Interaction Tones Research Articles

The Roman Republic of Letters: Scholarship, Philosophy, and Politics in the Age of Cicero and Caesar by Katharina Volk

Reviewed by: The Roman Republic of Letters: Scholarship, Philosophy, and Politics in the Age of Cicero and Caesar by Katharina Volk Luca Grillo The Roman Republic of Letters: Scholarship, Philosophy, and Politics in the Age of Cicero and Caesar. By Katharina Volk. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2021. Pp. 400. The title, The Roman Republic of Letters, naturally establishes a conversation with some recent contributions on late republican literature (especially by Yelena Baraz, Sean Gurd, Sarah Stroup, and Ingo Gildenhard).1 However, unlike these monographs, which weigh the political force of literary works, Volk concentrates on the social dimension of intellectual endeavors. Specifically, Volk closely analyzes the last twenty years of the Roman republic, from 63 to 43 b.c.e. She takes her beginning from the observation that the senator-scholars who led the cultural flourishing were friends, but they also fought a bloody civil war against each other. The book combines the two narratives—of friendship and of conflict—and successfully treats them "as one and the same story" (2). To this end, Volk acknowledges her debt to Elizabeth Rawson's and Claudia Moatti's monographs on the intellectual history of the late Roman republic.2 While her line of inquiry often intersects with theirs, Volk aims to uncover the thoughts and intentions of a few leading intellectuals and politicians, seen as free agents in the libera respublica. She essentially asks: "why are the same men political players and intellectual luminaries? What are the social, political, and larger cultural circumstances that enable this convergence of roles? How do these men's political and intellectual activities relate to one another? and what is the relationship (if any) between the late Republic's cultural flourishing and its concomitant political collapse?" (3). Following the introduction in Chapter One, Chapter Two carefully analyzes the "vocabulary of learned pursuits" (16) and draws a lively sketch of the societas studiorum—that is, the thick web connecting a group of amici who were in the habit of collaborating on their intellectual activities. As Volk notes, these men regularly exchanged books and shared ideas, giving and receiving feedback; they strongly disagreed, and yet they respectfully remained in the same scholarly conversation, continuing to encourage one another. The remaining four chapters, which form the core of the monograph, consider how partaking in the societas studiorum affected the personal and public life of its members. Chapter Three argues against Griffin's view that one's personal practice of philosophy (and even one's open association with a philosophical school) made virtually no impact on [End Page 160] his political decisions. For example, having delivered a salutary reminder that Stoicism was not yet widespread in the late republic, Volk shows that Cato's idiosyncratic choice to endorse Stoic teachings explains his relentless focus on the virtue of an agent and patent disregard for results. This analysis follows the recent work of Kit Morrell,3 but while agreeing that Stoicism influenced Cato's politics, Volk upholds the traditional view of Cato as a staunch conservative. After Pharsalus, some defeated Pompeians engaged in a sort of "group therapy," seeking consolation in philosophy and supporting each other in coping with Caesar's increasing despotism (Chapter Four). The unprecedented political landscape strained the societas studiorum, but Volk demonstrates that, to an extent and perhaps contrary to expectations, freedom of speech and mutual politeness still set the tone for intellectual interactions between opponents such as Cicero, Caesar, Brutus, and Cassius. The societas held, yet philosophy influenced the conspirators' decision to murder Caesar and to reengage with politics after his death. Chapter Five is concerned with other scholarly enterprises, especially antiquarian and linguistic discussions in their political and religious contexts. While rationally discussing the pillars of republican institutions, both Varro's Antiquitates and Cicero's De Re Publica explore the disjunction between the Roman ideal and the reality of their times; they do so especially to investigate how contemporary Romans might live up to a forgotten ideal. Cicero, Varro, and Caesar engaged in a similar debate regarding Latinitas, or the proper use of Latin. They debated a model based on consuetudo, or common...

Experimental and analytical investigation of contra-rotating multi-rotor UAV propeller noise

Contra-rotating propellers could increase the efficiency and lifting capacity of multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); however, contra-rotating propellers can produce significant noise levels. This work experimentally investigated the noise from static contra-rotating UAV propellers in an anechoic chamber. The effects of propeller diameter were studied by testing different configurations of 12″ and 15″ propellers. The effects of propeller spacing, rotational speed and blade number were also investigated; around 1400 propeller configurations were tested in total. It was observed that interaction tones were a dominant contributor to the overall noise level, which also contained rotor-alone tones and broadband noise. A theoretical model for the far-field interaction tone noise produced by a contra-rotating propeller is presented and used to explain the tonal noise levels observed in the experimental results. It was found that the tones with a zero azimuthal mode order dominate the noise spectrum close to the propeller axis. It was shown that the amplitude and number of these tones with zero azimuthal mode order could be reduced by using contra-rotating propellers with mismatched blade numbers. It was also experimentally shown that increased spacing between the propellers generally reduced the amplitude of the interaction tones. The rate of this reduction in amplitude with spacing between the propellers was dependent on frequency and spacing. High rates of decay were generally observed at small spacings and lower rates at larger spacings. However, the decay was neither monotonic nor at a uniform rate for all frequencies, which suggests that there could be a change in the noise generation mechanism as the spacing increases. Finally, the validity of the indoor static results was demonstrated by comparing the results to an in-flight test of a quadcopter with contra-rotating propellers.

Online Comments and Defamation

A defamatory statement is a false or untrue statement that harms the reputation of a living person. In the digital environment, defamatory content can be easily shared and may remain available online for a very long period. At first, anonymous Internet communication was predominantly seen as a value in itself – a mechanism that advances the public debate, protects political dissension, and furthers due process. However, the rapid growth of social networks and digital platforms has transformed the content and tone of online interactions. This paper analyzes online comments that may threaten the reputation of a person from a freedom of speech and within the auspices of European law. These comments typically appear as anonymous statements, signed only with a ‘nickname’ not allowing for identification of a poster. The European Union has adopted several pieces of legislation that set the legal status of defamatory online comments. The Directive on Electronic Commerce is of utmost importance given that it regulates the dissemination of online content. However, the European approach to defamation cannot be understood unless the European Union’s system is combined with that of the European Convention on Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights’ approach towards defamatory online comments is best demonstrated in its decision on Delfi v. Estonia and MTE v. Hungary.

Noise attenuation and performance study of a small-sized contra-rotating fan with microperforated casing treatments

This study investigates the benefits of noise control for a small-sized contra-rotating (CR) fan using microperforated-panel (MPP) casing treatments over the rotor. Several configurations of this type of casing treatment were proposed and then simulated with the finite element method (FEM) to determine their acoustic performance. In general, the FEM simulations indicated that the configurations of placing the treatment over the front rotor are more acoustically effective than those over the rear rotor. Experimentally, it was found that each axial row of holes of the MPP casing behaves like a stator vane, interacting with the fan rotor and thus generating a noisy interaction tone. However, such a tone can be sufficiently suppressed by optimizing the row numbers at the design stage of the MPP casing to increase the interaction mode and frequency. Experimental results further showed that for the treatment over the front rotor, the fan performance was not significantly influenced, especially in the flow rate region above stall point, while for the treatment over the rear rotor, a pressure loss of no more than 10 Pa was perceived, particularly in the flow rate region around the fan design point. Acoustically, the former was able to reduce overall noise throughout the flow rate region, with a maximum noise reduction of 3.5 dBA around the design point, whereas the latter increased overall noise slightly. Moreover, an enlarged volume lowering cavity stiffness for the treatment over the front rotor was found to improve the reduction of overall noise by 0.7 dBA (from 2.8 dBA to 3.5 dBA) as well as to attenuate rotor-alone tones effectively, of which the front treatment with the regular cavity failed in noise reduction. In contrast, no substantial enhancements of noise reduction were noticed for the rear treatment with an enlarged cavity. It is anticipated that the current investigation can provide a reference for controlling CR fan noise with MPP casing treatments.

Jet-plate interaction tones relevant to over-the-wing engine mount concept

It has been suggested that by mounting the jet engines of an aircraft over the wings, the wings would act as a noise shield. In 2015, Zaman et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 779 (2015) 751–775) reported the results of their experiment intended to explore the feasibility of such an engine-wing configuration. Unexpectedly, they found that tones were emitted from their scaled laboratory experiment. They identified the tones as feedback tones. Many details and characteristic features of the tone phenomenon were measured and documented in their paper. However, it was uncertain as what the feedback mechanism/path was. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the feedback closure mechanism is the upstream propagating acoustic wave modes internal to the jet. Thus, the feedback loop is believed to consist of downstream propagating Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves of the jet flow initiated at the nozzle exit by the excitation of the upstream propagating internal acoustic waves. As the instability waves grow in amplitude when propagating downstream, they cause the jet to oscillate. The oscillatory jet impinges on the trailing edge of the plate (representing a wing). The impact leads to the emission of tones and the generation of internal upstream propagating waves. These waves are supported by the jet flow. In this way, the feedback loop is closed. In this paper, results of computed tone frequencies, based on the above described feedback loop, are compared with measurements of Zaman et al. Good agreements are found. The effects of jet Mach number on tone frequencies are considered. Again, good agreements are obtained over a range of Mach numbers. Zaman et al. reported that no tones were observed when the jet Mach number exceeded 1.06. The present theoretical analysis shows that there is no upstream propagating acoustic wave mode when the jet Mach number is higher than 1.118 (fairly close to the experimental value). Therefore, at and above this Mach number the feedback loop is broken and hence there is no interaction tone. This offers a physical explanation of the observed high Mach number cut-off phenomenon.

Numerical assessment of fan blades screen effect on fan/OGV interaction tonal noise

This work deals with sound generation and transmission in a fan stage. The study is done on a subsonic Fan stage and interaction noise between the fan wakes and the Outlet Guide Vanes (OGV) is considered. For this purpose, the Linearized Euler Equations (LEE) are solved with a steady axisymmetric flow. The acoustic sources are modelled by a scattering approach. Numerical simulations are carried out in an unwrapped cylindrical layer using a high-order finite volume solver. In order to explicitly take into account the moving fan blades into the propagation medium, a high-resolution sliding mesh technique is used. The simulation results, which highlight the screen effect of moving fan blades on fan/OGV interaction tones, are consistent with analytical literature.

First Impressions, Lasting Results

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale New patient appointments in the BMT Clinic are lengthy and intensive. Patients will see several team members such as medical assistants, APPs, transplant physician, nurse coordinator, and a social worker. Initially, the patient is contacted by a scheduler to verify appointment and is instructed to watch an online video describing the first appointment; however, only 20% of patients surveyed watched the video prior to the visit. Nurses report patients are often unprepared, overwhelmed, and do not retain important information. The new patient appointment is crucial to the success and understanding of the transplant process, so it is important to develop education for patients in ways that are effective. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis Surveys were administered to both nurses and patients to identify areas of educational needs around the first appointment. A survey was also administered to determine if patients viewed the video prior to the appointment and if it was helpful. Based on survey results, a patient specific, New Patient Welcome Card was developed which identified team members with contact information and described next steps towards transplant. Nurses began calling patients 2-3 days prior to the appointment to discuss expectations and preparations which included a reminder to watch the video. Findings & Interpretation Over 90% of patients are contacted by their nurse coordinator prior to their first appointment. This has improved appointment expectations, patient satisfaction (PG: Staff explained roles in care and inclusion in treatment decisions), and overall patient care. The video is viewed by >50% of patients prior to the appointment. Patients utilize the welcome card to streamline their care team's information and focus steps in their plan of care. Discussion & Implications Preparation for the first appointment is important as it sets the tone for all future interactions in the department. Technology such as online videos and e-mails are useful for supplementing a hands-on approach by the nurse through phone conversation, face to face interviews and written material. By utilizing several communication styles, our diverse patient population is able to receive education in ways that are effective to their individual learning needs.

“Só o Zé Lador se lembra deles”: etos e novas formas de produzir notícia

As novas tecnologias, em particular, as redes sociais têm desempenhado um papel fundamental na disseminação das notícias em ambientes virtuais e interativos. Junto a esse processo, observa-se também uma preocupação crescente dos jornais impressos de concorrerem com esse espaço e imprimirem um tom interativo às suas notícias. Alguns jornais vêm utilizando as novas plataformas para disseminar seus conteúdos e, com isso, alavancar sua audiência para além das páginas impressas. O contrário também pode ser observado, as redes ocupando as folhas de papel. É justamente esse segundo movimento que nos chama a atenção para a análise no presente artigo. Nesse sentido, buscamos investigar a produção de etos que o Jornal Extra (2015) constrói por meio da interação entre leitores e jornal para a elaboração de suas notícias na rubrica “Serviços”. Esta rubrica recebe notícias de seus leitores pelo aplicativo WhatsApp, afirmando que a interação entre ambos é facilitada por esse suporte digital. Nossa análise, foi feita utilizando-se o conceito de etos nos estudos de Maingueneau (1997, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2013). O córpus consta de três notícias publicadas no ano de 2015 e, mostraram que, em princípio, o jornal tenta construir um etos de interação e espaço democrático às críticas sociais enviadas pelo leitor por sua abertura à interação. Entretanto, por trás dessas denúncias, o veículo reivindica para si, através de seu super-heroi, um papel de intermediador de problemas de utilidade pública, esvaziando, desse modo, a potência da organização dos cidadãos para a reivindicação de suas demandas.

Emotional valence modulates the topology of the parent-infant inter-brain network

Emotional communication between parents and children is crucial during early life, yet little is known about its neural underpinnings. Here, we adopt a dual connectivity approach to assess how positive and negative emotions modulate the interpersonal neural network between infants and their mothers during naturalistic interaction. Fifteen mothers were asked to model positive and negative emotions toward pairs of objects during social interaction with their infants (mean age 10.3 months) whilst the neural activity of both mothers and infants was concurrently measured using dual electroencephalography (EEG). Intra-brain and inter-brain network connectivity in the 6–9 Hz range (i.e. infant Alpha band) during maternal expression of positive and negative emotions was computed using directed (partial directed coherence, PDC) and non-directed (phase-locking value, PLV) connectivity metrics. Graph theoretical measures were used to quantify differences in network topology as a function of emotional valence. We found that inter-brain network indices (Density, Strength and Divisibility) consistently revealed strong effects of emotional valence on the parent-child neural network. Parents and children showed stronger integration of their neural processes during maternal demonstrations of positive than negative emotions. Further, directed inter-brain metrics (PDC) indicated that mother to infant directional influences were stronger during the expression of positive than negative emotional states. These results suggest that the parent-infant inter-brain network is modulated by the emotional quality and tone of dyadic social interactions, and that inter-brain graph metrics may be successfully applied to examine these changes in parent-infant inter-brain network topology.

Acoustic theory of the many-bladed contra-rotating propeller: physics of the wake interaction noise critical sources

In the theory of interaction noise from contra-rotating propellers with many blades, the usual far-field radiation formulae can be re-cast as a double integral, over a source surface, which can be evaluated asymptotically solely in terms of the contributions from critical points. The paper shows that these critical points have a particularly interesting physical meaning. They relate to locations on an event line, running between hub and tip, that represent the locus of the wake–blade interactions at a fixed point in time. The event line rotates at the speed of the spinning interaction tone but does not coincide with the radial variation in either the wake location or the rear blade leading edge. At the precise critical locations on the event line, it is shown that the Mach number of the event line is unity in the direction of the observer (the sonic condition) and the tangent to the event line – at a fixed time – is normal to a line drawn between it and the observer (the normal-edge condition). The zero-mode case is also considered, for which we show that, even though the event line rotates at infinite speed, there can still exist locations that satisfy the sonic and normal-edge conditions. The paper also discusses the physical meaning of the lower-order boundary solutions from the hub and tip.

Theoretical characterization and modal directivity investigation of the interaction noise for a small contra-rotating fan

Abstract The interaction noise radiated from contra-rotating (CR) fans is theoretically characterized, focusing on the unsteady lift force caused by aerodynamic interaction between the front and rear rotors. In the formulation, blade section misalignments leading to blade sweep and lean are considered. It is demonstrated that the conventional stator-rotor interaction noise problem is a special case of the present model, whereas the rotor-stator case is not. The derived formula is intended to enhance the understanding of the interaction noise mechanisms and help devise noise control methods in CR fans. Modal directivities of lower-order interaction tones are investigated with the derived formula as an application example, which is generally validated by the experimental results. To extract the interaction tones from the measured acoustic data, the Vold-Kalman filter is applied, with which the influences of broadband noise are excluded. It is found that the modal directivity of interaction noise for CR fans is more complicated than that for conventional fans. Theoretically, the leading order thrust noise is found to peak along the rotation axis and plummet in the rotational plane. For the first-order mode, the predicted directivity exhibits a forward-leaning characteristic, which is in good agreement with the experimental result. The predicted directivity patterns of second- and third-order modes are dominated by the drag noise component and peak in the direction near the rotational plane.

Gender Roles and Date Context in Hypothetical Scripts for a Woman and a Man on a First Date in the Twenty-First Century

First dates set the tone for future interactions and determine whether such interactions will even occur. Although people may want to showcase their virtues, first date scripts involving a man and a woman reflect traditional gender roles wherein men are expected to be proactive and women, reactive. As gender-based attitudes and roles have begun to change, are hypothetical first date scripts also evolving? Although over 25 years of research on first date scripts suggests that these scripts consistently reflect traditional gender roles, no known study to date has quantitatively compared data collected across temporal cohorts. To address this issue, in 2015 we collected hypothetical first date scripts using a checklist method with North American samples of 756 university students and 821 adults recruited online. People were more likely to endorse egalitarian first date scripts if they were women (adult sample only), describing a date between friends, and if they held less sexist attitudes. To address whether hypothetical first date scripts differ across time, we compared our younger adult sample to data reported by Laner and Ventrone (2000). Results revealed remarkable stability in gender stereotypes but also movement toward more egalitarian ideals. Although gender stereotypes in first date scripts might be weakening, enduring gendered scripts constrain behavior, create unrealistic expectations, and thwart authentic expression of one’s personality.

Acoustic theory of the many-bladed contra-rotating propeller: analysis of the effects of blade sweep on wake interaction noise

An analytical model is presented for the wake interaction tones produced by a contra-rotating propeller. We re-cast the usual far-field radiation formulae as a double integral over a nominal propeller source annulus. Assuming that the number of blades on both propellers is large, we evaluate the integral asymptotically in terms of its leading-order contributions from interior stationary or boundary critical points which represent the specific locations on the propeller annulus that dominate the sound radiation. The asymptotic approach is powerful producing results in the form of one-line algebraic formulae that contain no integrals or special functions yet remain accurate. The asymptotics show that sweep is not necessarily beneficial and can cause the blade design to become critical for particular tones and directions in terms of a continuum of interior points distributed along a line on the propeller source annulus producing a higher-order result and thus an enhanced radiated sound field. The paper also shows how the interior points are completely consistent with the sub- or super-critical gust response of a swept blade. Tones with low and zero azimuthal mode order are treated as special cases and the asymptotics show that, as the mode order reduces, the radiated sound becomes concentrated around the flight axis where even higher-order solutions are possible, including rings and annuli of stationary points around the propeller annulus. Full numerical calculations confirm the accuracy of the asymptotic approach.

Kielikäsitykset vanhustyössä - asukkaiden, hoitajien ja esimiesten käsityksiä hyvästä vuorovaikutuksesta ja kielenkäytöstä

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan käsityksiä hyvästä vuorovaikutuksesta ja kielenkäytöstä vanhainkodissa kriittistä diskurssintutkimusta ja etnografiaa hyödyntäen. Tutkimus perustuu aineistoon, joka kerättiin haastattelemalla ja havainnoimalla asukkaita, hoitajia ja esimiehiä kahdessa monikielisessä vanhusten hoitoyksikössä. Aineistosta analysoitiin vanhustyön kieleen liittyviä kieli-ideologioita ja metakieltä. Analyysin tuloksena nousi esiin neljä keskeistä vanhuslähtöisen kielen ulottuvuutta: (1) vuorovaikutuksen laatu, määrä ja sävy, (2) puhuttelun ja nimeämisen tavat, (3) äidinkieli ja monikielisyys sekä (4) kosketuksen ja muun multimodaalisen vuorovaikutuksen merkitys. Tulokset tuovat esiin, että vanhainkoti on institutionaalinen paikka, joka on asukkaille koti ja hoitajille ja esimiehille työpaikka. Nämä toisistaan poikkeavat positiot luovat erilaisia tarpeita ja toiveita vuorovaikutukselle ja kielenkäytölle: siinä missä hoitajat pyrkivät tekemään työnsä tarkoituksenmukaisesti ja sujuvoittamaan hoitoarkea, asukkaat kaipasivat keskustelua, rupattelua ja yhteistä toimintaa hoivakodin arkeen. Hoitajien kielikäsityksissä korostuvat puheen ymmärrettävyys ja selkeys, asukkailla kielen sosiaalinen merkitys, keskustelu ja kuunteleminen. Tulokset kertovat myös siitä, että vanhusten keskinäinen tuettu vuorovaikutus ja musiikin aktivoiva käyttö voisivat olla keinoja lisätä vanhuksia osallistavaa vuorovaikutusta vanhainkodissa.

Walking the Talk in Risk Management: A Complementarity Perspective on How Tone from the Top Influences Risk Awareness

Prompted by the weaknesses of standardized risk management approaches in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, scholars, regulators, and practitioners alike emphasize the importance of creating a risk-aware culture in organizations. Recent insights highlight the special role of tone from the top as crucial driver of risk awareness. In this study, we take a systems-perspective on control system design to investigate the role of tone from the top in creating risk awareness. In particular, we argue that interactive control and risk-based diagnostic control complement tone from the top in increasing risk awareness. We further investigate whether the predicted interdependencies are sensitive to the level of perceived environmental uncertainty. Based on survey data from 198 small and medium-sized companies, we show that interactive control strengthens the effect of tone from the top on risk awareness, and that firms also tend to adopt these two choices in combination. These results indicate that indeed the two control practices complement each other in increasing risk awareness, and that firms, on average, take this complementarity into account in the design of the control system. Contrary to our expectations, we find that tone from the top and risk-based diagnostic control are substitutes with regard to creating risk awareness. We still find that firms, on average, treat tone from the top and risk-based diagnostic control as complements in their control system design choices. This implies that firms’ control system design choices with regard to these practices are not consistent with their effectiveness in managing risk awareness.

Fan tonal noise from aircraft aeroengines with short intake: A study at approach

This work assesses the risks of increased fan noise for high bypass ratio aeroengines with short intakes. The close proximity between the fan and inlet contributes to the increase in radiation of the rotor-alone tones and reinforces the interaction of the inflow distortion with the fan. Thus, the closer the fan is to the inlet, the higher the risk for noise generation. This article discusses the results of Harmonic Balance simulations performed on a conceptual turbofan operated at the approach condition. The inflow distortion created by the nacelle incidence is dominated by the circumferential component [Formula: see text] = 1. Its presence is visible throughout the nacelle. A thorough analysis of the unsteady pressure and velocity fields shows that the new acoustic source created by the periodic unsteady loading of the rotor cutting the inflow distortion is negligible compared to the rotor–stator interaction. But the amplitude of the rotor–stator interaction tones is affected by the unsteadiness of the rotor wake shape, particularly in the tip region where a pronounced flow separation on the rotor blade is created at a certain range of azimuthal position. The variations of the flow incidence at the rotor leading edge, due to the axial and tangential components of the mean velocity, cannot explain that flow separation. Instead, the origin is attributed to the azimuthal variations of the radial component of the mean flow velocity near the casing which slightly points inward to the spinner, i.e. in the opposite direction of the casing contour line. The flow separation induces a pronounced scattering of the wake azimuthal components mw = hB into [Formula: see text] in the tip region, whereas the same effect is rather limited on the rest of the blade height. This leads to a moderate increase of the tonal sound power level compared to the case with clean inflow. The azimuthal scattering due to the propagation of the sound waves through the distortion is found to be weak in the bypass duct. However, this effect is very important in the inlet lip vicinity, where the strong asymmetry of the flow modifies the path of the sound waves up to the far field.

What makes a good surgical experience for the naïve learner?

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Early clinical observerships play a key role in pre-clerkship education and career selection. Using a cross sectional survey design, we attempted to assess the makeup of the student's observership throughout their time in the operating room (OR). Perceived educational value (EV), utility in career exploration (CE), and level of personal enjoyment (PE) were assessed after every encounter and utilized as primary outcomes. Twenty-eight (28) 1st year medical students participating in an intensive 2-week surgical exploration program completed eight 34 question electronic surveys characterizing each of their 8 surgical observerships (224 events). One hundred forty six (65.2%) surveys were completed, each representing a day of observerships, with a total of 207 surgeries observed. Following multivariate linear regression analysis, increased surgical team engagement with the student and a positive tone of interaction were each significantly associated with improved EV (p1 = 0.013, p2 <0.001), CE (p1=0.006, p2=0.012), and PE (p1 <0.001, p2 <0.001). Surgical subspecialty, type of case and ability to scrub in were not associated with improved experiences. Increased engagement and positive interaction with the surgical team are significantly associated with various measures of improved surgical experience, and each are highly modifiable factors in a learner's OR experience. This research emphasizes the diverse educational responsibility of academic surgeons.

Competition–cooperation interplay during multifirm technology coordination: The effect of firm heterogeneity on conflict and consensus in a technology standards organization

Research Summary: We examine how competitive tensions and cooperative motivations together shape firms’ interactions and group‐level outcomes during technology coordination activities in multifirm settings. Analyzing the communication and voting behavior of 115 firms across three subcommittees of a computing industry technology standards‐setting organization over 14 years, we find that existing product‐market positions influence how firms with highly overlapped technological resources differ in their interactions: when their product‐markets are more competitive, they exhibit greater support for the emerging standard, as evidenced by positivity and certainty of interaction tone; but when they possess a broader array of complementary products, support is tempered. At the subcommittee level, after accounting for aggregate competitive tensions in prior interactions, heterogeneity in both firms’ relational influence as well as their prior multiparty experience improve consensus. Managerial Summary: In innovation ecosystems, competing firms are often obligated to collaborate with each other in large multifirm forums to develop the technical standards that enable interoperability between their products. We show how the networks of technical and commercial relationships between firms shape such standards activities in two steps. First, firms who share many common technology interests with others communicate their support for new standards more vigorously when they participate in more competitive product‐markets, but less vigorously when they possess more complementary products. Second, communities find broader support for standards when there is greater imbalance across both firms’ prior collaborative experiences as well as their pattern of relationships. We demonstrate these results in a study of 115 firms participating in computer peripherals standards development over 14 years.

Social support in the workplace for physicians in specialization training

ABSTRACTWhen becoming a specialist, learning-through-service plays a significant role. The workplace affords good opportunities for learning, but the service-learning period may also impose stress on phycisians in specialization training. In medical work, social support has proved to be a very important factor in managing stress. Social support may afford advantages also for learning and professional identity building. However, little was known about how social support is perceived by doctors in specialization training. This study aimed to understand the perceptions of physicians in specialization training regarding social support communication in their workplace during their learning-through-service period. The study was conducted qualitatively by inductively analyzing the physicians’ descriptions of workplace communication. The dataset included 120 essays, 60 each from hospitals and primary healthcare centres. Physicians in specialization training explained the need of social support with the responsibilities and demands of their clinical work and the inability to control and manage their workloads. They perceived that social support works well for managing stress, but also for strengthening relational ties and one’s professional identity. A leader’s support was perceived as being effective, and both senior and junior colleagues were described as an important source of social support. Also co-workers, such as the individual nurse partner with whom one works, was mentioned as an important source of social support. The results of this study indicate that social support works at the relational and identity levels, which is due to the multi-functional nature of workplace communication. For example, consultation functions as situational problem-solving, but also the tone of social interaction is meaningful. Thus, strengthening one’s professional identity or collegial relationships requires further attention to workplace communication.Abbreviations PiST: Physician in specialization training

Introducción a la prosodia del verbo yukuna

En este artículo se discuten las hipótesis de Schauer y Schauer (1978) sobre el acento en la lengua yukuna. Sobre datos recientemente obtenidos, se hace un análisis acústico de verbos flexionados en contextos prosódicos y morfológicos controlados. Se examinan los contrastes entre las variaciones de intensidad y el contorno de F0. En vez de acento, se propone que la lengua tiene características típicas de los sistemas tonales y, como apoyo, se presentan varios patrones de interacción entre morfemas verbales.