Tone Power Research Articles

Comparing the Efficacy of Duloxetine with High Tone Power Therapy in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Double-Blind Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial

Comparing the Efficacy of Duloxetine with High Tone Power Therapy in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Double-Blind Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial

Linear broadband interference suppression circuit based on GaN monolithic microwave integrated circuits

AbstractThis paper presents simulation and measurement results of a 2–4 GHz octave bandwidth interference suppression circuit. The circuit accomplishes the function of a tunable frequency notch through an interferometer architecture. The relative delay in the interferometer paths is varied with GaN monolithic microwave integrated circuit tunable delay lines. The delay is adjusted by varying the drain voltage of cold‐FET connected high electron mobility transistors acting as varactors. Two types of periodically‐loaded delay lines are compared: a uniform and a tapered design. A simple theoretical study, relating the delays and amplitudes in the interferometer circuit branches, is developed to inform the design. Two interference suppression hybrid circuits are implemented, and measurements demonstrate a 25–40 dB notch across the 2.24–4 GHz range for the uniform delay line, and 2.32–4.13 GHz for the tapered design. The return loss for both designs remains below 10 dB. Measurements with two tones spaced 0.5 and 1 GHz for varying tone power are performed to quantify suppression. The circuit can handle an input power of 37 dBm and maintains performance with two simultaneous 25 dBm tones spaced 0.5 GHz apart. Linearity is characterised with 10 MHz two‐tone measurements, and the circuit demonstrates a 3rd‐order intercept input power larger than 30 dBm for control biases above −12 V.

ACL Reconstruction: Which Additional Physiotherapy Interventions Improve Early-Stage Rehabilitation? A Systematic Review

Despite the restoration of the mechanical stability of the knee joint after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), patients often experience postoperative limitations. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews analyzing additional physiotherapy interventions implementing standard rehabilitation programs in the early postoperative phase after ACLR. The objective of this study was to analyze the additional physiotherapy interventions implemented in standard rehabilitation programs that improve early-stage ACLR rehabilitation. For this systematic review, we followed the PRISMA guidelines. In March 2022 we conducted a literature review using electronic databases. Primary outcomes were pain, edema, muscle strength, ROM, and knee function. The risk of bias and scientific quality of included studies were assessed with the RoB 2, ROBINS-I and PEDro scale. For the review, we included 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria (total n = 3271). The included studies evaluated the effectiveness of Kinesio Taping, Whole-body vibration, Local Vibration Training, Trigger Point Dry Needling, High Tone Power Therapy, alternating magnetic field, and App-Based Active Muscle Training Program. Most of the additional physiotherapy interventions improved pain, edema, ROM, knee muscle strength, or knee function in early-stage postoperative ACL rehabilitation. Except for one study, no adverse events occurred in the included studies, which demonstrates the safety of the discussed physiotherapy interventions. Further in-depth research is needed in this area.

Quadriceps muscle strength recovery with the use of high tone power therapy after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThere are no scientific reports clearly describing the effectiveness of the High Tone Power Therapy in patients after ACL reconstruction. This caused that in own research an attempt was made to present the possibilities of using the selected method of electrical stimulation in the treatment of an orthopaedic patient. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of electro stimulation of the quadriceps muscle in patients after ACL reconstruction, with the use of High Tone Power Therapy.MethodsIn randomized controlled trial took part thirty-five men, aged 21–50, after ACL reconstruction. The tests were carried prior to and 6 months following the ACL reconstruction. After the surgery, the patients were randomly divided into experimental group (17 patients) with the High Tone Power Therapy in rehabilitation and control group (18 patients) without the High Tone Power Therapy. Patients were subjected to 6-month rehabilitation. Research tools included the measurement of muscle strength torque, ROM, knee and thigh circumference measurements, the Lysholm and the VAS scale.ResultsAfter applying HiToP, the analysis showed a statistically significant improvement of muscle torque (p = 0.041, Es = 3.71), knee circumference (p = 0.039, Es = 1.65), thigh circumference (p = 0.049, Es = 1.26), knee extension (p < 0.001, Es = 2.20) in Experimental group compared to the control group. Only the results of the VAS scale did not differ statistically significantly both within a given group and between groups.ConclusionsThe results confirm the hypothesis that the use of HiToP in patients after ACLr have a beneficial effect on muscle strength, reduction of joint effusion, muscle mass gain and joint function. The assumption that HiToP significantly reduces pain levels is not supported - the results in both groups are statistically insignificant.Trial registrationThe research project was retrospectively registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Date of first registration 11.10.2016. Registration number: ACTRN12616001416482.

High-fidelity fan-noise simulations based on improved delayed detached eddy simulation

We have developed high-fidelity CFD/CAA capability for the prediction of fan tone and broadband noise from an aero-engine. With a zonal URANS—wall-modeled LES approach, referred to as the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES), the entire geometry of NASA's Source Diagnostic Test (SDT) fan rig including the nacelle is solved at approach, cut-back and take-off conditions. Multi-block grids with high-order structured finite-volume schemes are designed to resolve turbulence in the wakes and vortices as well as sound propagation in the bypass duct through the blade rows. By applying the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings technique with permeable surfaces, far-field sound-power spectra are computed, and by incorporating with the duct-mode-extraction technique, the radiated sound from the inlet and exhaust is decomposed into duct modes. These predicted fan-noise characteristics as well as aerodynamic performances are validated against NASA’s wind-tunnel test data. The fan-noise associated with the rotor-stator interaction is very well characterized: The tone power levels up to the second blade passing frequencies from both inlet and exhaust are predicted well across the engine speed, and the broadband power spectra are also predicted except for those from the inlet only at supersonic tip Mach numbers.

Executives vs. governance: Who has the predictive power? Evidence from narrative tone

This study aims to investigate not only Narrative Disclosure Tone predictive power, but also who has this power within companies to predict future performance in the UK context (executive vs. governance). We conduct a computerized textual analysis to measure the tone of UK annual reports narratives. Our results contribute to accounting and financial reporting literature by showing that corporate narrative tone can predict future performance. However, answering our main question about who has this predictive power, we found executives’ reporting tone has the power to predict a company’s future performance but not governance tone. Considering the moderation effect of the 2014 financial reporting guidance, we found this guidance increases corporate narrative tone power in general and executive tone in particular in predicting future performance. Moreover, the current study contributes to financial reporting literature by providing a UK evidence, which operates under the principles-based approach with more flexibility in financial reporting than the US context that follows the rules-based approach. Finally, this study has practical implications for regulators and external users of financial reporting.

Finding and Eliminating Noise and Interference in a Test Stand for Josephson Digital Chips

Sources of noise and interference in a test stand for Josephson digital integrated circuits have been identified and eliminated using a novel measurement technique. The digital output of the chip was fed into a spectrum analyzer while the output pattern was 1010. The DC bias was set at the boundary between correct and incorrect operation, a 50% bit error rate. Small AC noise currents on the bias made large changes in the bit error rate. This converted noise currents to amplitude modulation sidebands of the data pattern at half of the logic clock frequency, which was 625 MHz. AC currents were injected at 454 Hz to produce AM sidebands at 625 MHz ± 454 Hz. The sideband power was directly proportional to calibration tone power over the range 50 nA to 10 μA. Noise currents on the DC bias as small as 100 nA were clearly identified at 120 Hz. The largest noise currents in the test setup were found near 40 MHz. Their spectrum of evenly spaced tones indicated that the source was a switching power supply. When an idle relay controller was turned off, the noise tones immediately disappeared from the spectrum analyzer display, confirming the source of interference. This new and easy to use technique exploited bit error rate modulation to up convert AC noise currents from low frequencies to the range 625-675 MHz. The location of the noise currents was unambiguous, since only a 60 Hz noise current on the chip could produce an AM sideband at 625 MHz plus 60 Hz.

Pilot Tone Power Limits of Brillouin Amplified Carrier Recovery for Optical Communications

The benefit of Brillouin amplification for optical carrier recovery from pilot tones is evaluated in application to coherent signal detection without a conventional local oscillator (LO) laser. The focus being on the narrow gain bandwidth suppressing broadband spectral noise power relative to the pilot tone. Calculations indicate its use at the receiver with realistic 30 dB gain and 30 MHz gain bandwidth permit lowering the minimum pilot tone to signal power ratio (PSR) for low distortion signal demodulation by up to ≈24 dB in the case of a 10 GHz wide signal channel, and even larger for broader channels. The ultimate limit being its ratio to the narrowness of the Brillouin gain bandwidth. Low noise Brillouin gain is also accounted for from characterization by a coherent receiver and digital signal processing approach for an optical fiber used as the gain medium in experiments. Its use in optical carrier recovery from a 3 channel WDM 48 Gb/s 64-QAM signal with polarization multiplexed pilot tones demonstrates improvement consistent with predictions in reducing the impact of pilot tone noise to near that for a conventional LO. The estimated low PSR limit for a bit error rate below the hard decision FEC limit was extrapolated as ≈-38 dB. This rose to ≈-30 dB with inclusion of 80 km link transmission due to the restricted signal launch power for avoiding nonlinear distortion. The insight highlights the wide-ranging capabilities for enhancing performance in advanced coherent communications.

Characterization of a multifunctional active demultiplexer for optical frequency combs

We report on a multifunctional active demultiplexer for optical frequency combs. The proposed technique, based on injection locking, combines the functionality of a tunable demultiplexer, gain equalizer and an optical amplifier, all in one device. Validation of the concept is experimentally demonstrated through simultaneous demultiplexing and amplification of combs with various free spectral ranges (2.5 to 15 GHz), achieving an adjacent channel suppression ratio > 35 dB and an output power of 7.5 dBm. The functionality of the demultiplexer is extended to that of a gain equalizer, by filtering comb tones with powers 10 dB below the spectral peak, whilst maintaining a suppression ratio > 30 dB and a constant output power. This feature increases the number of comb lines suited for data modulation (i.e. usable lines), by a factor of ~1.7. Finally, we test the stability of such a demultiplexer, by measuring the frequency drift, beat tone power variations and phase correlation between demultiplexed tones.

Optical Signal Phase Retrieval With Low Complexity DC-Value Method

We propose a novel method to reconstruct the optical signal phase information using direct detection. The method is suitable for minimum phase signals and it enables low complexity, low latency, and low tone power operation. Moreover, the proposed method offers low optical complexity solution for the short-reach links compared with the concurrent phase retrieval techniques. We apply the method to M-ary signals with the transmitted power of as low as 3 dBm, and we are able to reach 70 km for 100 Gb/s quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) system without optical amplification. Our method is based on the single sideband (SSB) and DC-Value property of the minimum phase signal. The SSB and DC-Value properties are iteratively imposed on the amplitude signal in the frequency domain to recover the full complex field from a directly detected optical signal. The normalized mean square error (NMSE) value between the available amplitude information and reconstructed minimum phase signal amplitude decreases after each iteration, providing global minimum convergence. A constant scaling factor is exploited to improve the convergence speed. The scaling factor provides 6 dB, 4.5 dB, and 2.5 dB error vector magnitude (EVM) gains with 4, 5, and 8 iterations, respectively.

A 76.6-dB-SNDR 50-MHz-BW 29.2-mW Multi-Bit CT Sturdy MASH With DAC Non-Linearity Tolerance

This article presents a dual-loop noise-coupling (NC)-assisted continuous-time (CT) sturdy multistage noise-shaping (SMASH) $\Delta \Sigma $ modulator (DSM), employing 1.5-bit/4-bit quantizers. The proposed SMASH can equivalently work as an overall fourth-order DSM with 4-bit internal quantization. The NC applied in this CT SMASH DSM whitens the 1.5-bit quantization noise (QN) and further reduces its in-band tone power, while a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter integrated into the outermost feedback path suppresses the out-of-band (OOB) noise power of the multibit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) input. Together, they avoid any linearization technique for the multibit DAC. Sampled at 1.2 GHz, the 28-nm CMOS experimental prototype measures a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 76.6 dB and a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 87.9 dB over a 50-MHz bandwidth (BW), consuming 29.2 mW from 1.2-V/1.5-V supplies and occupying an active area of 0.085 mm2. It exhibits a Schreier figure-of-merit (FoM) (SNDR) of 168.9 dB.

Effect of High Tone Power Therapy on Neurophysiological Measures and Function Outcome in Patients With Diabetic Neuropathy

Effect of High Tone Power Therapy on Neurophysiological Measures and Function Outcome in Patients With Diabetic Neuropathy

An On-Chip Built-in Linearity Estimation Methodology and Hardware Implementation

An on-chip built-in linearity estimation methodology for a hybrid baseband chain is proposed. The proposed hybrid baseband chain consists of a continuous-time low-pass filter and a discrete-time (DT) finite impulse response filter with a compacted two-stage 3-tap harmonic cancellation (HC). This HC-32 architecture achieves notching at specific programmable frequency points. To estimate the filter linearity, two-tone test signals are injected, and the spectrum power of the DT filter’s output is measured by a power detector. By changing the sampling frequency, the DT filter can switch between the normal operation mode, which allows the two test tones to pass through, or the tone suppression mode, which notches the two test tones and exposes the IM3 tone power. The proposed on-chip linearity estimation methodology is experimentally verified. A comparison between the power measured in the proposed two modes reveals how well is the filter linearity. The proposed baseband chain is fabricated in 130-nm standard CMOS technology, occupying a 0.146-mm2 silicon area. Measurement results shows a suppression of 55 dB on the test tone power.

Comparison of Optical Single Sideband Techniques for THz-Over-Fiber Systems

The use of single sideband (SSB) signals and envelope detection is a promising approach to enable the use of economic free-running lasers in photonic THz communications. To combat the signal–signal beat interference associated with envelope detection, broad guard bands (GBs) may be used given the large unregulated spectrum available at THz frequencies (100 GHz–10 THz). In this scenario, the conventional way of generating SSB signals through a digital SSB filter (here referred to as the CSSB scheme) would require quite high analog digital-to-analog converter (DAC) bandwidths (BW). Digital virtual SSB (DVSSB) and analog virtual SSB (AVSSB) have been proposed in direct-detection optical systems for relaxing the DAC BW requirements. In this paper, we compare the three techniques through simulations and implement them, for the first time, in a THz-over-fiber system operating at 250 GHz. For the transmission experiments, we employ 5 GBd 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signals with three different GBs (5.5, 4.75, and 3.5 GHz). The simulations show that the best performance is obtained with the AVSSB technique, while the worst is obtained with the DVSSB scheme, where the quality of the generated sideband degrades with carrier-to-sideband power ratio. In the experimental transmissions, where receiver noise was the main source of noise, similar behavior was found between the three techniques. At the 3.5 GHz GB, however, the DVSSB exhibited a penalty of 1 dB with respect to the other two. This is likely to be due to nonlinear distortions caused by the increase in the virtual tone power.

Unsteady Simulations of a Fan/Outlet-Guide-Vane System: Tone–Noise Computation

Tone noise from a rotor–stator system representing a turbofan is studied based on high-fidelity unsteady simulations. The baseline configuration of the NASA source-diagnostic-test geometry with the entire hard-wall nacelle is solved by using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the improved delayed detached-eddy simulation at approach and takeoff conditions. Following a paper by Shur et al. (“Unsteady Simulations of a Fan/Outlet-Guide-Vane System: Aerodynamics and Turbulence,” AIAA Journal, 2018), which focused on the simulation methodology for the turbulence treatment and the aerodynamics, this paper investigates noise-generation/propagation phenomena of the first and second blade-passing-frequency tones: The analyses include mode decomposition of the tone power levels, their comparison with the NASA source diagnostic test data, nonlinear propagation of rotor-locked tones in the inlet, and the unsteady response of the stator against the rotor viscous wakes. With a duct-mode-matching method, the improved delayed detached-eddy simulation can predict tone levels within 6 dB and usually less, except for the rotor-locked tones. Although both simulations capture nonlinear decay in the inlet, “identical blade” simulations are unable to redistribute the energy into multiple pure tones at the takeoff speed. In the viscous-wake/outlet-guide-vane interaction, unsteady stator responses computed by both simulations seem not to be in accordance with classical models; moreover, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation can predict only cut-on tone levels due to the lack of turbulence contents.

Media Tone and CEO Power

This study investigates the monitoring role of media tone on Chief Executive Officer (CEO) power. Using CEO pay slice (CPS) as a measure of CEO power, we find that negative tone is associated with a reduction in CEO power. The finding extends the theoretical framework explaining the importance and influence of media on corporate governance. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that the impact of negative tone on the extent of CEO power is stronger in well-governed firms. The evidence suggests that media tone plays an important role as an external monitor, moderating corporate governance through the dissemination of news.

Microwave SQUID Multiplexer Demonstration for Cosmic Microwave Background Imagers.

Key performance characteristics are demonstrated for the microwave SQUID multiplexer (µmux) coupled to transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers that have been optimized for cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations. In a 64-channel demonstration, we show that the µmux produces a white, input referred current noise level of [Formula: see text] at -77 dB microwave probe tone power, which is well below expected fundamental detector and photon noise sources for a ground-based CMB-optimized bolometer. Operated with negligible photon loading, we measure [Formula: see text] in the TES-coupled channels biased at 65% of the sensor normal resistance. This noise level is consistent with that predicted from bolometer thermal fluctuation (i.e. phonon) noise. Furthermore, the power spectral density is white over a range of frequencies down to ~ 100 mHz, which enables CMB mapping on large angular scales that constrain the physics of inflation. Additionally, we report cross-talk measurements that indicate a level below 0.3%, which is less than the level of cross-talk from multiplexed readout systems in deployed CMB imagers. These measurements demonstrate the µmux as a viable readout technique for future CMB imaging instruments.

Early signs of cardiovascular dysregulation in young adult binge drinkers.

Binge drinking is widespread on American college campuses, but its effects on the cardiovascular system are poorly understood. This study sought evidence of preclinical cardiovascular changes in binge drinking young adults (n = 24) compared to nondrinking (n = 24) and social drinking (n = 23) peers during baseline, paced sighing (0.033 Hz), and paced breathing (0.1 Hz) tasks. Binge drinkers showed consistent but often statistically nonsignificant evidence of greater sympathetic activation and reduced baroreflex sensitivity. Interestingly, the structure of group-averaged baseline heart rate spectra was considerably different between groups in the low frequency range (0.05-0.15 Hz). In particular, the binge drinking group-averaged spectra showed several spectral peaks not evident in the other groups, possibly indicating two functionally distinct subranges (0.05-0.08 and 0.08-0.15 Hz) that reflect vascular tone baroreflex activity and heart rate baroreflex activity, respectively. Vascular tone baroreflex gain and power in two peaks in the 0.05-0.08 Hz range were associated with years of drinking in the binge drinking group. Vascular dysfunction may be an early indicator of drinking-related change in the cardiovascular system.

High Tone Power therapy in the treatment of pain in the cervical spine

Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to analyse therapeutic effects of massage using the High Tone Power Therapy for pain relief in the cervical spine. Materials and methods: The study included a group of 40 patients aged from 34 to 55 years. All of them had received medical treatment of massage using the High Tone Power Therapy. During their therapy each patient was treated 6 times for 30 minutes. Treatments were twice a week. 100% of the examined persons completed their therapy. Everyone examined had their range of spine motion measured before and after the therapy, and they were asked to assess the intensity of their pain. Results: The application of the High Tone Power massage proved to be a very effective treatment which improved the extent of cervical spine mobility in a significant way. On examination in every possible movement an increased extent of mobility was observed. A significant alleviation of spinal pain was noticed by the remaining 32 participants. 25% of all patients were totally free of headache, and the rest felt a considerable pain relief, from 6.57 points to 4 points. Dizziness disappeared in the case of 30% of the examined patients. The therapy did not make any improvement 8 of the patients examined. Conclusions: High Tone Power massage treatment improved the range of spineal motion as well as the analgesic activity at the majority of examined patients. The presented report should be treated as a preliminary test, requiring further studies in a larger number of patients using a comparative group.

Reading Auden as a Resource for Existential Reflection in a Society with Technocratic and Hedonistic Tendencies

The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of a remarkable writer, Wystan Hugh Auden (1907 - 1973), who was strongly influenced by the philosophy and thinking of the Danish philosopher, Soren Kierkegaard, especially by his works Either - Or, The Concept of Anxiety, Works of Love and The Sickness Unto Death. Auden's poetry is noted for its stylistic and technical achievement, its engagement with politics, morals, love, purity and religion, and its unique variety in tone, form and content. It is enormously rich in allusions, poetic tone and intellectual power. The content of his poems ranges from philosophical meditations, the concept of being, the concept of man, anxiety, aloneness and despair, to the contemporary crises of modern man and the evolution of society. His poetry becomes a resource for existential reflection in modern society with the technocratic and hedonistic tendencies of consumer society of which this paper is an in-depth analysis.