Surface Of Tongue Research Articles

Anatomical and histological characteristic of the tongue and tongue mucosa linguae in the cattle-yak (Bos taurus × Bos grunniens)

This study presents the first definitive anatomical description of the tongue and lingual papillae of the cattleyak. Data on tongues from 12 healthy cattle-yaks were collected. The results show that five types of papillae were identifiable on the tongue surface of the cattle-yak. Among these, three types were mechanical papillae (filiform, conical, and lenticular), and two types were gustatory papillae (vallate and fungiform). Some morphological features of the cattle-yak tongue were similar to those of domestic ruminants, but the lingual prominence was higher and more developed. For example, more mechanical papillae were present and they were covered by a thicker, keratinized epithelium, the conical papillae possibly perform an immune function, the fungiform papillae have more mucussecreting pores, and the sublingual glands were more developed. This research will provide a further and detailed source of morphological information about the cattle-yak that is currently lacking in species-specific studies on the morphology of the Bovidae family.

Comparison of solid substrates to differentiate the lubrication property of dairy fluids by tribological measurement

Three popular solid substrates (surgical tape, silicone rubber and EPDM rubber) were investigated to examine the lubrication properties of water, aqueous protein solution (3.9% solids), skim (0.1% fat) and full fat (3.8% fat) milk samples with reference with their dry contacts. It was observed that the tribological properties of the test fluids were greatly affected by the physical properties of the solid substrates, particularly wettability. Surgical tape surface, having similar wettability and surface roughness to the surface of the human tongue, appeared to be the best substrate for tribological investigations because of its ability to differentiate dairy solutions with different compositions. Silicone rubber and EPDM rubber, on the other hand, showed the same friction for all the dairy fluids and were thereby not suitable for this tribology test. For very hydrophobic surface like EPDM rubber, the tribological result is governed by the entrapment of air pockets between the solid substrate and the test fluid; therefore, it cannot be explained solely by its physical properties measured in static condition.

Concurrent Chemoradiation in Oropharyngeal Cancer: Does Omission of 1 or More Cycles of Chemotherapy Diminish Survival or Tumor Control?

Materials/Methods: Five patients with OPC who were unable to use bite block or tongue blade underwent computed tomographic simulations with neutral tongue position and stuck-out tongue for planning IMRT (IMRT-N and IMRT-S, respectively). Planning objectives were to deliver 70 Gy, 63 Gy, and 56 Gy in 35 fractions to 95% of PTVs using simultaneously integrated boost technique, with mean doses (Dmean) of <26 Gy to the parotid gland, <30 Gy to the submandibular gland, and <36 Gy to the oral cavity (OC). For other organs at risk (OARs), Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recommended dose constraints were applied. Planning was optimized to minimize doses to OARs without compromising coverage of PTVs. Radiation plans with IMRT-N and IMRT-S were compared. Results: IMRT-N and IMRT-S showed equivalent radiation target coverages with sparing OARs, except OC. Dmean of OC was 34.8 1.6 Gy and 30.7 3.0 Gy with IMRT-N and IMRT-S, respectively (PZ.006). OC volume receiving 36 Gy (V36) was 34.1 19.0% using IMRT-N compared to 28.0 15.9% with IMRT-S (PZ.03). Dmean of oral tongue was 39.6 2.7 Gy and 31.7 3.5 Gy in IMRT-N and IMRT-S, respectively (PZ.01). The distance from palate to surface of tongue tend to increase in IMRT-S with 0.9 0.3 cm compared to IMRT-N with 0.1 0.2 cm (PZ.003). Conclusion: In 5 patients with OPC, an IMRT-S significantly reduced radiation dose to oral cavity, specifically oral tongue, compared to IMRT-N without compromising radiation target coverage or other OARs. For the patients with OPC who were unable to use bite block or tongue blade, stuck-out tongue during radiation therapy can provide less radiation dose to OC, which could lead to fewer radiation-related side effects in OC. Author Disclosure: W. Kil: None. C.M. Kulasekere: None. V. Harwalkar: None. J.R. Bugno: None. L.D. Jefferson: None. J.Z. Baskin: None. C.J. Nock: None. R.D. Derrwaldt: None. R. Raju: None. C.L. Hatch: None.

Multimodal acquisition of articulatory data: Geometrical and temporal registration.

Acquisition of dynamic articulatory data is of major importance for studying speech production. It turns out that one technique alone often is not enough to get a correct coverage of the whole vocal tract at a sufficient sampling rate. Ultrasound (US) imaging has been proposed as a good acquisition technique for the tongue surface because it offers a good temporal sampling, does not alter speech production, is cheap, and is widely available. However, it cannot be used alone and this paper describes a multimodal acquisition system which uses electromagnetography sensors to locate the US probe. The paper particularly focuses on the calibration of the US modality which is the key point of the system. This approach enables US data to be merged with other data. The use of the system is illustrated via an experiment consisting of measuring the minimal tongue to palate distance in order to evaluate and design Magnetic Resonance Imaging protocols well suited for the acquisition of three-dimensional images of the vocal tract. Compared to manual registration of acquisition modalities which is often used in acquisition of articulatory data, the approach presented relies on automatic techniques well founded from geometrical and mathematical points of view.

Prevalence and subjective knowledge of tongue lesions in an Indian population

AimThe current study was designed to determine prevalence of various tongue lesions and their association with age, gender, systemic illness, deleterious habits, and distribution over the surfaces of tongue. It also explored the awareness and knowledge of subjects in relation to presence of tongue lesions, etiological factor, symptoms, and treatment received if any. MethodsThe present study was conducted on 1360 randomly selected dental outpatients from 1/10/2013 to 30/09/2014. Examination of tongue included surface changes, size, movements, and the presence of mucosal lesions. The subjects were asked about the knowledge, symptoms, and treatment obtained in case of awareness regarding the lesion. ResultsThe prevalence of tongue lesions was found to be 13.75%. The most prevalent lesion was found to be coated tongue. The majority of the lesions were located on dorsum of tongue and not related with age, gender, habit, and systemic condition. A considerable number of subjects were aware of the changes on their tongue but negligible number sought any treatment. ConclusionsThe presence of tongue lesions in the study population was found be significant. Hence, general dental practitioners and health care providers should be educated about the diagnosis, etiology, investigations, and proper management of such tongue lesions.

A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Prevention of Oral Cancer among the Students of Higher Secondary in Selected Schools of Jalandhar, Punjab 2015

Oral cancer or mouth cancer is one of the leading cancers in the world. It is a cancer that occurs in any part of the mouth; on the tongue's surface, in the lips, inside the cheeks, in the gums, in the roof and floor of the mouth, in the tonsils, and also in the salivary glands. Most persons have no detectable symptoms during the early stages of oral cancer. When signs and symptoms do appear, they typically include: Patches on the lining of the mouth or tongue, usually red or red and white in colour, mouth ulcers that do not go away, a sore that does not heal, pain when swallowing, jaw pain, jaw stiffness etc. The main aim of the study is to enhance the knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of oral cancer among the students of higher secondary by providing structured teaching programme. For this study, a quasi experimental research design was used. The study was conducted on 160 samples of students. Every sample was selected by stratified random sampling technique. As age, gender and class was kept as strata. The study was conducted in PAP Government Senior Secondary school, Victor Model school, Government Senior Secondary school Ladhewali and Saint Soldier Public school. Data was collected by socio-demographic variables, self structured knowledge and attitude questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Tables and Bar diagrams were used to depict the findings. The pre test mean knowledge score was 12.21 and the pre test mean attitude score was 33.12 where as the post test mean knowledge score was 20.04 and post test attitude score was 34.02. The difference between pre test and post test mean knowledge score regarding prevention of oral cancer was statistically significant. The tcal 24.072 < ttable 1.97 at p <0.05. The difference between pre test and post test attitude score regarding prevention of oral cancer was statistically significant. The tcal 05.012 < ttable 1.97 at p<0.05. So, it indicates that structured teaching programme had significant impact on knowledge and attitude of students regarding prevention of oral cancer.

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF TARTRATE RESISTANT ACID PHOSPHATASE (TRAP) IN DIVERSE ORAL TISSUES OF MICE AT DIFFERENT AGES

Background: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is considered to be a marker of the osteoclast and is also found to be critical for normal development of the skeleton. Objectives: investigating the immunohistochemical distribution of TRAP in some oral tissues of mice at different age points. Methods: Nine male mice from three different age groups (3 mice each) were used in the current study as follows: 1 day aged group, 1 week aged group and adult group. Animals of all groups were sacrificed and sections from skin side of lip, submandibular salivary gland, dorsal surface of tongue and enamel organ were prepared and subjected to histological and immunohistochemical examination to identify the differential expression of TRAP among these tissues. Results: abundant immunohistochemical reaction to TRAP occurred in the granular convoluted tubules of the submandibular glands, in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of the skin, in the surface layers of the dorsal surface of the tongue and among the different layers of the enamel organ. However, TRAP expression was more intense in the tissues of adult mice than that at earlier ages. Conclusions: TRAP was intensely expressed in the oral tissues of adult mice rather than at earlier ages. These findings indicate that TRAP expression isn’t restricted to osteoclasts, and thus, TRAP may be involved in biological processes other than bone remodeling.

Effect of oral cleaning using mouthwash and a mouth moisturizing gel on bacterial number and moisture level of the tongue surface of older adults requiring nursing care.

To evaluate the effect of oral cleaning using a mouthwash and a mouth moisturizing gel on the number of bacteria and moisture level of the tongue surface of older adults requiring nursing care. The 60 participants were randomly divided into groups according to their use of oral cleaning procedures as follows: group 1, mouthwash and a moisturizing gel (M + m); group 2, mouthwash (M); group 3, water and a moisturizing gel (W + m); and group 4, water (W). The number of anaerobic bacteria, tongue coating index and moisture level of the tongue surface were measured at baseline, and after 1 and 2 weeks after cleaning commenced to compare the effectiveness of oral cleaning among the groups. There was no significant difference in baseline measurements among the groups. The numbers of anaerobic bacteria decreased for all groups, and there were significant differences in the rates of decrease after 2 weeks between the M + m and W + m groups, M + m and W groups, and M and W groups. The tongue coating index decreased for all groups. There was no significant difference in the rate of decrease among the groups after 1 week, and there was a significant difference after 2 weeks between the M + m and W groups. The moisture levels of all groups increased, and there were significant differences after 2 weeks between the M + m and M groups, the M + m and W groups, and the W + m and W groups. The most effective cleaning technique was the combination of a mouthwash and a moisturizing gel. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 116-121.

Effects of gum chewing exercises on saliva secretion and occlusal force in community-dwelling elderly individuals: A pilot study.

Elderly individuals face the risk of reductions in saliva secretion and occlusal force caused by systemic diseases or medications that can eventually result in malnutrition and systemic complications. We tested the hypothesis that regular gum chewing exercises (GCE) would enhance saliva secretion and occlusal force in an elderly population. A total of 12 community-dwelling elderly individuals (3 men and 9 women) participated in this study after providing informed consent. Participants carried out GCE regimens using a soft gum (GCE-S) or hard gum (GCE-H) for 2 weeks each, with a 2-week rest period between trials. Mucosal moisture on the tongue surface, resting saliva, and occlusal force were measured before and after each test gum, and changes in parameters at relevant time-points were statistically analyzed. Differences in each measurement item were assessed using the Friedman test for before and after the GCE. We used the Holm's correction for multiple comparisons if the Friedman test results were significant. The critical value for rejecting the null hypothesis was set at P < 0.05. Resting saliva secretion significantly increased after GCE-S, returned to baseline levels during the rest period and significantly increased again after GCE-H. Mucosal moisture and occlusal force followed a similar trend, with a significant rise after GCE-H. The results of the present study suggest that GCE can increase resting saliva secretion and occlusal force in elderly individuals. Further investigations are required on the appropriate use of soft and hard gums to address oral frailty in elderly individuals. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 48-53.

Assessing expression of TAS2R16 receptor on the tongue of elderly persons

In conducted study, we assessed expression of TAS2R16 receptor gene on the tongue of elderly persons. The TAS2R16 receptor belongs to family of G-protein coupled bitter taste receptors and is expressed in type 2 taste cells, which are a part of taste buds. The taste buds are distributed across the tongue's surface on the specialised structures called papillae. The TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to β-glucopyranosides such as salicin. The purpose of conducted study was to examine, whether the ageing process influence gene expression and hence the perception of taste at the molecular level. Ageing process is often related to either decreased or total lost perception of taste qualities. It is due to physiological changes in the oral cavity. The changes in taste cell membranes involve altered function of ion channels and receptors, which ultimately lead to decreased tasting ability of elderly people. In addition, various causes, such as oral and systemic diseases, drug administration, lifestyle (i.e. smoking) and some oral conditions (wearing dentures, dental caries and coated tongue), may extracerbate this issue. Loss of taste may become a large factor in reduction of appetite, which may lead to malnutrition. To accomplish the objective of this study, we recruited ten elderly persons. One 25-year old human was used as calibrator. We used non-invasive scrapping method for collecting taste cells from fungiform papillae of each subject. A multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR was performed to amplify cDNA of TAS2R16 and PGK1 genes, whereas the last one served as housekeeping gene. The TAS2R16 gene expression for elderly persons relative to that of young one was calculated according to the 2-ΔCT formula. Results pointed out to increased expression of TAS2R16 gene by 2-fold in 5th and 8th seniors. It is assumed that they perceive more intense bitterness from salicin at the molecular level than 25-year old person. The 2nd, 3rd, 7th and 10th elderly persons have had decreased expression level about 70%, whereas in case of 6th one that was even about 90%. It is supposed that these subjects, in particular last one, respond to salicin very weakly. This data may show evidence of almost total loss of taste. The causes and consequences are discussed in more detail.

Using a radial ultrasound probe's virtual origin to compute midsagittal smoothing splines in polar coordinates

Tongue surface measurements from midsagittal ultrasound scans are effectively arcs with deviations representing tongue shape, but smoothing-spline analysis of variances (SSANOVAs) assume variance around a horizontal line. Therefore, calculating SSANOVA average curves of tongue traces in Cartesian Coordinates [Davidson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120(1), 407-415 (2006)] creates errors that are compounded at tongue tip and root where average tongue shape deviates most from a horizontal line. This paper introduces a method for transforming data into polar coordinates similar to the technique by Mielke [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137(5), 2858-2869 (2015)], but using the virtual origin of a radial ultrasound transducer as the polar origin-allowing data conversion in a manner that is robust against between-subject and between-session variability.

Mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1 infects oral mucosa and preferentially targets the base of the tongue

In 2010, a new mouse papillomavirus, MmuPV1, was discovered in a colony of NMRI- Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu athymic mice in India. This finding was significant because it was the first papillomavirus to be found in a laboratory mouse. In this paper we report successful infections of both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rostral tongues of outbred athymic nude mice. We also report the observation that the base of the tongue, the area of the tongue often targeted by cancer-associated high-risk papillomavirus infections in humans, is especially susceptible to infection. A suitable animal model for the study of oral papillomavirus infections, co-infections, and cancers has long been sought. The work presented here suggests that such a model is now at hand.

Relationships Between Formant Frequencies of Sustained Vowels and Tongue Contours Measured by Ultrasonography.

The purpose of this study was to explore the formant-articulation relationships in corner vowels by acoustic analysis of speech signals and measuring tongue contour using ultrasonography. Eighteen healthy adults (8 men, 10 women), aged between 20 and 40 years, were enrolled. Speech signals of sustained vowels /ɑ/, /i/, and /u/ were recorded to obtain the first 2 formant frequencies. Tongue height, tongue advancement, and lengths of posterior tongue surface (LPTS) and anterior oral cavity (LAOC) were obtained using ultrasound image processing technique in order to examine the resonance mechanism of the oral vocal tract. LPTS and LAOC, as well as mean frequencies of the first and second formants, showed significant differences between sexes and among vowels. The first formant significantly and better correlated with LPTS than with tongue height (r = -.78, p < .001, Pearson's correlation). The correlation of the second formant with LAOC (r = -.85, p < .001) was also significant and better than the correlation with tongue advancement. Sex, however, did not show significant correlation with the formant frequencies. Ultrasonographic measurements of tongue contour correlated well to the formant frequencies. The results stressed the importance of tongue shaping in articulation. Although more studies are necessary in clinical implications, disorders associated with abnormal tongue shaping may be the target applications in the future.

Influence of Stimulus Properties and Sensory Task Instructions on Oral Processing Behavior of Liquid Stimuli

AbstractThis study determined the influence of texture properties and sensory task instructions on oral processing behavior of liquid stimuli. Oral processing of one sip of water, skimmed milk, thickened skimmed milk, cream and cream with poppy seeds was quantified using Surface Electromyography. Oral behavior was determined while subjects performed or did not perform sensory evaluation. Oral clearance time and time after the second swallow differed between liquid stimuli displaying large differences in texture properties, probably due to subjects attempting to remove oral coatings from the tongue surface during the oral clearance phase. Time to swallow decreased and total muscle activity increased when liquid stimuli were orally processed without performing a sensory evaluation. No differences in oral processing behavior of liquid stimuli were observed between different types of sensory evaluations (assessment of different sensory attributes). We suggest that some texture attributes of liquid foods might be perceived without requiring additional oral processing. We conclude that performing sensory evaluation influences oral processing behavior of liquid stimuli compared to not performing sensory evaluation.Practical ApplicationsStudying oral processing behavior helps to better understand food sensations and can thereby support food industry in product development. This study demonstrates that consumers adapt their oral processing behavior of liquids only when the differences in texture properties between the liquids are large mainly by prolonging the oral clearance time after the first swallow and the total drinking time. By engineering the texture properties of beverages the oral processing behavior could be influenced to increase drinking time of a sip of beverage. An increase in drinking time probably leads to prolonged sensory sensations. We hypothesize that increasing drinking time and oral sensory exposure might lead to a decrease in drink intake when multiple sips are consumed.

Nocardioides glacieisoli sp. nov., isolated from a glacier.

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium (strain HLT3-15T) was isolated from the ice tongue surface of the Hailuogou glacier in Szechwan Province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain HLT3-15T belonged to the genus Nocardioides. The highest levels of sequence similarities were found with Nocardioides hwasunensis CGMCC 4.6881T and Nocardioides ganghwensis CGMCC 4.6875T (98.5 % and 98.3 %, respectively). However, DNA-DNA relatedness demonstrated that strain HLT3-15T was distinct from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. The major cellular fatty acids of strain HLT3-15T were C17 : 1ω8c and iso-C16 : 0. Strain HLT3-15T contained ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and MK-8(H4) as the predominant menaquinone. On the basis of a polyphasic approach, a novel species, Nocardioides glacieisoli sp. nov., is proposed with HLT3-15T ( = CGMCC 1.11097T = NBRC 109781T) as the type strain.

Innovative technique for pulsed dose rate brachytherpy in mobile and base of tongue carcinomas

Purpose Continuous low-dose rate interstitial brachytherapy using Pernot's plastic tubes afterloading with loop technique was a well-established treatment modality for localized tongue carcinomas. With the stop sale of iridium wires we must use pulse-dose rate brachytherapy, and replace each loop is by two straight catheters, leading to underdosage at the top of the clinical target volume. To obtain a correct clinical target volume coverage, dwell time of distal dwell positions must be increased creating a risk of mucosa necrosis by overdose. We evaluated the use of a bolus in pulsed-dose rate brachytherapy to mimic the continuous low-dose rate iridium wire loop technique. Materials and methods Three consecutive patients with base of tongue carcinomas referred for interstitial brachytherapy were included. We used pulsed-dose rate brachytherapy with interstitial plastic straight. We replaced the loop technique with catheters protruding above the tongue to ensure that the distal dwell position was above the tongue surface. Catheters were protruding through plastic buttons placed at the top end of the catheter for the control patient and plastic button more one bolus (5 mm-thickness) for two experimental patients. The Paris system for dosimetry was applied. Dose distribution was optimized by increased dwell time for the three distal dwell positions. Dosimetric comparison was performed between control patient and the two experimental patients. Results Six catheters were implanted for the control patient and the first experimental patient and 4 for the second. Ratio between dwell time for the distal dwell positions and the other positions was 2,6 for the control patient, 1,9 and 1,4 for the first and second experimental patients respectively, as to cover at least 98% of the clinical target volume. All patients could receive the whole pulsed-dose rate treatment and the bolus was well tolerated. Conclusion Pulsed-dose rate brachytherapy with bolus application could be an effective and safe alternative to continuous low dose rate iridium wire technique for localized tongue carcinomas treatment.

Tongue color changes within a menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women

Tongue color (舌色 shé sè) has been used to diagnose abnormal body conditions for thousands of years in traditional Chinese Medicine (中醫 zhōng yī). However, it is not clear whether tongue color alters with physiological changes within a normal menstrual cycle (月經周期 yuè jīng zhōu qī). This study investigated difference in tongue color between the follicular phase and luteal phase in eumenorrheic women. Tongue surface photographs were taken in the follicular phase and the luteal phase of thirty-two volunteers with biphasic basal body temperature. Color values on five areas of the tongue surface were examined and comparisons of color values were made between the two phases according to the red–green–blue (RGB), hue–saturation–brightness (HSB), luminance-a-b (Lab), and cyan–magenta–yellow–black (CMYK) models. Based on the RGB model, the values of green and blue in the tip area were larger in the follicular phase than both in the luteal phase. The values of magenta and yellow based in the CMYK model were smaller in the tip area in the follicular phase than that in the luteal phase. The saturation in the tip area was smaller in the follicular phase than that in the luteal phase. Based on the Lab model, b value in the middle area was smaller in the follicular phase than that in the luteal phase. The data revealed that tongue color varied within a eumenorrheic menstrual cycle, suggesting that tongue color differences between the follicular and luteal phases need to be considered while practicing tongue diagnosis (舌診 shé zhěn) or performing clinical studies among childbearing women.

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the oral cavity

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in plaque and tongue samples from systemically healthy subjects with periodontal health, gingivitis or chronic periodontitis. MethodsAfter screening 720 potentially eligible subjects, 154 systemically healthy participants were ultimately enrolled in the current study. Subgingival samples were taken from the first molars and the tongue and analyzed for the presence of S. aureus and MRSA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primers and conditions previously described in the literature. In addition, samples were taken from deep periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis patients. Statistical analysis was performed by applying non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis for clinical parameters, and z-test with Bonferroni corrections for distributions of assessed parameters). All comparisons were set at the 0.05 significance level. ResultsS. aureus was detected in 18% of all participants and in 10% of the samples tested. No significant differences were found in its distribution among the three investigated groups (z-test for proportions with Bonferroni corrections, p>0.05). The mecA gene was not present in any of the S. aureus found. ConclusionsS. aureus can be found in the oral environment regardless of the periodontal conditions and therefore should be considered as a member of the transient flora not participating in periodontal pathology. Subgingival sites and tongue surfaces seem to be an unusual habitat of MRSA.

Pharyngeal arch deficiencies affect taste bud development in the circumvallate papilla with aberrant glossopharyngeal nerve formation.

The pharyngeal arches (PAs) generate cranial organs including the tongue. The taste placodes, formed in particular locations on the embryonic tongue surface, differentiate into taste buds harbored in distinct gustatory papillae. The developing tongue also has a complex supply of cranial nerves through each PA. However, the relationship between the PAs and taste bud development is not fully understood. Ripply3 homozygous mutant mice, which have impaired third/fourth PAs, display a hypoplastic circumvallate papilla and lack taste buds, although the taste placode is normally formed. Formation of the glossopharyngeal ganglia is defective and innervation toward the posterior tongue is completely missing in Ripply3 mutant embryos at E12.5. Moreover, the distribution of neuroblasts derived from the epibranchial placode is severely, but not completely, atenuated, and the neural crest cells are diminished in the third PA region of Ripply3 mutant embryos at E9.5-E10.5. In Tbx1 homozygous mutant embryos, which exhibit another type of deficiency in PA development, the hypoplastic circumvallate papilla is observed along with abnormal formation of the glossopharyngeal ganglia and severely impaired innervation. PA deficiencies affect multiple aspects of taste bud development, including formation of the cranial ganglia and innervation to the posterior tongue.

일부 성인의 타액요인과 구강환경 요인의 관련성

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between saliva factors and oral hygiene factors in adults. Methods: The subjects were 112 adults from April 1 to June 15, 2014. The selected salivary factors included stimulated/unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering capacity and pH, and the selected oral hygiene factors included halitosis, wet weight of tongue plaque and oral humidity in dorsum and inferior surface of tongue. Results: There were significant differences in stimulated/unstimulated salivary flow rates, oral malodor and wet weight of tongue plaque. There were significant differences according to age in stimulated/ unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering capacity and wet weight of tongue plaque. Age had a negative correlation with salivary buffering capacity and had a positive correlation with wet weight of tongue plaque. Unstimulated salivary flow rate had a positive correlation with stimulated salivary flow rate, and stimulated salivary flow rate was positively correlated with oral humidity of inferior surface of tongue, salivary buffering capacity and halitosis. Oral humidity of inferior surface of tongue had a positive correlation with salivary buffering rate, pH and halitosis. Salivary buffering capacity was positively correlated with pH, and pH was negatively correlated with halitosis. Conclusions: The salivary factors were linked to the oral hygiene. As there may be great changes in salivary flow rate and oral hygiene due to various factors, the salivary factors seem to be one of the major factors to ensure oral hygiene and to promote oral health.