Tongue Papillae Research Articles

The effect of iron dextran injection on oral candidiasis symptoms in experimental iron deficiency anemia of laboratory rats

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia that causes various health problems and is commonly companied by oral symptoms, including oral thrush from Candida infection. The study assessed the role of iron status in the pathogenicity of oral candidiasis in an animal model. IDA in rats was produced by feeding on iron-free diet (five weeks), followed by inducing oral candidiasis by Candida albicans suspension. After the infection, animal subgroups were treated by intramuscular injection (IM) of iron dextran (ID) at 2 and 4 mg/kg once a week for three weeks and normal saline injection for comparison. Blood parameters test and tongue histopathological study were conducted. The IDA parameters and the oral thrush lesions were detected in experimental rats. IM of 2 mg ID diminished oral white patches and improved blood hemoglobin (14.533 g/dl), serum iron (109.177 μg/dl), and serum ferritin (5.276 ng/ml) and decreased total iron-binding capacity (377.000 μg/dl). Tongue sections showed normal tongue papillae, reduced inflammation and regular keratin deposition on papillae. At a 4 mg dose, despite the improvement in the blood parameters, a mild reduction was found in tongue thrush by less normal appearance of tongue papillae sections, mild inflammatory cells and hyperplasia of squamous epithelium. The study findings indicate that iron status plays a critical role in the treatment of oral thrush infection.

코로나바이러스감염증-19 환자의 구강증상과 병리학적 기전

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is rapidly spreading worldwide. Oral manifestations of COVID-19, including sore throat, loss of taste, dry mouth, and ulceration have been widely reported. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Therefore, high levels of expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 may enhance SARS-CoV-2 invasion. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were expressed in the taste bud and intermediate layer of the squamous epithelia of tongue papillae. Additionally, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were co-expressed in the ductal epithelium and acinar cells of salivary glands and in the neuronal cell body of trigeminal ganglia. SARS-CoV-2 directly invades the oral taste buds, causing loss of taste. Additionally, the possibility of neuroinvasion innervation of taste bud cells cannot be excluded. SARS-CoV-2 spreads around the suprabasal areas of the oral squamous epithelia, and invades the trigeminal nerve, resulting in oral manifestations. SARS-CoV-2 can directly invade the parotid and submandibular glands, as well as minor salivary glands, through the duct orifice. This may lead to sialadenitis and salivary contamination. (J Clinical Otolaryngol 2021;32:163-169)

Comparative morphology of tongue surface in Neotropical aerial insectivore bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

Comparative morphological characters in Neotropical bats are mostly restricted to external and cranio-dentary complexes, and few studies focusing on other morphological complexes have been carried out. In the case of tongue morphology, comparative analyses of the structure have been restricted to the superfamily Noctilionoidea with a wide range of diets, and Molossidae, a strictly aerial insectivore family. In this paper, we studied the morphology of tongue papillae in 10 aerial insectivore Neotropical bat species, representing six families (Emballonuridae, Furipteridae, Thyropteridae, Mormoopidae, Natalidae, and Vespertilionidae), and data from the previous study of Molossidae were compared. We studied tongues in light and scanning electron microscopes following material preparation protocols. We observed two types of sensitive papillae, circumvallate and fungiform, the latter at times presenting a groove surrounding the papillae. Nine mechanic types were observed, one of them, which we called flaky-like, not hitherto described. All Vespertilionoidea families (Vespertilionidae, Natalidae, and Molossidae) presented, as diagnosing characters, fungiform papillae distributed throughout the tongue, as well as anteriorly at the dorsum, and scale-like papillae on the medial lobe directed laterally and anteriorly. Emballonuridae showed the simplest tongue morphology regarding the presence and abundance of some papillae. Families composing the clade Furipteridae + Thyropteridae + Mormoopidae presented small and non-grooved fungiform papillae, and mechanical bifid papillae were absent. In summary, this study has provided additional traits (putative synapomorphies) of the bat tongue to support the clades on the current bat phylogeny.

Epigenetic regulation of ion channels in the sense of taste

There are five fundamental tastes discovered so far: sweet, bitter, umami, sour and salty. Taste is mediated by the specialized neuroepithelial cells mainly located at the tongue papillae, namely taste receptor cells, which can be classified into type I, type II, type III and type IV. Ion channels are necessary for diverse cell physiological activities including taste sensing, smell experience and temperature perception. Existing evidences have demonstrated distinct structures and working models of ion channels. Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression mainly through histone modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA-mediated regulation, without altering DNA sequence. This review summarizes how ion channels work during the transduction of multiple tastes, as well as the recent progressions in the epigenetic regulation of ion channels.

The Potential Therapeutic Effect of Allogenic Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Carbimazole-Induced Hypothyroidism on Albino Rats’ Tongue.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) in reducing the complication of hypothyroidism induced by Carbimazole through histological examination of the tongue. Material and Methods: 30 adult male albino rats were used and divided into three groups: Control group (GI) consisted of 10 rats allowed to access freely balanced diet and freshwater supply throughout the experimental period (8 weeks), Hypothyroid group (GII) in which 10 rats received carbimazole dissolved in distilled water with a dose of 5 mg/250g body weight/day by intra-gastric intubation for 5 weeks to induce hypothyroidism and BM-MSC group (GIII) in which 10 rats received carbimazole as in GII for 5 weeks and after confirmation of hypothyroidism received a single intravenous injection of BM-MSCs (1× 106 cells) through tail vein. All rats were sacrificed; tongue was dissected and processed for hematoxyline & eosin and fluorescent microscopic evaluation. Results: Tongue papillae of GII showed marked morphological and histological alterations including hyperchromatic nuclei, multiple vacuolation among the cells and apparent decrease in the keartohyaline granules’ content. Moreover, the connective tissue (C.T.) core appeared loose with inflammatory cell infiltrate and numerous congested blood vessels. On the other hand, the papillae in BM-MSCs treated groups showed apparent improvement in their architecture. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism has degenerative effects on tongue papillae. Administration of BM-MSCs reduces the deleterious effects of hypothyroidism on the papillae.

The Potential Ameliorating Effect of Bone Marrow Derived The Potential Ameliorating Effect of Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Tongue Papillae of Rats with Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Tongue Papillae of Rats with Experimentally Induced Hypothyroidism Experimentally Induced Hypothyroidism

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the potential ameliorating effect of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on tongue papillae of rats with experimentally induced hypothyroidism using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and fluorescent microscopic evaluation. Material and Methods: For this study 30 adult male albino rats were divided into three groups (ten rats each): (1) Control group: The rats allowed to access freely balanced diet and freshwater supply during the course of the experimental period (8 weeks). (2) Hypothyroidism group: To induce hypothyroidism the rats received carbimazole dissolved in distilled water (5 mg/250g body weight/day) for 35 days. (3) BM-MSC treated group: The rats received carbimazole for 35 days and after confirmation of hypothyroidism the rats received a single intravenous injection of BM-MSCs (1× 106 cells) via tail vein. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed; tongue was dissected and prepared for fluorescent and scanning electron microscopic evaluation. Results: Tongue papillae of hypothyroidism group showed marked morphological alterations, unusual variable orientation, loss of the regular hornified keratin coverage and atrophied papillae with apparent wide inter-papillary regions and atrophy of gustatory pits. The tongue papillae in BM-MSCs treated group revealed apparent improvement in their architecture. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism has degenerative effects on tongue papillae. BM-MSCs administration reduces the damaging effects of hypothyroidism on the papillae

Comparative study on animal and vegetable fat as effective palate cleanser of spiciness

Fat based palate cleanser used to overcome spicy intensity on the tongue papillae TRPV1 receptor. In this study, the effectiveness of milk as an animal fat-based palate cleanser was compared to vegetable fat based palate cleansers such as coconut milk and soymilk. Temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) was applied to monitor the effectiveness of palate cleanser (milk, coconut milk, and soy milk) on three different concentrations of chili powder (0.2%; 0.4%, and 0.6%). The study involved 12 intensively trained panellists. It was observed that coconut milk tended to be more effective than those of milk and soy milk in 0.2% and 0.4% chili powder concentration (P-value < 0.05). Further confirmation suggests that at a lower concentration of spiciness, protein involves cleansing sensation, while at higher concentration, it is more dominant by fat in conjunction with protein contribution.

The Possible Protective Role of Vitamin E on the Induced Silver Nanoparticles Toxicity on Filiform and Circumvallate Tongue Papillae of Albino Rats Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

The Possible Protective Role of Vitamin E on the Induced Silver Nanoparticles Toxicity on Filiform and Circumvallate Tongue Papillae of Albino Rats Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

Oral microbiota transplantation fights against head and neck radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in mice

Oral mucositis is a common radiotherapy-induced complication among nasal, oral and laryngeal cancer (NOALC) patients. This complication leads to decreased quality of life and has few treatments. Here, fractionated radiation was performed to mimic radiotherapy for NOALCs in mouse models. Oral microbiota transplantation (OMT) mitigated oral mucositis, as judged by reconstructed epithelium and tongue papillae, fewer infiltrated leukocytes and more proliferative cells in the oral epithelium. The gut microbiota impacted oral mucositis progression, and OMT restructured oral and gut bacteria configurations and reprogrammed the gene expression profile of tongue tissues. In vivo silencing of glossal S100 calcium binding protein A9 debilitated the radioprotection of OMT. In light of clinical samples, we identified that patients with different alteration trends of Lactobacillaceae frequency presented different primary lesions and prognoses of NOALC following radiotherapy. Together, our findings provide new insights into the oral-gut microbiota axis and underpin the suggestion that OMT might be harnessed as a novel remedy to fight against oral mucositis in NOALC patients following radiotherapy in preclinical settings. Of note, oral microorganisms, such as Lactobacillaceae, might be employed as biomarkers to predict the prognosis of NOALC with radiotherapy.

Relationship between Lingual Papilla Surface Roughness and Oral Condition in Elderly Individuals

Objectives: Recently, an increasing number of elderly patients have complained of tongue pain and fissured tongue, while atrophy of the lingual papillae with low nutrition has also become a commonly encountered condition. The viewpoint that lingual papilla atrophy reflects systemic and pathological conditions, such as diabetes and in the circulatory system abnormalities, is supported by many clinicians. The present study was conducted to clarify the relationship of degree of atrophy of tongue papillae with oral symptoms, with an aim to evaluate the usefulness of clinical diagnostic criteria for tongue papillae atrophy. Subjects and Methods: The subjects were asked to protrude the tongue forward. The tongue was held at rest and impressions were taken of the tongue dorsum 15 mm posterior to the apex of the tongue. Surface impressions were measured using a Surfcoder SE300 and the obtained values were used to define surface roughness (Ra). Multivariate analyses of the relationships between the Ra measurements and the living environment, subjective symptoms of oral health, and survey results of measurements were performed to examine factors associated with Ra. The tongue was photographed with a digital camera, then RGB color value of four random points 15 mm from the tongue apex was determined. Using those findings, redness was calculated. Results and Conclusions: One hundred and six subjects with a mean age of 79.5 ± 9.2 years were analyzed. In the smooth group, there was more redness in the tongue dorsum as compared to the rough group. Total and Sagittal Ra values of subjects with dysphagia were lower than those without dysphagia, suggesting that the degree of oral mucosal atrophy is related to subjective symptoms of dysphagia. Subjects with high water intake had higher Coronal Ra values, which was considered to be related to the edematous state of the lingual papillae.

Comparative evaluation of the ultrastructural morphology and distribution of filiform and fungiform tongue papillae in Egyptian mice, fruit bats and long-eared hedgehogs.

The tongue is a specialized vital organ. It aids in mastication, deglutition and food digestion. It also shares in the perception of taste sensation as it possesses various gustatory papillae. It is being subjected to numerous anatomical and histological examinations aiming at exploring the correlation between its morphological features and animal adaptations to various types of nutrition and environmental conditions. The goal of the present work was to compare the ultrastructural features of the filiform and fungiform papillae of three various mammals possessing different feeding habits; Egyptian mice, fruit bats and long-eared hedgehogs. Specimens were obtained from the tongues of four healthy adult animals from each mammalian type. Tongues were fixed and all the appropriate procedures were done to perform scanning electron microscopic investigation. Scanning electron microscopic examination demonstrated that in mice, there were four different sub-types of filiform papillae (spike, leaf, conical and tongue-shaped). In bats, there were two sub-types (flower and leaf-like) and in hedgehogs, there was only one type (tongue-like). These filiform papillae showed different distribution and orientation. As for the fungiform papillae, they were cylindrical in mice, rounded or conical in bats and dome-shaped in hedgehogs. Fungiform papillae possessed taste pores containing taste buds. Ultrastructural variations of the filiform and fungiform papillae were suggested to be probably due to adaptation to various feeding habits and different environmental conditions of these animals.

A Case of Lingua Villosa Nigra (Black Hairy Tongue) in a 3-Month-Old Infant

Patient: Female, 3-month-oldFinal Diagnosis: Black hairy tongueSymptoms: Discolored tongueMedication:—Clinical Procedure: Gentle tongue brushingSpecialty: Pediatrics and NeonatologyObjective:Rare diseaseBackground:Black hairy tongue is a self-limiting, usually asymptomatic, benign lesion that most often affects men and people aged over 30–40 years. The lesion is extremely rare among newborns and infants. Lingua villosa nigra is characterized by the presence of elongated filiform papillae of the dorsum of the tongue, which gives a hairy appearance. The overgrown papillae can accumulate fungi, bacteria, pigments originating from food, or any other debris that can contribute to the discoloration of the tongue. The prognosis for black hairy tongue is positive. Gentle tongue brushing or scraping as well as the elimination of predisposing factors usually leads to cessation of the lesion.Case Report:A generally healthy, exclusively breastfed 3-month-old female baby was admitted to the Oral Pathology Department of Wrocław Medical University due to a persistent tongue lesion. Intraorally, dark, blackish, elongated tongue papillae were observed. Three weeks earlier, the baby’s pediatrician had diagnosed thrush and prescribed systemic antifungal treatment with Nystatinum, without prior mycological examination. The lesion did not resolve and the girl was referred to the Department of Oral Pathology. A meticulous medical and dietary interview revealed that since the 28th day of life the baby had been supplemented with vitamin C. This, together with an intraoral examination, led to the diagnosis of black hairy tongue. The lesion disappeared partially after 4 weeks of tongue brushing.Conclusions:To prevent infants from undergoing persistent and unnecessary treatment (topical or systemic drugs) or additional diagnostic procedures, such as biopsy, it is essential to be familiar with the characteristics of lingua villosa nigra as well as its origin and management. The consideration of this condition is invaluable for babies’ health and safety.

Comparative Morpho-histological Studies of Tongue Papillae in the pre-pubertal and adult stages of Awassi sheep (Ovis ovis)

Comparative Morpho-histological Studies of Tongue Papillae in the pre-pubertal and adult stages of Awassi sheep (Ovis ovis)

Morphological and scanning electron microscopic studies of the lingual papillae of the tongue of the goat (Capra hircus).

The morphology of different lingual papillae of the Egyptian goats was studied by gross observation, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy. According to function, two types of papillae were present; mechanical (filiform, conical and lenticular papillae) and gustatory papillae (fungiform and vallate papillae). Two types of filiform papillae were detected with different shape and position. Moreover, two types of conical and lenticular papillae could be recognized on the lingual torus. Abundant fungiform papillae were found on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tip of the tongue. The vallate papillae had also different shapes. Taste buds were demonstrated within the epithelium of the dorsal surfaces of the fungiform papillae and the lateral surfaces of the vallate papillae. In addition, a longitudinal row of large papillae was located on the lateral aspect of the tongue in relation to the filiform papillae. These papillae were suggested to be called elongated conical papillae and may be considered as ones of the lingual papillae. In conclusion, the current study provides a detailed description of the different lingual papillae of the Egyptian goat's tongue. Presence of different types and shapes of mechanical and gustatory lingual papillae in goats' tongue suggests a high degree of functional adaptation to their diet.

Smell and taste function in childhood cancer patients: a feasibility study

PurposeChemotherapy can affect smell and taste function. This has never been investigated in childhood cancer patients during chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine whether psychophysical smell and taste tests are suitable for children with cancer. Taste and smell function, fungiform papillae density, and eating behavior were measured before (T1) and after (T2) a cycle of chemotherapy and compared with healthy controls.MethodsThirty-one childhood cancer patients treated for a hematological, solid, or brain malignancy (median age 12 years, 16 girls), and 24 healthy controls (median age: 11 years, 10 girls) participated. Smell function was measured using Sniffin’ Sticks, including a threshold, discrimination, and identification test. Taste Strips were used to determine recognition thresholds for sweet, sour, salty, and bitter taste. Papillae density was investigated by counting the fungiform papillae of the anterior tongue. Eating behavior was assessed using the Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS).ResultsSmell and taste function could be investigated in more than 90% of the patients, while fungiform papillae density could be determined in 61% of the patients. A significant difference in smell threshold was found between patients and controls (p = 0.001), showing lower thresholds in patients. In patients, sweet taste (p < 0.001), bitter taste (p = 0.028), and total taste function (p = 0.004) were significantly different after a cycle of chemotherapy, with higher scores at T2.ConclusionThe assessment of smell, taste, and fungiform papillae density is feasible in children with cancer. Results of the current study suggest that smell and taste sensitivity increased in children with cancer.

Macro- and microscopic study on the tongue and lingual papillae of Bison bonasus hybrid as an interspecific species (Bos taurus × Bison bonasus).

Nowadays the processes of crossing of different mammalian species are well characterized in light of genetics, and possibility of reproduction. Generally, lack detailed studies on changes in anatomy and histology of internal systems of hybrids. Bison bonasus hybrid is an interspecific species between the bull of European bison (Bison bonasus), and female of domesticated cattle (Bos taurus). To study the anatomy of tongue and distribution of lingual papillae on Bison bonasus hybrid tongue, a stereomicroscopic and scanning electron microscopic observations was conducted. We aimed to study the appearance of macro- and microscopic traits in relation to parental species and other bovids. Results indicate that Bison bonasus hybrid tongue possesses characteristic traits for parental species and ruminants from Bovidae family and also species-specific features differ from mentioned animals. Specific new traits in hybrid are: V-shaped arrangement of lingual papillae on ventral surface of the tongue, rosette arrangement of conical papillae on the top of lingual prominence, bigger number of vallate papillae and closer arrangement of vallate papillae. In hybrid observed also the appearance of combination of parental traits. Similar to European bison are rectangular shape of lingual prominence and absence of filiform papillae on the root of tongue. Presence of lateral processes of filiform papillae on the apex of tongue, and arrangement of vallate papillae into two rows corresponded to cattle. Development of new morphological features of tongue and its mucosal papillae in Bison bonasus hybrid opens new issue for future studies on organs of digestive system in animals after hybridization.

Comparative Histological Study on the Effect of Allium Sativum (Garlic), Allium Cepa (Onion) &amp; Insulin on Lingual Papillae of Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic metabolic disease. Various inflammatory diseases and soft tissue pathologies are associated with DM. Major concern in diabetes is oxidative stress. Antioxidants prevent diabetic complications. Onion & garlic are strong antioxidants, so this study was done to determine their possible effect in minimizing complications that diabetic patients suffer, compared to insulin.Materials and Methods: Fifty Albino rats were divided into 5 groups, ten rats each; Control, untreated streptozotocin induced diabetic group, diabetic insulin treated, diabetic garlic treated and diabetic onion treated groups. On the 21st day of the experiment, rats were sacrificed and tongue specimens were prepared and examined by H&E for routine histological examination and by scanning Electron Microscope.Results: Histological changes of tongue papillae of diabetic untreated rats were observed, such as thinning of the epithelium of all papillae, numerous intra-epithelial cell vacuolations, thin detached keratin, extrcellular edema and inflammatory cell infiltrate within the lamina properia of all papillae. After, administration of insulin, garlic and onion, tongue papillae appeared almost normal compared to control group. However, the onion group displayed apparently slight better morphological and structural findings than garlic group.Discussion: Circumvallate papillae were most affected may be due to difference in their gustatory nerve supply. Other papillae in both garlic and onion treated groups, appeared almost normal. Which can be explained by the hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory effect of both extracts.Conclusion: Garlic and onion oral intake during early phases of diabetes caused valuable improvement of tongue papillae which was highly comparable to insulin treatment.

Morphological and scanning electron microscopic study of the lingual papillae in the Javan Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus).

There are vast numbers of bats, in terms of both individuals and species, in Indonesia, although the precise species count is currently unknown. These bats demonstrate great variation in feeding patterns, with some being insectivorous, frugivorous, nectar-eating or carnivorous. One of the insectivorous bats found on Java Island, Indonesia, is the Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus). This paper presents a detailed morphological description of the tongue and lingual papillae of P.javanicus, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Macroscopically, the elongated tongue of P.javanicus can be divided into three sections: the apex, corpus and radix. On the dorsal part of the tongue (corpus), there is a prominence called the mediodorsal lobe, the lobe begin from the end of apex. On the radix, in the medial part, we describe the presence of a sulcus medianus. The SEM and LM observations show that the apex of the tongue bears three types of papillae: crown filiform, pronged filiform and fungiform. The corpus bears conical and fungiform papillae, whereas the radix bears vallate, large filiform, small filiform and fungiform papillae. Taken together, these results contribute to research on the tongue anatomy and feeding habits of the bat.

Absence of tongue papillae as a clinical criterion for the diagnosis of generalized recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa types

Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 11140440

Developmental and innervation changes in the circumvallate papilla of turmeric treated diabetic rats' offspring versus untreated (A randomized animal controlled trial)

Background: Diabetes mellitus has a deleterious effect on the offspring including a high tendency for abnormalities and a defected immune system. The current study was performed to investigate the effect of maternal diabetes on the development and the innervation of circumvallate tongue papillae in their offspring and the possible beneficial effect of turmeric administration to the diabetic mother in preventing the defective development.Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 60 pups from diabetic mother rats that were classified into 2 main groups: group I which included untreated diabetic mother rats and group II which included diabetic mother rats treated with 30 mg/kg turmeric by oral gavage. The pups were sacrificed after 3, 10 and 60 days. The circumvallate papillae were dissected and examined histologically, immunohistochemically for S100, histomorphometrically and by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for cytokeratin 8.Results: The histopathological results revealed a deformed outline of the papillae in the untreated rats’ offspring with a decreased number of well-formed taste buds, degenerative effects in Remak’s ganglion and decreased innervation while treated rats’ offspring revealed nearly normal histological structure for the circumvallate papilla and the underlying structures. Immunohistochemical results showed significant differences between untreated and turmeric treated groups in terms of S100 expression. CK8 gene expression results revealed a significant increase in the turmeric treated diabetic subgroups as compared to diabetic untreated subgroups at the same age.Conclusion: Maternal diabetes has a degenerative effect on the taste system of the rat offspring including fewer taste buds with a deformed outline and defective innervation. Treating diabetic mothers with turmeric markedly improved the degenerative effect of diabetes on the offsprings’ circumvallate papillae.