Tonal System Research Articles

The Semah in Tahtacı Turkmens: An Examination about Musical Structure

AbstractIn this study, the examination and maqamic analysis of the musical structure in the semahs of theTahtaci Turkmen communities were included. In terms of their rituals, institutions, beliefs andworship, Tahtacis have distinct features compared to other Alawi communities. Therefore, religiousmusic (semah, nefes) developed in the axis of belief and worship, and non-religious (mengi,lament, etc.) music is also characteristic like other practices. The analysis of the maqam structureand regional melody characters of the Tahtaci communities, which are the subject of this study, areimportant in terms of revealing their musical accumulation and musical identities shaped within theframework of life-belief-culture. Descriptive method was used in the research and was benefittedfrom document scanning method to collect data. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniquessuch as document analysis, content analysis and Markov chains were used in the analysis of the dataobtained. At the same time, innovative data analysis approaches are used, which is one of the mainissues that distinguish the research from other researches. The sample group of the research consistsof 24 semah piece from the TRT repertoire and personal archives. As a result of the research, it isconcluded that Tahtaci semahs show melodic structuring approximately in two octave tessitura. Itconsists of a different melodic maqam nuclei, which usually contains different types of maqams.Moreover, it completely reflects the 17 tone system used in Turkish Folk Music, transitions are in theform of expansion, and contraction between the perdes and melodic clusters used mostly developedin the axis of the perdes of the agirlama (entrance) section and the yeldirme (shifting section) sections.Keywords: Tahtacis, Tahtaci Turkmens, Tahtaci’s Semahs, Turkish Folk Music, Musical Analysis,Semah

Chineseness and Cantonese tones in post-1997 Hong Kong

This article explores the ideological selection of linguistic features as emblems. Building on the notion of raciolinguistic enregisterment, it examines why the Cantonese tone system, rather than some other linguistic feature, has lately transformed into an emblem of the Han race, Chineseness, and Hongkongers. Three characteristics of Cantonese tones facilitate this transformation: their multifaceted nature, their indexical expansiveness, and the ‘storiability’ of their indexical meanings. The indexical linkages that Cantonese tones evoke fit into a myth of Cantonese superiority, which speaks to many Hongkongers' anxiety resulting from the recent rise of mainland China and the concomitant decline of their city.

Neural tone and cardio-renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of the literature with a focus on SGLT2 inhibitors.

Recent clinical trials involving the systemic effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have revealed beneficial outcomes pertaining to the microvascular sequelae of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) such as nephropathy, as well as macrovascular effects such as major adverse cardiovascular effects (MACE). Such findings have spurred the elevation of these agents to level A-tiers of recommendation within clinical guidelines addressing the management of complicated T2DM. While the mechanisms of SGLTi (-flozin drugs) are still being elucidated, a paucity of data exists within the literature appraising the role of neuromodulation and associated mechanisms in the aforementioned outcome studies. Given the role of the nervous system in orchestrating the pathologic processes that hamper cardio-renal status, insight into this topic offers an expanded perspective on T2DM. In this review we investigate the mechanisms by which SGLTi improve cardio-renal function in T2DM patients with emphases on neural tone and nervous system physiology.

조기관화 성조체계에서 입성의 분절음적 특성 연구

조기관화 성조체계에서 입성의 분절음적 특성 연구

«Baroque» Subgroup of Winter-Time Songs of Typological Macrofamily ‹V55, P4› with «Plot Refrains»

The article is the first attempt at a systematic description of an independent melotypological group of winter songs of Ukrainians, differentiated from the array of compositions of the typological macrofamily (TMF) ‹V55, p4› (with the main verse 5+5 and different types of refrains), namely, the baroque compositions with plot widespread in the Left-bank Ukraine. Their system code in the indexed Register of winter meloforms by I. Klymenko is Zm10-4 (Зм10-4 in Ukrainian).Based on the results of the analysis of about 100 selected samples (out of 200 known records of this group), the criteria were determined, by which this typological group (TG) differs from other works of TMS ‹V55, p4› - these are large (3-5 syllable-groups) semantically related to the plot of a certain piece (while typical for winter songs are short formula refrains - Koliada, Shchedryi vechir, Oi, dai Bozhe and others), melo-stylistics with features of the later styles (a system of parallel keys(tonalities), manifestation of harmonic functions tonic - dominant), the mixed type of stanza melo-organization, polyphonic texture with elements of chant voice-leading.The parameters, by which the Zm10-4 array is divided into two subgroups, have been established. In the subgroup Zm10-4A, melodic phrasing is autonomous for the content line (verse 5 + 5) and for the refrain part: ‹αβ; γδ ...›. In the Zm10-4B subgroup, the melodic wave is three-element: it covers two syllable-groups of the song inception and the first syllable-group of the refrain: ‹αβγ;…›. This type of melo-organization is a specific, form-building feature of another group of Ukrainian-Belarusian-Polish carols - ТМF ‹V55,р32›. A usage of a melo-model of another typological group in the Zm10-4B melodies enables us to call this subgroup a mixed one.Melodic varieties of a lower level within these two named subgroups are determined on the basis of such individual characteristics: ambitus, the system of fundamental tones, the system of repetitions of melodic phrases, the refrain-primitive, the specifics of the cadence group. A working version of an indexing and an analytical description of nine varieties of melo-forms are proposed.Compositions of the analyzed type have taken strong positions in the northeast of the TMS macro-area ‹V55,р4›. The core of the area was located between the Desna and Vorskla (in the present Chernihiv, Kyiv, Poltava, Sumy regions) - and the territorial attachment of the variety A to the Chernihiv area is particularly evident, and variety B to the notional Poltava area. Some samples come from the nearby districts of the Briansk, Gomel and Mogilev regions (Belarusian ethnic territory). Single records represent the Right Bank - points in Cherkasy, Zhytomyr, Rivne and Mykolaiiv regions. The data are reflected on the map of a distribution of the Zm10-4 samples.

Variation in phonological bias: Bias for vowels, rather than consonants or tones in lexical processing by Cantonese-learning toddlers

Consonants and vowels have been considered to fulfill different functions in language processing, vowels being more important for prosodic and syntactic processes and consonants for lexically related processes (Nespor, Peña, & Mehler, 2003). This C-bias hypothesis in lexical processing is supported by studies with adults and infants in many languages such as English, French, Spanish, although a few studies, on Danish and Mandarin, suggest the existence of cross-linguistic variation. The present study explores whether a C-bias exists in a tone language with a complex tone system, Cantonese, by comparing the relative weight given to consonants, vowels, and also tones during word learning. To do so, looking behaviors of Cantonese-learning 20- and 30-month-olds (24 children per age/condition, 6 groups) were recorded by an eyetracker while they watched animated cartoons in Cantonese to learn pairs of novel words. The words differed minimally by either a consonant (e.g., /tœ6/ vs. /kœ6/), a vowel (e.g., /khim3/ vs. /khɛm3/), or a tone (e.g., T2 vs. T5). Analyses on proportional looking times revealed significant learning in 30-month-olds only, and at that age, only for the vowel contrasts. Growth curve analyses revealed better performance for the vowel condition compared to the other two conditions. The present findings establish a V-bias in Cantonese-learning 30-month-olds, adding new evidence from that tone language that the C-bias in lexical processing is not language-general. Implications for theoretical discussions on the origins of this phonological bias, and the impact of tones in early language acquisition, are discussed.

A quantitative study of sound change in progress: The case of Suzhou Wu

Suzhou Wu is one of the major Chinese varieties and represents the Wu culture. Many researchers have anecdotally noted ongoing sound change of its phonemic and tonal systems. However, the latest investigation remains Ye and Sheng's description (1996). Thus, this study conducted an acoustic analysis on how young (M = 21.63, SD = 0.92) and middle-aged (M = 46.75, SD = 3.77) native speakers produced monosyllables in Suzhou Wu. Four male and four female local Mandarin-Wu bilinguals from each age group (16 speakers in total) were recruited to read 97 Chinese characters covering all phonemes and the 7 tones in the previous Suzhou Wu inventories (Wang, 1987; Ye and Sheng, 1996). Results suggest that there are noticeable acoustic differences between the two age groups in terms of consonants (excluding the lateral approximant [l]), vowels (some monophthongs: [i, a, ã, ˀ], most diphthongs and triphthongs), the tonal patterns (tone 2: low rising, tone 3: high falling). These results not only indicate sound change of Suzhou Wu, but also provide evidence for the age-related divergence which might be attributed to its frequent contact with the official language (Mandarin).

Voice quality and f0 correlates of Burmese tone in the standard and southern varieties

Tones can be realized through fundamental frequency of oscillation (fo) or voice quality correlates (open-quotient, jitter and shimmer). Here we investigated the acoustic correlates of tones across two varieties of Burmese (a) standard Burmese (STB) and (b) southern Burmese (SBM). Historically, Burmese likely had voice-quality contrasts, as suggested by the orthography of Old Burmese (12th century), while Modern Burmese has been described as tonal language. We were interested whether there are acoustic differences in the realisation of tone between the two variants. 20 speakers (10 STB, 10 SBM) produced the three phonological tone categories (neutral, creaky and heavy) either in carrier sentences in which the tones were in contrast (N = 72) or in sentences where the tones occurred without contrast (N = 72). Acoustic and electroglottographic signals were recorded of which acoustic correlates of pitch and voice quality (fo, open-quotient, jitter, duration) were obtained. Results showed that STB predominantly used contrasts through voice quality correlates, and SBM used fo. However, while SBM had more tone height differences, STB showed stronger slopes for two different tones. The variability of the tonal correlates between the two varieties may be relatet to possible external (contact, climatic) influences on tone systems.

Regionally accented Mandarin lexical tones

This study investigated tone variations in regionally accented Mandarin (i.e., Standard Mandarin [SM] spoken by native speakers of other regional dialects in China). Yantai, Shanghai, and Guangzhou dialects were selected because their tone systems are different in various ways from the Beijing dialect, which is the basis of the SM tone system. 16 female regional speakers (4 speakers × 4 dialectal regions) were recruited to produce SM monosyllabic words that allow minimal contrasts among the four Mandarin lexical tones (i.e., level, rising, dipping, and falling tones). The overall f0 contours within and across the four regional accents were modelled with growth curve analysis up to second-order orthogonal polynomials. The averaged tone shapes were significantly different within each of the regional accents, indicating that each group of regional Mandarin speakers successfully differentiated the four Mandarin lexical tones. However, the tone shape for each of the non-Beijing groups deviated significantly from Beijing Mandarin in two ways: (1) The quadratic term for the regional accents' dipping tones each differed significantly from Beijing accent; (2) The slopes of the regional accents' rising and falling tones each differed significantly from Beijing accent. These two differences facilitate better understanding of tone variations triggered by regional accents.

중국어 방언 성조 분포 연구

Earlier literature on tones of Chinese dialects tends to describe a tonal inventory and tone sandhi of an individual dialect or diachronic changes across dialects. However, a typological explanation of tonal systems across various Chinese dialects is still in need to understand the language specific features of Chinese tones as well as their similarities with other tone languages. This paper collects tones from 738 dialects of Chinese and examines the tone distribution from a typological perspective. Results of the paper reveal several important features of Chinese tones: (1) Chinese has significantly larger inventories than tone languages in general. (2) The frequency pattern of ‘level ＞ fall ＞ rise ＞ concave ＞ convex’ found in tone languages shows a negative relation between tonal markedness and distribution. Chinese dialects, however, are not in line with this frequency pattern, i.e., the relative frequency among level, fall, and rise may vary. (3) The most distinctive specificity pertaining to level tone in Chinese is that high register is notably favored for level tone. (4) The balanced distribution between fall and rise and that between concave and convex in terms of pitch register found in tone languages are not shown in Chinese. Rather, fall and rise seem to favor low register and high register, respectively. (5) Complex contour tones appear to realize within the same register rather than across registers. (6) Tones treated as checked tone in a Chinese philological tradition tend to realize as level. Given the paucity of comparative research on Chinese dialects and other tone languages, the findings of the present study contribute to achieve a better understanding of not only the tonal systems of Chinese dialects but also the tonal universals across languages.

Native phonological and phonetic influences in perceptual assimilation of monosyllabic Thai lexical tones by Mandarin and Vietnamese listeners

A cross tone-language perceptual assimilation study investigated native categorisations and goodness ratings of non-native Thai tones by Thai-naive listeners differing in their native tone systems: Mandarin, Northern Vietnamese and Southern Vietnamese. We derived hypotheses from the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM: Best, 1995), which considers both native phonological and phonetic influences on perceptual assimilation of non-native speech contrasts. Mandarin listeners reliably categorised the Thai mid level tone to their single native level tone category, reflecting a native phonological effect, but they also showed high residual phonetic sensitivity to differences between the non-native tone and the native tone it was assimilated to, indicated by low category-goodness ratings. Native phonological and phonetic differences in tones of the two Vietnamese dialects also affected perceptual assimilation of the Thai high level and rising tones. In addition, categorisation responses were faster overall for Categorised than Uncategorised assimilations, revealing the processing cost of perceptual uncertainty due to phonological competition among and/or phonetic discrepancies from multiple native categories. This indicates, furthermore, a more focused and thus stronger native phonological contribution for Categorised than Uncategorised assimilations. PAM principles thus extend to non-native tone assimilations and indicate the importance of both native phonological and phonetic contributions to non-native speech perception.

《A Mandarin Primer》에 나타난 음운 체계와 기초 방언 연구

Through the writing and phonetic system of 《Primer》compiled by Baller, Beijing dialect was the dominant dialect of Chinese at the time and was an essential dialect for learning in China. In the book, he referred to Mandarin as Beijing's official language. The merging of Jian zu and Jing zu, the rhyme of entering tone character, the tone system is basically constant with Beijing dialect. This is totally different from Nanjing dialect, which has confusion of consonant n and l, final n and ŋ. Baller was a missionary who studied Chinese in Nanjing and mainly engaged in missionary work in Anhui or Jiangsu. Nevertheless, the fact that he compiled Chinese textbooks based on Beijing dialect proves that Beijing dialect was a common and widely used language in China at the time, and was an important dialect that foreigners should learn.

Northern Sangtam phonetics, phonology and word list

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive phonetic and phonological description of Northern Sangtam, an essentially undescribed Tibeto-Burman language of central Nagaland belonging to the Aoic subgroup. It is a noteworthy language from a number of phonological perspectives, not least because its phoneme inventory contains two of the world’s rarest phonemes: a pre-stopped bilabial trill, and a doubly-articulated labial-coronal nasal. These unique segments are described in detail, and an attempt is made to determine how they might have developed their phonemic status. The tone system is also of interest, as it demonstrates evidence of debuccalization resulting in the development of a new high tone. Following a systematic description of the syllable and word structure, the tone system, and the segmental phonology, some observed age-related differences in the phoneme inventory are discussed. The paper is linked to an online repository containing the audio-visual data and transcribed word lists of approximately 900 items, based on the recorded utterances of eight speakers.

A preliminary phonology of Brokpa

Author(s): Funk, Damian | Abstract: A preliminary synchronic analysis of Brokpa phonology finds eleven vowel phonemes, including two degrees of vowel length; 35 consonant phonemes; and three tonal values (level low, level high, and contour falling). Based on a sample of 134 words, the phonological description is supported by a phonetic analysis investigating the acoustic correlates of phonemic distinctions: formant values for vowel quality, length measurements for vowel length, pitch measurements for tone, and voice onset time for aspiration in plosives and affricates. A presentation of the basic phonotactic patterns of the language concludes the sketch. Some noteworthy features of Brokpa phonology include its developing tonal system; the relative lack of open vowels, front rounded vowels, and voiced fricatives; the presence of five series of plosives; and some archaic consonant clusters.

Segmental and suprasegmental features of Brokpa

Author(s): Wangdi, Pema | Abstract: This paper analyzes segmental and suprasegmental features of Brokpa, a Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman) language belonging to the Central Bodish (Tibetic) subgroup. Segmental phonology includes segments of speech including consonants and vowels and how they make up syllables. Suprasegmental features include register tone system and stress. We examine how syllable weight or moraicity plays a determining role in the placement of stress, a major criterion for phonological word in Brokpa; we also look at some other evidence for phonological words in this language. We argue that synchronic segmental and suprasegmental features of Brokpa provide evidence in favour of a number of innovative processes in this archaic Bodish language. We conclude that Brokpa, a language historically rich in consonant clusters with a simple vowel system and a relatively simple prosodic system, is losing its consonant clusters and developing additional complexities including lexical tones.

A study on Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek’s tone-system

A study on Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek’s tone-system

TÜRK MÜZİĞİNDE YEKTA, EZGİ VE AREL TEORİLERİNİN POZİTİVİST İNŞASI: KISA FAKAT ELEŞTİREL BİR TARİHÇE

Günümüzde Türk müziği teorisi olarak tanınan teori, aslında, Şark/Osmanlı müziğine ilmî, asrî ve medenî bir teori kazandırmak maksadıyla başlatılan bir sürecin ürünüdür. Bu teorinin, üç mevlevi şeyhi ile üç müntesibin ortak çalışmalarıyla üretildiğiyle ilgili olarak Öztuna tarafından geliştirilmiş ve yaygın şekilde kabul gören kısa bir anlatı vardır. Bu makalede, Osmanlı müziğinde, teori alanını modernleştirmek için Rauf Yekta, Suphi Ezgi ve Sadeddin Arel tarafından yapılan müdahaleler, tarihsel belge, tanıklık ve anılara dayalı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı geliştirilen teorilerle ilgili olayların ayrıntılı bir kronolojisini oluşturmak; bu teorilerin inşasında doğrudan veya dolaylı şekilde rol alanları belirlemek ve tüm bulguları prosopografik çerçevede değerlendirilmektir. Kronolojide, sürecin bilinmeyen, ihmal edilmiş olan, az veya yanlış bilinen ayrıntılarına odaklanılmıştır. Veriler ışığında, teorinin modernleştirilmesi çalışmalarına katılanlar, Rauf Yekta ve Sadeddin Arel isimleri etrafında ele alınmıştır. Buna göre Rauf Yekta’nın etrafındaki isimler Mevlevi şeyhleri Ataullah ve Celaleddin, matematikçi Salih Zeki Bey ve dolaylı olarak Mikail Mishaqa’dır. Arel’in etrafında toplanan isimlerden Suphi Ezgi ve Salih Murad Uzdilek çalışmalara doğrudan katılırken, Yılmaz Öztuna da, sürecin tarihyazım boyutunda dolaylı olarak yer almıştır. Bu arada Mevlevi Şeyhi Hüseyin Fahreddin’in ise Öztuna’nın yaptığı bir hatadan dolayı çalışmalara dahil edildiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmanın prosopografik boyutu, modernleştiricilerin, basın, yabancı elçilikler, yabancı okullar, sufi tarikatlar, bürokratlar, siyasi partiler, misyonerler, edebiyatçılar ve masonlar gibi çok çeşitli sosyal, siyasal ve entelektüel çevrelerle girift ilişkiler içinde olduklarını göstermiştir. Teoriyi modernleştirmek isteyenler, yaptıkları müdahaleleri bilim ve ilerleme fikri üzerinden meşrulaştırmaya çabalamışlar; Garpçılık ve Comte pozitivizmini ise bir topyekün kurtuluş çaresi olarak görmüşlerdir. Ses sistemi ve teorik içerikle ilgili temel araştırmaların tümü, Rauf Yekta tarafından yapılmış olmasına rağmen, ölümünden sonra bu içerik, Arel tarafından, Batı armonik tonalitesine uygun olarak dönüştürülmüş ve bu son haliyle de, Türk müziği teorisi olarak bilinir olmuştur.

Nuer Tonal inventory

The tonal system of Nuer has been a matter of much uncertainty. Here we present empirical evidence in favor of a three toneme system with some typologically rare features. One of them is an intriguing case of allotony based on the phonation of the vowel: the High toneme has a falling allotone over modal vowels. Moreover, the Rising toneme has four allotones: a rising, a mid, a low and a falling allotone. The falling allotone of the Rising toneme also occurs only on modal vowels in specific contexts. We suggest that some of the allotonic variation is motivated by tonal contour simplification. We also point out the role of free variation in some of the allotonic alternations, and the constraints that put limits on the free variation between allotones.

Reduced Plasma Lipid Mediators Are Directly Associated with Low Vitamin A Status in Women from Western Samar, Philippines

Abstract Objectives Vitamin A (VA) is an essential micronutrient that plays a key role in many biological processes, including growth, vision, immunity and reproduction. While evidence has been established to support these mechanisms, new studies suggest there may be more signaling compounds that are impacted by VA status. Lipid mediators, such as oxylipins and lysophospholipids, are signaling compounds that, in response to biological stimuli, exhibit regulatory effects on inflammation, immune function, vascular tone, and other systems. The objective was to investigate differences in lipid mediators associated with VA status. Methods In this cross-sectional study, blood samples from women in Western Samar, Philippines, were selected based on plasma retinol concentration indicating adequate (n = 5) or low (n = 5) VA status (retinol < 0.7 μmol/L). Retinol was measured using an Agilent 1200 HPLC-DAD. Oxylipin, endocannabinoid, bile acid, and lipidomics assays were analyzed on a Waters Acquity UPLC and detected using multiple reaction monitoring on a Sciex 4000 QTRAP. Data were adjusted for covariates related to the acute phase response, age, and BMI. Results Twenty-four lipid mediators were lower in the low VA status group (P < 0.05). These lipid mediators included the arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins’ lipoxin A4 and 6-trans-LTB4 formed via lipoxygenases (LOX), as well as the cyclooxygenase (COX) product PGD2. Several LOX and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) oxylipins produced from eicosapentaenoic acid and the acylethanolamides LEA and PEA were lower (P < 0.05) in individuals with low plasma retinol levels. Numerous phospholipids and sphingolipids were also lower (P < 0.05) with decreased VA status, including two lysophosphatidylcholines, three lysophosphatidylethanolamines, two phosphatidylcholines, and two sphingomyelins. Conclusions In this exploratory study, VA status was directly associated with lipid mediator concentrations. Future studies testing the biological impact of lipid mediator changes with varying levels of VA status are necessary. Funding Sources NIH U24 DK097154, USDA Intramural Project 2032–51,530-022–00D, NIH T32-GM008799, Cal Poly CAFES SURP.

Cardiovagal outflow impacts bronchial tone: ethnical/racial aspect

It is well documented that Africans have a prevalence of hypertension despite the high parasympathetic activity. The HRV analysis is a perspective noninvasive tool for the determination of ANS outflow. Till now it is not known if HF HRV power indicating cardiovagal outflow impacts bronchial tone. Orthostatic test is accompanied with a decrease of HF HRV power. The aim of the study was to evaluate if cardiovagal outflow impacts bronchial tone in sitting and upright position and whether this interaction may be associated with prevalence of hypertension in Africans.A total of 19 Caucasian, 17 African, 20 Arabic, and 22 Indian men were recruited from V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University student population. No significant differences were in age, BMI and height of participants. In the sitting and upright positions ECG, tidal volume (TV), and respiratory rate was continuously recorded, LF and HF HRV power in absolute units and minute ventilation (MV) were computed with CardioLab CS and SPIROCOM pc based systems (XAIMedica, Ukraine). The sitting position was taken as a baseline according to requirements of the spirometry system. The SBP and DBP were recorded my means automatic digital sphygmomanometer (Nissei WS‐1011, Japan) at 4.5 minute of each 5 min stage. Two‐way repeated measures MANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used to test for effects of orthostasis and ethnicity/race on cardiovascular, respiratory, and HRV variables, multiple regression analysis was used to determine predictors of MV. All analyses were conducted using SPSS 22. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.The highest values of LnHF were observed in Africans, the significant difference was between them and Indians at rest indicating high parasympathetic activity in Africans in congruence with previous reports (Fig. 1). Upon assuming the upright position LnHF power was significantly reduced in all the groups showing decreased cardiovagal outflow necessary to keep blood pressure and brain perfusion at normal level. Upon standing the LnLF power was reduced only in Africans. In accordance with our hypothesis, decrease of LnLF, possibly indicating decrease of inhibitory influence on sympathetic nervous system, in Africans, represented one more mechanism opposing effect of gravity and providing normal perfusion of tissues in standing position.The MV was significantly lower in Africans than in Arabs and Indians and TV was less in Africans compared with Caucasians and Arabs in both positions (Fig. 2). Our data from multiple regression analysis revealed that MV in sitting and standing positions was negatively associated with LnHF HRV power indicating that parasympathetic outflow to bronchial smooth muscle works in parallel with cardiovagal outflow. The orthostatic stress did not modulate this autonomic‐respiratory interaction.In conclusion, it is suggested that parasympathetic outflow impacts simultaneously bronchial tone and cardiovascular system. High parasympathetic activity in Africans reduced significantly tidal volume and minute ventilation and might cause activation of chemoreflex and explain increased blood pressure in this group.Effect of ethnicity/race and orthostasis on LnLF HRV power (A) and LnHF HRV power (B) in young men. *P<0.05, *** P<0.001. Data are expressed as means±SE.Figure 1Effect of ethnicity/race and orthostasis on minute ventilation (A) and tidal volume (B) in young men. *P<0.05, ** P<0.01. Data are expressed as means±SE.Figure 2