Tonic States Research Articles

The influence of motivation on the psychophysiological state of a person

The influence of motivation on psychophysiological states of a person is investigated. It is established that motivation is a psychological process that controls human behavior. Motivation is a guiding tool of the individual in the process of achieving goals. At different stages of motivation a person has different psychophysiological states. There are six stages of motivation: 1. The emergence of needs; 2. Finding ways to eliminate the need; 3. Defining goals; 4. Implementation of the action; 5. Receiving reward for the action; 6. Elimination of needs. Psychophysiological state can be called the physiological level of mental state with special energy features. There is a classification of psychophysiological states: neutral (calm, confidence, etc.); activation (excitement, inspiration, rise, concentration, etc.); tonic, those states that reflect the resources of forces (satiety, fatigue, monotony, etc.); tension, showing what level of effort should be applied to the person (tension, stress, sensory hunger, etc.). Thus, in the process of achieving goals, motivation is an important component. Knowing the effect of motivation on a person's psychophysiological states will help him to use this tool in the best way. A survey of 200 people was conducted to help determine what psychophysiological states occur at different stages of motivation. After analyzing the results of the study, it was found that most often in the process of motivation in humans there are activating psychophysiological states, then tension and rarely tonic. When processing the results at each stage of motivation, three psychophysiological states were taken, which the subjects chose more often. It was found that activating psychophysiological states are more common in the first five stages of motivation, tension psychophysiological states are more common in the second, third, fourth and sixth stages of motivation, tonic psychophysiological states occur in the sixth stage of motivation.

(224) An Open-Source Deep Neural Network to Assess Spontaneous Pain in Freely-Moving Mice using Facial Expressions

There is a dire need for new non-opioid analgesics. However, efforts to develop new pain medicines have thus far met with limited success. This failure is partly due to an overreliance on evoked pain measures in preclinical models. Most preclinical models do not measure spontaneous pain—the main symptom of chronic pain in humans. Here we show our progress towards developing and validating a fully-automated and user-friendly spontaneous pain measurement tool by training a machine learning model to detect and quantify facial grimacing in mice. The original Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) was developed to train researchers to detect pain in freely moving mice by quantifying characteristic facial expressions, or “grimacing”. To increase the rate of adoption for this spontaneous pain measure, we recently adapted and trained a general object classification convolutional neural network (Google's Inception v1.0TM) to detect and classify the presence or absence of grimace in still images of freely-moving white mice. We call this recently published model the automated Mouse Grimace Scale, aMGS. Here we show our continuing efforts to further improve our model using new convolutional neural architecture to detect grimacing in mice of various coat colors and across different laboratory settings. Unlike our first aMGS program, our newest model can track mouse faces of various colors using continuous video input, rather than relying on still images to determine pain status. We also show the results of our latest validation experiments, including grimace assessment in mice following laparotomy, a common post-surgical pain assay. The rapidity and utility of our proposed automated pain classifier has the potential to greatly increase the adoption of the mouse grimace as a reproducible and clinically-relevant pain measure, and allow researchers to objectively and rapidly assess tonic and chronic pain states in a variety of mouse models using a measure of spontaneous pain.

Effects of emotions on driving behavior

Understanding how emotional states influence driving behavior is crucial for the development of advanced driver assistance systems that improve safety by flexibly adapting to the current state of the driver. However, studies on emotional effects on driving behavior have revealed heterogeneous results. This might reflect that emotion induction methods differed in the extent to which they distracted attention. In the present study, we investigated how positive and negative emotions affect driving behavior, and which of these effects are related to emotional effects on attention. We conducted a driving simulator study in which tonic states of anger, happiness and calmness were induced using a combination of autobiographical imagination and music. Participants completed two driving tasks which involved brake and gas reactions as well as tracking, and in which demands on dual tasking and selective attention were further varied. We found that emotions influenced driving behavior in these tasks in two ways. Emotions changed behavior either directly (e.g., by promoting aggressive driving), or indirectly by altering attentional effects on driving (e.g., by attenuating dual task costs). Our results demonstrate that emotional effects on driving are highly task-specific and crucially depend on attentional demands involved in the driving task and the emotion-inducing event.

Automatic effects of processing fluency in semantic coherence judgments and the role of transient and tonic affective states

Abstract Recent literature reported that judgments of semantic coherence are influenced by a positive affective response due to increased fluency of processing. The presented paper investigates whether fluency of processing can be modified by affective responses to the coherent stimuli as well as an automaticity of processes involved in semantic coherence judgments. The studies employed the dyads of triads task in which participants are shown two word triads and asked to solve a semantically coherent one or indicate which of the two is semantically coherent. Across two studies in a dualtask paradigm we show that a) attentional resources moderate insight into semantically coherent word triads, whereas b) judgments of semantic coherence judgments are independent of attentional resources. We discuss implications of our findings for how people might form intuitive judgments of semantic coherence.

Matter from Toric Geometry and its Search at the LHC

Toric geometry is applied for construction the enhanced gauge groups in F-theory compactified on elliptic Calabi-Yau fourfolds. The Hodge numbers calculated from the polyhedra for the chain H = SU (1), ... ,SU (5), SO(10), E6, E7 determine the number of tensor multiplets, vector multiplets and hypermultiplets of soli- tonic states that appear from singularities of elliptic fibration. Due to duality between the compactification of E8timesE8 heterotic string and the type IIA string compactification on a Calabi-Yau manifold there is a natural sequence of E-group embeddings which gives the matter content of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and the possibility of searching for supersymmetry at the LHC.

Differences in kinematics and heart rate variability between winner and loser of various skilled levels during competitive golf putting tournament

Putting is a crucial stroke to determine winning in golf. Putting is more delicate than any other strokes in golf. To keep better putting stroke, psychological factors as well as physical factors are important for golfers. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in kinematic and psychological variables between winner and loser of three skilled levels during competitive golf putting tournament. The participants consisted of 3 groups based on their skill levels: PG (8 professional golfers), RG (8 recreational golfers) and NG (8 novice golfers). Each group performed 8 tournaments by attempting 2.1 m putting from the hole. 3D motion analysis system with 6 high speed cameras and BIOPAC ECG module were used to acquire kinematic data and ECG. To compare differences between winner and loser for each group, time phase of putting stroke, smoothness by jerk cost function (JC), heart rate (HR), ratio of low and high frequency component (LF/HF) in heart rate variability and CSAI-2 scores (competitive state anxiety inventory 2) were used. There was a significant difference in back-swing phase time ratio between PG and other groups and in JC at the putter toe between NG and other groups. There was a significant difference in LF/HF and self-confidence score of CSAI-2 between winner and loser within PG. While PG and RG showed similar kinematic performance, they showed different LF/HF. The tonic states derived from cardiac activity indicated that a higher skilled level was associated with increased LF. Increased LF is associated with increased automaticity and decreased attention demands, which means that increased mental workload reduces LF. For PG, it may reveal that psychological factor is one of the important factors for the better performance during competition. Further studies are necessary to clarify psychological factors of putting by using different measurement techniques such as galvanic skin response.

Using perfusion MRI to measure the dynamic changes in neural activation associated with tonic muscular pain

Knowledge regarding neural pain processing is primarily the result of studies involving models of brief cutaneous pain; however, clinical pain generally originates in deep tissue and is prolonged. This study measured the dynamic neural activation associated with a muscular pain model incorporating both acute and tonic states. Hypertonic saline (5% NaCl) was infused into the brachioradialis muscle of eleven healthy volunteers for 15min after an initial bolus of 0.5mL. Ten controls followed the same protocol with normal saline (0.9% NaCl). Magnetic resonance images of cerebral blood flow (CBF) were acquired using an arterial spin labelling method. The imaging volume extended from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortices, but did not include the brainstem and cerebellum. Using a numerical scale from 0 to 10, ratings of pain intensity peaked at 5.9±0.6 and remained near 5 for the remainder of the trial. Controls experienced minimal pain, reporting a peak value of 1.8±0.4. Significant CBF increases in rostral and caudal anterior insula bilaterally, anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC), bilateral thalamus, and contralateral posterior insula were observed. The time courses of CBF revealed significant differences in the activation pattern during tonic pain. In particular, a more rapid return to baseline in aMCC versus insula was interpreted as a preferential decrease in the affective component of pain. This conclusion was supported by the strong correlation between pain intensity ratings and CBF in the contralateral insula (R2=0.911, p<0.01), which is a region believed to be responsible for pain intensity processing.

Slow horizontal eye movement at human sleep onset.

Slow eye movement (SEM) at human sleep onset has been studied as a function of EEG and behavioral state but has not been subjected to systematic physical measurement. This study counted the frequency of horizontal SEM and quantified its physical properties during hypnagogic EEG stages 3-8 (stage 1 sleep). SEM amplitudes, peak velocities, and durations were digitally measured. As in previous studies SEM occurred throughout stage 1 sleep, coinciding with all tonic states and with all phasic events that classically define stage 1. Within stage 1 the physical properties of SEM varied significantly. In hypnagogic stage 3, where EEG alpha dominates up to half of any 30-s epoch, the typical SEM was moderate in amplitude, slow, and short-lasting, and SEM peak velocity described a weak function of SEM amplitude. In stages 5 and 6 combined--characterized by a low-voltage delta-theta EEG, sustained alpha suppression, and no more than one vertex sharp wave (VSW) per 30-s epoch--SEM velocity was maximal, and described a strong function of amplitude. Despite low absolute velocities, stage 5/6 SEM could approximate saccade-like morphologies. In stages 7 and 8 combined, characterized by VSW bursts and incipient spindles or K complexes, SEM was maximal in amplitude and duration but not faster than SEM in stage 5/6. These properties of human SEM are discussed in relation to the anatomy and physiology of SEM in macaque.

Interictal Epileptic Spiking during Sleep and Wakefulness in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Comparative Study of Scalp and Foramen Ovale Electrodes

To assess distribution of temporal lobe spikes across different states of sleep and wakefulness in simultaneous scalp and foramen ovale (Fo) recordings. The study included 12 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). As part of their presurgical evaluation, patients underwent long-term video-EEG monitoring with combined scalp and foramen ovale electrodes (FoEs). In addition to traditional sleep scoring, waking was subdivided into eyes-opened and eyes-closed states, and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep was divided into phasic and tonic states. Spike counts were carried out visually for scalp and FoEs, and spiking rates were determined for each state. A ratio between FoE and scalp spiking rates also was calculated for each state. Scalp spiking showed a significant increase during NREM3,4, whereas FoE spiking increased during NREM2. The scalp/FoE ratio significantly increased during NREM3,4. A significant difference in spiking rate also was found between phasic and tonic REM states as well as between waking with eyes opened and closed in FoE recordings. Our data provide evidence of a discrepancy in spike distribution across different states of sleep and waking monitored by scalp and FoE recordings. We suggest that these discrepancies may reflect differences in archicortical and neocortical spike synchronization.

EEG/MEG brain mapping of human pain: recent advances

The scientific study of EEG and MEG brain mapping of human pain started around 25 years ago. Few progresses have been made on the quantitative analyses of the EEG power frequency effect on the brain in both clinical pain and laboratory-controlled studies. It shall be noted that the tonic states of on-going pain are best to be described by EEG quantification. In contrast, a great deal of reports on phasic pain indicates the correlation of pain and late evoked potentials and analgesic modulations. Recent advances include 3D topographic dynamics and source generators. Great spatial resolution of EEG and MEG is extended to over 250 channels. This paper is finally expunged on the five levels of delineation (conception, analysis, organization, process, neurocomputation) for the systematic understanding of brain function in human pain using EEG/MEG brain mapping techniques.

The effects of varying stimulus intensity on P300 during REM sleep.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are often used to measure the extent of information processing during sleep. Previous studies have indicated that a late positive wave, P300, can be elicited during REM sleep if stimuli are very rare and/or very loud. The present study examined the role of stimulus intensity in eliciting a P300 during REM sleep. Eight subjects were presented with auditory tone pips with an intensity of either 0, 60, 80 or 100 dB SPL. Stimuli were delivered at random with equal probability. Trials were sorted by stage of sleep, stimulus intensity, and presence or absence of rapid eye movements in REM sleep. During the waking state, when subjects read a book, the loud 100 dB stimulus elicited short (P3a) and long latency (P300) positive waves (peaking at 293 and 373 ms respectively). In stage of 2 non-REM sleep, N1 decreased to baseline level while P2 increased in amplitude compared to the waking state. A P300 could not be observed in stage 2 sleep regardless of the level of stimulus intensity. During REM sleep, a late P300 (latency 363 ms) was elicited by the 100 dB stimulus. The earlier positive peak (i.e. P3a) was not apparent. The P300 was reduced in amplitude compared to the waking state. Its amplitude did not differ between phasic and tonic states of REM sleep. A late parietal negative slow wave (SW) was also apparent during REM. Although the SW was larger during phasic compared to tonic REM, the difference was not significant. These data suggest that stimuli which are sufficiently intrusive to elicit a P300 in the waking state continue to do so in REM sleep.

Modelling of frequency-dependent effects of lignocaine homologues on the maximum upstroke velocity of action potentials in guinea-pig papillary muscles.

1. The effects of 14 lignocaine homologues on the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) of the action potentials (AP) were studied in guinea-pig papillary muscles. These drugs possess one, two or three methyl groups in different positions: an ortho-chloro, -carbomethoxy or -ethyl group instead of an ortho-methyl group; or an N-butyl group instead of an N-diethyl group in lignocaine molecules. 2. At 50-100 mumol/L, six drugs possessing two ortho substituents (but not the other eight) reduced Vmax more prominently at 2-4 Hz than at 1 Hz, and slowed the time courses of recovery of the premature responses. None of the drugs affected resting potential. 3. Besides the two-state piecewise exponential model (models I and II) frequently used, a time-dependent and time-independent, two-state model (model III) was formulated and applied to these experimental data. The above two groups were effectively distinguished by the difference of the estimated association and dissociation rate constants (model II) and equilibrium constants for phasic state (model III) and for resting (model II) or tonic (model III) states. 4. The equilibrium constants for resting or tonic state correlated well with log P (where P = the n-octanol: water partition coefficients), but correlated better with an indicator variable that denotes the existence of two ortho substituents, suggesting the importance of the contribution of steric factors to the activity.

Metabolic and functional consequences of barium-induced contracture in rabbit myocardium

Barium contracture tonically activates myocardium while preserving cellular integrity. We studied the metabolic and mechanical consequences of sustained Ba2+ contracture. We measured the time course of phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, Pi, total phosphate, and intracellular pH via 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in isolated, isovolumic rabbit hearts. For mechanical studies, we measured force transients and dynamic stiffness in excised rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles at different elapsed times in Ba2+ contracture. In the perfused hearts, PCr fell steadily to 20% of control after 60 min. ATP remained constant for approximately 25 min then fell to 25% by 60 min. Pi rose to 200% within 15 min and then remained unchanged, whereas total phosphate dropped steadily to 50% of control by 60 min. Myocardial O2 consumption remained near control for 30 min and then declined to 50% by 60 min. Consistent with ATP and O2 consumption measurements, mechanical responses were unchanged for approximately the first half hour. Because of the elevated Pi, however, myofilament kinetics may have been accelerated compared with the control metabolic state. After the initial period of stable contracture, the gradual alteration of mechanical behavior exhibited a progressive trend toward more rigor-like characteristics. In summary, myocardium in Ba2+ contracture is metabolically and mechanically stable for approximately 30 min but begins to degrade thereafter. When compared with other tonic states of activation, Ba2+ contracture appears to be less demanding energetically.

Noncongruent stimuli and tonic adaptation.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of noncongruent stimuli on tonic accommodation and tonic vergence. Eight visually normal subjects were tested in a within-subjects design. Tonic states were measured using a haploscope-optometer immediately before and after viewing a reduced Snellen chart binocularly with suppression control in a synoptophore for 8 min. One stimulus was set at either 4 D or 4 MA, with the other set at either the maximally high (e.g., greater than 4 D or 4 MA) or low setting (e.g., less than 4 D or 4 MA) that still permitted clear and single binocular vision. Significant changes in tonic vergence but not tonic accommodation were found. The results suggest that when the oculomotor system is challenged, or stressed, under such noncongruent binocular viewing conditions, it is tonic vergence and not tonic accommodation which adapts rapidly.

Theory of the Neutral-Ionic Transition in TTF-Chloranil

A new mechanism of the neutral-ionic transition in TTF-chloranil is presented, through which we derive the temperature-induced transition as a statistical mechanically cooperative phenomenon, without supposing the lattice thermal contraction. We take into account the coulomb interaction up to second nearest-neighbors within a chain, the spin degeneracy of the ionic molecular state, as well as the quantum-mechanical charge transfer. In addition, the inter-chain coulomb interaction is considered in the mean field approximation. The free energy approximately calculated as a function of the degree of ionicity shows that at low temperatures the ionic phase becomes lower owing to a large splitting of the spin degeneracy caused by a strong mixing of the neutral and tonic states, whereas at room temperature the neutral phase is lower owing to the electrostatic energy balance.

Shape resonance and electronic autoionization in vibrationally resolved partial photoionization cross sections of O2

Vibrationally resolved partial photoionization cross sections of O2 leading to the b4Σ−g and B2Σ−1g(3σ−1g) tonic states have been measured at high resolution in a wide photon energy range from 0.5 eV above threshold to 24.5 eV. The σu shape resonance is observed around 21.5 eV, in fairly good agreement with “one-electron” theoretical predictions. The series of resonances from 19 to 20 5 eV result from an autoionization process with a strong vibrational selectivity, explained by the similar geometries of the resonance states and the b ionic state. The large resonance widths originate from a strong Rydberg-valence orbital mixing Calculations using multichannel quantum defect theory reproduce the most important features.

Suspension of Gag for Tonsillectomy

Putting is a crucial stroke to determine winning in golf. Putting is more delicate than any other strokes in golf. To keep better putting stroke, psychological factors as well as physical factors are important for golfers. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in kinematic and psychological variables between winner and loser of three skilled levels during competitive golf putting tournament. The participants consisted of 3 groups based on their skill levels: PG (8 professional golfers), RG (8 recreational golfers) and NG (8 novice golfers). Each group performed 8 tournaments by attempting 2.1 m putting from the hole. 3D motion analysis system with 6 high speed cameras and BIOPAC ECG module were used to acquire kinematic data and ECG. To compare differences between winner and loser for each group, time phase of putting stroke, smoothness by jerk cost function (JC), heart rate (HR), ratio of low and high frequency component (LF/HF) in heart rate variability and CSAI-2 scores (competitive state anxiety inventory 2) were used. There was a significant difference in back-swing phase time ratio between PG and other groups and in JC at the putter toe between NG and other groups. There was a significant difference in LF/HF and self-confidence score of CSAI-2 between winner and loser within PG. While PG and RG showed similar kinematic performance, they showed different LF/HF. The tonic states derived from cardiac activity indicated that a higher skilled level was associated with increased LF. Increased LF is associated with increased automaticity and decreased attention demands, which means that increased mental workload reduces LF. For PG, it may reveal that psychological factor is one of the important factors for the better performance during competition. Further studies are necessary to clarify psychological factors of putting by using different measurement techniques such as galvanic skin response.