphoaluminate cement). This cement not only uses a large amount of solid waste (fly ash, blast furnace slag, industrial waste gypsum, alkali slag, etc.) as raw materials, and the waste utilization can reach 40%~95%, but also has a calcination temperature of 150~200℃ and 50 ℃ lower than that of traditional ordinary Portland cement and sulphoaluminate cement, and the carbon emission is equivalent to 30%~60% and 50%~80%. Through the elaboration of its main mineral composition, chemical composition, physical properties and action mechanism, the reasons for its excellent properties such as good whiteness, fast setting and hardening, high late strength, and small dimensional deformation are analyzed. And the application research is focused on the fields of inorganic flooring, airports, road quick repair, prefabricated walls, ultra-light and efficient A-level fire insulation, cement crafts, inorganic artificial stone, and UHPC ultra-high performance concrete. At present, there are many types of low-carbon cement in the world, including Porsol cement, Alinit cement, Celitement cement, Japanese eco-cement, multi-component high-mixture cement, high-belite cement, Anther cement, BCT cement, etc., but most of the products have a slow coagulation and hardening speed, and cannot meet the needs of rapid demolding, turnover, and traffic opening for mortar, concrete, cement products or pavements; at the same time, the production process is complicated and cumbersome, the later strength is low, the deformation is large, and the durability is poor. Therefore, in the actual promotion process in the engineering field, there are great difficulties and many constraints. Among them, Aether cement and BCT cement belong to the belite-sulfoaluminate cement system. Aether cement has 6h early strength performance. Compared with Portland cement (burning temperature1400~1500℃), it can significantly reduce production energy consumption, reduce CO2 emissions by 25%~30% per ton of cement, and the 28-day compressive strength reaches the strength level of standard cement (CEMⅠ52.5R); the size shrinkage of this concrete is less than 50% of that of OPC concrete, but its raw materials still use limestone, bauxite, gypsum, iron raw materials and marl raw materials, without effective utilization of bulk industrial waste, and CO2 emissions are far from meeting the low-carbon environmental protection requirements. BCT cement can be produced at a lower temperature (1250~1300℃), and its raw materials use industrial waste residues such as limestone, marl, fly ash and industrial by-product gypsum. CO2 emissions are 30% lower than traditional OPC cement clinker, but there is no early hourly strength, and the strength after 1~2 days is higher than that of ordinary Portland cement. This is far from the goal of using bulk industrial waste as raw materials to produce green, low-carbon, energy-saving and high-performance cement materials, which is currently widely used at home and abroad. At the same time, the above-mentioned low-carbon cement cannot effectively and reasonably control key indicators such as cement whiteness value, early strength before 4 hours, and dimensional change rate, and cannot meet the requirements of high-performance cement. At the same time, the production process is not mature and stable enough, and there is still a long way to go to meet the comprehensive popularization of production industrialization and promotion scale.

Production of concrete pavements using mixed cements

Currently, great importance is attached to the reduction of emissions in industrial production, especially in the production of cement, when it is indicated that during production 1 ton of cement produces approximately 0.6 ton of CO2. Reducing emissions is possible thanks to secondary raw materials, which are produced in large quantities in the Czech Republic volumes for which a suitable use is sought. Some secondary raw materials are suitable for use in concrete mixes, which are used to improve the rheology of the fresh concrete mixture as well as the properties hardened concrete. Currently, there is an effort to eliminate the production of cement, to which its partial replacement by admixtures could also contribute. Therefore it is necessary determine the optimal admixture that could be used to replace part of the cement in concrete mix. A large consumer of concrete mixes are transport structures, where it is possible for some of the cement used to be replaced by an admixture.

Geopolymer Implemented in Primary Casing Cementing

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 32218, “First Global Implementation of Geopolymer in Primary Casing Cementing,” by Mark Meade, SPE, Yeukayi Nenjerama, SPE, and Chris Parton, SPE, SLB, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2023 Offshore Technology Conference. _ Portland cements are integral components in the oilfield well-construction process; however, the confluence of various business drivers have created the need to find sustainable alternative materials. The complete paper presents the evaluation of geopolymer cementing for use in oil and gas wells, specifically the primary cementing of liner strings in the Permian Basin. Geopolymer cementing offers a unique opportunity for the oilfield industry to decrease CO2 emissions related to well construction and reduce dependence on the constrained supply of Portland cements. Introduction Manufacturing Portland cement emits approximately 1 ton of CO2 for every ton of cement produced. Additionally, the manufacturing of Portland cement is a complex process requiring specialized equipment. Thus, during spikes in demand of Portland cement, the supply of cement cannot be rapidly increased to meet demand. Geopolymers are slurries that set to become a hard, durable solid that can withstand stresses and strains and are resistant to corrosion. Moreover, geopolymers can be made from a broad range of aluminosilicate raw materials sourced from waste products from other industries, mined materials, and biowaste. The low manufacturing and processing requirements reduce the carbon footprint of geopolymers to a fraction of that of manufacturing Portland cement. Whereas Portland cement chemistry is driven by hydration of calcium aluminates and calcium silicates, geopolymer chemistry is based on the polymerization of aluminosilicates initiated by activators. The creation of geopolymers starts with dissolution of the aluminosilicate raw material into monomers by an increase in the pH of the fluid from the activator. Then, the activator provides a site for covalently bonded chains to form, and these chains undergo polycondensation to form the set 3D network of polymers. Implementation of this new material with such a different chemistry into the complex oilfield-construction process presents challenges that must be overcome. Challenges Existing geopolymer formulations typically are characterized as either two-step or one-step geopolymers. In two-step geopolymers, the activators are added into the mix fluid, whereas, in one-step geopolymers, the activators are dry blended with the aluminosilicate source. Implementation of two-step geopolymers would come with operational and logistical constraints impairing their scalability, along with increased service quality and health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risks. On the other hand, common existing one-step geopolymers are formulated with activator types that dissolve rapidly and disperse in the slurry. Therefore, development of novel chemistries for one-step geopolymers are required to introduce geopolymers into oilfield well construction. Such applications expose geopolymers to temperatures and pressures significantly above ambient for extended periods of time during slurry placement within the wellbore. To ensure quality assurance of job placement, hydraulic simulators should be reliable predictors of the top of the placement, and geopolymers set within the wellbore must be detectable using established sonic logging tools.

Gas CO2 foaming and intermixing in portland cement paste to sequester CO2

In this study, concentrated CO2 gas was used to create foamed cement paste, and concentrated CO2 gas was intermixed in fresh cement paste to produce regular cement paste materials that were not foamed. The potential of both methods to form CaCO3 from calcium ions that would form Ca(OH)2 was investigated. After curing the materials for different ages, the Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 contents were measured using thermogravimetric analysis; the large void size distributions, dynamic modulus, and compressive strength were tested and compared against Control (no gas added), and N2 foamed and N2 intermixed specimens. A 10% increase in dynamic modulus and compressive strength was measured in CO2 foamed specimens compared to N2 foamed specimens. The increase in mechanical properties was the result of both a narrow void diameter distribution and CaCO3 formation in place of Ca(OH)2. The CO2 foamed cement generation method shows the potential to sequester 0.06 ton of CO2 for every ton of cement which is a CO2 emission reduction of 7.0% of the CO2 production associated with cement production. For the CO2 intermixing method, the void content, compressive strength, and dynamic modulus results were consistent between the Control and CO2 intermixed specimens while the N2 intermixed specimens showed a decrease in compressive strength and dynamic modulus. The CO2 intermixing method showed potential to sequester 0.04 ton of CO2 for every ton of cement or a 4.7% CO2 emission reduction of the total CO2 production associated with cement manufacturing. The reported CO2 emissions are not based on life cycle assessment and do not account for emissions associated with CO2 collection, transportation, and intermixing. The present paper does not investigate the mechanisms of hydration under CO2 intermixing.

Sustainable innovation in self-compacted concrete: Integrating by-products and waste rubber for green construction practices

Due to increasing concern about global climate change and its negative influence on societies, there is a specific focus on the construction sector as the greatest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. About 8–10% of global CO2 emissions come from cement production, which releases almost a ton of CO2 for every ton of cement. Growing demand for cement and concrete is attributed to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and economic growth, which also substantially impacts the depletion of natural resources. To address these challenges, a feasible approach is to utilize by-product materials and waste rubber as alternatives to cement and natural fine aggregates in producing self-compacted concrete (SCC). The utilization of various percentages of fly ash (FA), ground granulate blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as cement replacement, and crumb rubber (CR) from waste tires as a partial substitution of fine aggregate offers a suitable choice for the development of sustainable SCC. In addition, compressive strength (CS) is a vital property when considering other characteristics of concrete. Therefore, it is vital to develop reliable models for predicting the CS of SCC to achieve cost, time, and energy savings. Therefore, this research examines the impact of various contents of FA and GGBFS as cement (C) alternatives and CR as a sand replacement on the CS of SCC. To predict the CS of rubberized SCC mixtures, four different models were employed: linear regression (LR), multi-linear regression (MLR), full quadratic (FQ), and M5P-tree. To accomplish this, a comprehensive set of data comprising approximately 436 samples was analyzed to develop the models; as input variables, various mixture proportions, and curing ages were considered. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the predictive models, several statistical assessments were performed. Based on the statistical assessment tools conducted in this study, the FQ model is considered the most effective model for forecasting the CS of SCC. Based on the statistical assessment tools, the FQ model was also implemented to forecast the splitting tensile and flexural strengths of SCC. The sensitivity analysis indicates that CR and GGBFS content are the best criteria for forecasting the CS of SCC utilizing this data set.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING EUCALYPTUS DIE LEAVES ASH

In this research, Cement composites have become an inevitable part of construction industry. Concrete is the most utilized material on earth next to the water. With the advent of urbanization and increase in infrastructure activities, consumption of cement concrete has escalated. The production process of one ton of cement emits about 0.7 tons of carbon dioxide into atmosphere.. Few of such products have been identified like eucalyptus die leaves ash. Thereby, the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split-tensile strength were determined for M30 grade concrete and by varying percentage of ash content from 5%, 10% and 15% by Cement is replaced by EUCALYPTUS DIE LEAVES ASH. The mechanical properties such as compressive strength with % ashes were compared with conventional concrete properties of M30 grade. From the results it is observed that increasing % of ash in concrete increases the compressive strength of concrete.

Fabrication and Properties of Blended Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements Based on Thermally Treated Reservoir Sediments

In 2021, approximately 4.1 billion tonnes of cement were globally produced and the annual CO2 emissions from cement plants reached almost 2.8 billion metric tonnes. In recent years, many efforts have been made to manufacture low-CO2 cements. In this regard, great consideration has been given towards calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) binders for both their technical features and sustainable properties, principally connected to their industrial process. The use of blended cements composed by CSA binders and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMS) can be an effective way to (a) reduce the CO2 footprint and (b) produce greener binders. This scientific work studied the utilization of different amounts (15–35 wt%) of calcined reservoir sediments (RS) as SCMS in blended CSA binders, where the binders were cured for up to 56 days and characterised by various analytical techniques. It was found that thermally treated RS were particularly noteworthy as their utilization allowed for a dilution of the CSA clinker, thus implying a decrease in CO2 emissions and a reduction in costs related to their production. However, compared to a plain CSA cement, the blended systems showed rather similar volume stability levels, whilst their compressive strength and porosity values were, respectively, lower and higher at all the investigated aging periods.

Parameters for the Grinding Process in Vertical Mills Using Optimization Methods

Vertical roller mills, VRMs, are widely used for grinding raw materials in factories engaged in the extraction and processing of minerals. Any machine used for grinding or crushing consumes around 30 to 40% of the energy of a factory. The loading pressure, table rotation speed, moisture content, outlet temperature and pressure rollers are variables that can be controlled to decrease the specific energy consumption Ecs. This paper poses an optimization problem in order to reduce the energy consumption of a VRM used to produce cement and to find the optimal parameters of the operating variables. Several packages are used to solve the nonlinear programming problem, obtaining very concise results, but the results provided by the Pyomo package are used. Comparing the result of the objective function with the energy consumption of a well-known cement company in Ecuador, it is concluded that the optimized parameters are able to reduce by 25% the energy consumption guaranteeing a minimum production of 2200 tons of cement per day, so the model is correctly validated.

Ferrock: carbon negative substitute for cement: a review

Cement is considered as one of the prominent building materials used for construction. It is considered as the second most used entity next to water in the world today. Though it has many significant advantages, it has a major disadvantage of CO2 emission. For every ton of cement generated more or less eight ton of CO2 is released to the atmosphere. Hence it is high time to find a substitute for cement. Ferrock is such a substitute which utilizes a variety of waste products to produce a versatile building material. It is a binder that is a blend of iron oxide powder, fly ash, lime powder, metakaolin and oxalic acid. This review mainly focuses on characteristics, advantages and application of ferrock in building construction.

Experimental Investigation on Performance of Ferrock Concrete

Today, the construction of buildings and infrastructure has increased as a part of development, resulting in a significant demand for concrete and cement. The large-scale production of cement and extraction of river sand can have negative impacts on environment and depletion of natural resources. Due to the production of 1 ton of cement produces 0.9 ton of CO2 emissions. To mitigate this pollution a green substance called as FERROCK (Iron dust 60%, Flyash20%, Metakaolin 10%, Lime powder 8%, Oxalic acid 2%) is used as a partial replacement of cement with selected ratio (10%, 20%, and 30%) by weight of cement. This study includes the complete replacement of river sand with M sand (85%) and glass powder (15%) to reduce the usage of natural sand (river sand) for the selected grades of concrete M40, M60 by performing the mechanical and durability test on the designed concrete grades with selected ferrock ratios, the mechanical and durability properties were enhanced with 20% ferrock replacement by weight of cement in concrete.

Experimental study on environment-friendly concrete production incorporating palm oil clinker and cockle shell powder as cement partial replacement

The demand for civil construction has increased recently; cement is now the most produced and consumed material globally. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are strongly influenced by the cement industry which make up 5 to 7% total global emissions, are ejaculating at a rate of one ton of CO2 for every ton of cement produced. Consequently, additional cementitious substances like palm oil clinker powder (POCP), a by-product of palm oil mills and cockle shell powder (CSP), an agricultural and aquaculture byproduct derived from cockle shell combustion, can beemployed as partially binding materialto alleviate the ecologicalfootprint of cement manufacturing. By substituting cement in different weight ratios ranging from 0 to 20%, this study examines the impacts of POCP and CSP on concrete. Concrete compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption of varying POCP and CSP proportions for 7 and 28 days of curing are analyzed in the experimental investigation. Thisresearch demonstrated that samples with 10% cement substitution, comprising 5% POCP and 5% CSP, performed well in terms of mechanical aspects and water absorption. The study of concrete structures with POCP and CSP is a novel and important scientific topic, according to the research findings, and it should be emphasized.

One experimental research with cement substitution by fly ash

Compared to all other construction materials, concrete is by far the most utilized construction material worldwide today. Billions of tons of natural virgin materials have been mined and processed worldwide to produce concrete. Such industrial processes and facilities leave significant unfavourable ecological traces in nature. In addition, it is assumed that the concrete production industry together with the cement industry emits seven percent of the total CO2 emissions in the world. For every ton of cement produced, 0.9 ton of CO2 is released into the atmosphere. It is almost certain that there will be no reduction in concrete production in the world in the coming years, but the question arises as to how and in what way to reduce the use of cement in concrete production. One of the mineral additives to the binder is fly ash, which has pozzolanic properties and is produced as a by-product of thermal power plants and is available in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This research considers questions whether and to what extent it is possible to replace cement with fly ash and how this substitution affects the compressive strength of concrete using referenced concrete mix with local concrete ingredients.

The Potential use of Bio-mineralization Technique in Developing Eco-Sustainable Self-Healing Geopolymer Binder: A Systematic Review

The enormous demand for concrete as a construction material over the globe has proliferated the production of cement. It has been reported that the production of one ton of cement produces approximately one ton of carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. In geopolymer system, the use of cement is eliminated by using aluminosilicate rich industrial and agricultural waste as source material, which is activated by an alkaline medium. Biomineralization in concrete by using microorganisms is a technique used to enhance the mechanical and durability performance of concrete by imparting self-healing of cracks generated in the system. This paper reviews the feasibility of microbial inclusion in geopolymers. In this review, the mechanical and durability characteristics of microbial geopolymer binders along with the observations of microstructural characterization are elucidated. The mechanical properties in terms of compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are studied systematically from the existing literature. The durability studies of bio-mineralized geopolymer binder (BMGP) in terms of water absorption, sorptivity, acid attack resistance, sulphate attack resistance and resistance towards freeze thaw effect are analysed in the study. Also, the possible applications of biomineralized microbial geopolymer concrete are critically reviewed in this paper