Ton Of Feed Research Articles

Application of a precision feeding strategy for gestating sows

Simulations of precision feeding (PF) in which gestating sows were individually fed a daily mixture of two diets with different amino acid contents indicated a reduction in protein intake, feed costs, and environmental losses compared to sows fed a conventional single diet (CF). These results have not been verified on farm. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the effect of this PF strategy on productive and reproductive performances of gestating sows compared to the CF strategy. As the effects of such a strategy has not been reported yet on sows’ feeding behavior (frequency of visits and time spent in the feeder), it constituted the second objective of this study. The experiment included 131 gestating sows divided into the two feeding strategies regarding their parity and body weight at insemination. Feed supply was similar for the two strategies. The results matched those from simulations as sows fed the PF strategy reduced their lysine ingestion of around 25%, which therefore reduced nitrogen excretion of 18.5%, and feed costs by 3.4 euros per gestation or 8 euros per ton of feed. Phosphorus intake and excretion were also reduced with PF compared to CF (around 8% and 9%, respectively). Reproductive performance, defined as the number of piglets per litter and the litter weight, was not affected by the feeding strategy. All sows usually ate their daily ration in one “feeding visit.” The PF sows did a constant number of “non-feeding visits” to the feeder during gestation (on average 4.25 visits/d), while the CF sows did more non-feeding visits at the beginning of the gestation (on average 4.42 visits/d) and less at the end of the gestation (on average 3.69 visits/d) than the PF sows (P < 0.01). The sows spent 54% of their daily time in the feeder for feeding visits, and 46% for non-feeding visits. The PF sows spent more daily time for non-feeding visits than CF sows (32.4 vs. 29.7 min/d, respectively, P < 0.01). Time spent at the feeder for feeding visits or non-feeding visits was constant over the gestation for the CF sows (35.3 and 29.2 min/d, respectively) while for the PF sows it increased over gestation. In conclusion, the PF strategy can be used to reduce lysine intake without influencing reproductive performance while reducing protein intake and feed costs. Feeding behaviors were barely affected by the feeding strategies but may serve as management indicators to detect sick or injured animals.

Effect of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 Spores as a Probiotic Feed Supplement on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Diarrhea Score, Intestinal Microbiota, and Excreta Odor Contents in Weanling Piglets.

Simple SummaryThe weanling period is a vital stage for piglets. Due to lack of a complete digestive system and an immune system, a series of stress problems develop, such as diarrhea. As a kind of microecological additive with high stability and rapid proliferation, Bacillus subtilis is suitable for piglets’ diets as an additive. The objective of our study was to determine and confirm the effect of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal microbiota, and excreta odor contents in weanling piglets. Taken together, our results suggest that dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis C-3102 spores could benefit the body weight, average daily gain, and gain-to-feed ratio of weanling piglets and improve the ATTD of dry matter, crude protein, and energy.It has been well-documented that the dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis could improve piglet performance. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal microbiota, and excreta odor contents in weanling piglets. A total of 150 crossed ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc) weanling piglets (28-days-old), with an average initial body weight of 7.53 ± 1.23 kg, were divided into two treatment groups according to sex and initial body weight (BW) for a 6-week experiment. In each group, fifteen replicate pens consisting of five piglets per pen (three gilts and two barrows) were used in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of (1) CON, a basal diet; (2) BSC, a diet of CON + 300 g Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) C-3102 spores per ton of feed. Supplementation with the B. subtilis C-3102 spores in the diet increased the BW, average daily gain (ADG), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) throughout the whole trial (p < 0.05). Weanling piglets that were fed B. subtilis C-3102 spores had increased dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and energy (E) digestibility compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Lower diarrhea scores were observed in the B. subtilis C-3102 spores group on Day 7 (p < 0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that dietary supplementation with B. subtilis C-3102 spores could benefit the BW, ADG, and G:F of weanling piglets and improve the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of the DM, CP, and E.

Изучение влияния минерала шунгита на микробиоту кишечника кур-несушек

The aim of the study is to study the effect of the mineral shungite on the intestinal microbiota of laying hens for the needs of poultry farming. To solve this problem in the conditions of the vivarium of the International Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Poultry Genomics, MVA by K. I. Skryabin, an experiment was set up on laying hens (Hisex Brown cross). The diet of laying hens of the experimental group differed from the control group by introducing a feed additive from shungite at a dosage of 1 kg per ton of feed. In accordance with the goal, the objectives of the study included the calculation of the index of bioconsolidation of microorganisms in microbial biosystems and the index of the composition of chemical elements in shungite and mixed fodder, the construction of a fractal portrait of the corresponding series of numbers, reflecting the series of numbers of microorganisms or the content of chemical elements in shungite. Thus, it was shown that shungite, with its special ratio of chemical elemental composition, favorably affects the self-organization of microbial-organismal biosystems of the intestines of laying hens and the intestinal microbiota of laying hens in general. The ratio of chemical elements in shungite imposes a certain matrix on the ratio of various functional groups of microorganisms in the intestines of birds, which ensures the best joint activity of microorganisms in converting organic substrates into nutrients.

Experimental determination of comparative sensitivity of eimeria to chemotherapeutic preparations and phytobiotics

The sensitivity of the organism of broiler chickens artificially infested with a mixture of three types of eimeria to anti-eimeria drugs used in the Belgorod region was determined. For the experiment, synthetic coccidiostatics (decoquinate, maduramycin, nicarbazine, robenidin), ionophore antibiotics (lasalocid, monensin, narazine) and a complex phytobiotic “AdiCox AR” were taken. The smallest loss of live body weight of chickens was observed when feeding them in the diet of lasalocid, then decoquinate. Feeding the specialized feed additive “AdiCox AR” ensured the preservation of gains in live weight of chickens by 19.0% less than the most effective ionophore antibiotic lasalocid in our experiments. Then, in descending order, followed: narazine 10%, monensin 20%, nicarbazine 25%, maduramycin 1%, robenidin 6.6%. In connection with the obtained results, we consider it expedient to use lasalocid 15% at a dose of 500 g / t feed, decoquinate 6% at a dose of 500 g / t feed and AdiCox AR at a dose of 300 g / tons of feed. The use of narazine 10%, monensin 20%, nicarbazine 25%, maduramycin 1% should be carried out under constant monitoring of the sensitivity of the pathogen to the listed drugs. We consider the use of robinidin 6.6% inappropriate.

Growth and yield of cucumber and tilapia fish in aquaponics under UAE climatic condition

The healthiest and most effective method of producing food is aquaponics, particularly in arid regions. In comparison to conventional crop production, aquaponics uses less than 90% of the water, produces crops that grow more quickly, and does not employ pesticides. With an average weight of 17g, fish Oreochromis niloticus tanks were stocked with 120 fish per m2. Three times per day, Nile tilapia were fed a floating commercial tilapia diet until they were full. Three cucumber plants were planted per square meter in plant culture raceways. Water, feed, and electricity usage are all tracked in aquaponics systems. The growth characteristics and monthly production of the fish and cucumber were noted. Environmental aspects of the system, including light intensity, temperature, and water quality parameters, were assessed. Six months were spent conducting the experiment in a two-time cultivation. Three months were needed from one seedling to harvest; the first month was spent growing and flowering the plant, and the second and third months were used to harvest the cucumbers. With an input of 992.67 tons of feed, 12110.13 K.Wh of electricity, and 59.20 m3 of water consumption, each aquaponics system produced on average 3.2 tons of cucumber in a 120 m2 area and 0.5 tons of fish in a 15 m3 area.

On the issue of food consumption by Okhotsk Sea killer whales

The results are presented on the daily and annual food consumption by killer whales with year-round keeping in net enclosures in Srednyaya Bay. The diet consisted of two species of fish: pink salmon and herring. For females, the daily fish consumption varied from 9 to 50.9 kg with an average of 32.6 kg, for males from 6 to 45.1 kg with an average of 34.1 kg. The annual minimum amount of fish for keeping one young individual in captivity ranges from 11.5 to 12.1 tons of pink salmon, which corresponds to energy requirements of 15.9 Gcal/year for females and 16.7 Gcal/year for males. An increase in the required amount of food for an animal with a decrease in water temperature was established. Based on the results of the factual material on nutrition, the annual consumption of a group of ten killer whales of different ages found in natural conditions was calculated. This value in terms of pink salmon is estimated at 200 tons of feed per year. The theoretical calculation of the annual consumption of various species of aquatic organisms by killer whales is presented. Based on the results of research and analysis of modern literature sources in comparison with historical data on the feeding of killer whales, it was proposed not to divide this species in the Sea of Okhotsk into “mammal-eating” and “fish-eating” ecotypes. In our opinion, the manifestation of different types of behavior (resident type, transit type) in killer whales should be considered, depending on climatic conditions and the availability of food objects. In hunting grounds, the resident type predominates in killer whales, which changes to a transit type of behavior when changing the feeding area or seasonal migration.

The Influence of feeding of polyacrylamide and mineral-vitamin supplements on growth indices and digestivity of nutrients of young food in young

The effect of feeding polyacrylamide (PA) and mineral-vitamin supplements (MVD) on the average daily gain, hematological parameters, nutrient digestibility in pigs, metabolism of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and manganese at the age of 4.5 and 7 months. Polyacrylamide and mineral-vitamin supplements were introduced into the diets of pigs of experimental (2–4) groups, taking into account the actual presence of mineral elements and vitamins in feed and the needs of animals in them.Young animals of the 2nd group were fed polyacrylamide at the rate of 0.5 g per 1 kg of live weight; 3rd group - mineral and vitamin supplements g per ton of feed in the following quantities (mg): iron sulfate - 117, copper carbon dioxide - 36, zinc - 203, cobalt - 8, manganese chloride - 133, potassium iodide (stabilized) - 0.4 , vitamins A - 917 million IU, D - 133 million. IO, E - 972 million. IO B1 - 270, B2 - 6, C - 2250; Group 4 - polyacrylamide and mineral and vitamin supplements in the above quantities. Studies on young pigs were conducted in 2 stages: the equalization period (25 days) - the diets of piglets in the control and experimental groups are the same; main period (150 days) - animals of the control group were fed standard feed, and the experimental was given additional PA and MIA. For use in the diets of young pigs, the above additives, there was an increase in animal immunity due to increased gamma globulin in blood proteins, an increase in average daily live weight gain by 21.4 - 23.3% during the period of growing and fattening pigs, better use of animal feed , a positive effect on slaughter products. Key words: young animals, polyacrylamide, mineral elements, vitamins, albumins, globulins, live weight, rearing, fattening, feed consumption metabolism, slaughter yield.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of a Phyto-supplement on Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Background: The effect of a phyto-supplement (PS) composed of Aerva lanata, Piper betle, Cynodon dactylon and Piper nigrum on carcass characteristics was evaluated in commercial broiler chicken. Methods: A total of 192 day-old commercial broiler chicks were allocated to the four experimental groups and each group was separated into 6 replicates, with 8 birds per replicate. The dietary treatment groups were the positive control (basal diet + antibiotic, chlortetracycline @355g/ metric ton of feed), negative control (0% PS: basal diet only), 1% PS (basal diet +1% PS) and 2% PS (basal diet +2%PS). The trial lasted for 42 days (0 to 42 D of age). The carcass characteristics were recorded for two birds from each replicate at the end of the trial. Result: The broilers fed chlortetracycline and 1% PS recorded the highest (P=0.0205) and those fed only basal diet (negative control) recorded the lowest dressing percentage. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 1 and 2% PS exhibited higher (P less than 0.0001) weight and relative weight of lung than other treatments. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 1 and 2% PS exhibited lower weight (P=0.0032) and relative weight (P=0.0002) of liver when compared with the antibiotic treatment. Feeding 1% PS increased the relative weight of heart quadratically (P=0.044) while 2% PS reduced the weight of heart. Broilers on negative control diet recorded the highest weight (P=0.0002) and relative weight (P less than 0.0001) of kidney.

ASSESSMENT OF THE NEEDS AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF PREMIXES, PROTEIN AND VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS AND MIXED FODDER’S

The article presents statistics on the number of pigs and poultry in Ukraine and Odessa region for 1990-2019 and the results of the calculation of needs for premixes and protein-vitamin supplements (PVS) in Ukraine, and in particular, in Odessa region, the average increase and volumes of compound feed consumption. The main purpose of the calculation is to determine the production potential of premixes and compound feeds in Ukraine and in the region, the cost of compound feeds in poultry farming using different types of premixes and PVS.According to the Main Department of Statistics in Odesa Oblast, the number of pigs has decreased over the past five years, and the number of poultry has increased by 7.3%.The calculation of the need for premixes and PVS is determined by the volume of feed production, the need for which depends on the number of livestock and poultry, data on their average growth and consumption of feed.The method of calculating the number of pigs and poultry (forecast) depending on the needs of the population in livestock food, as well as the results of the forecast of the number of pigs and chickens in Ukraine and Odessa region for 2020-2023, which amounted to 5702, 0 and 173.0 thousand goals, 224.8 and 3.3 million goals, respectively.The calculations taking into account the export-import potential of raw materials showed that in the Odessa region there is a shortage of capacity, namely: P mf forecast = 104819.6 thousand tons.  0, P mf forecast ≥ M year, ie 104819.6  9000.0 thousand tons, so in the Odessa region should provide a feed mill with a capacity of 15 thousand tons per shift in two shifts is appropriate and reasonable. The potential of production and sale of compound feeds in the Odessa region, which is up to 8500 thousand tons of feed, 85 thousand tons of premixes and 2430 thousand tons of PVS, calculated the main producers and consumers of feed products.The estimated economic efficiency of the use of feed enriched with complex premixes, as a result of which it is possible to reduce the cost of obtaining 10 eggs to 280 million UAH. per year, and in the fattening of suckling piglets - zeko-nomity in the production of pork up to 3.15 million UAH.

Impact of combined xylanase and β-glucanase enzymes on digesta transit time, short-chain fatty acids, and caecal thermal profile of broilers fed corn–soy-based diets

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of including a xylanase + β-glucanase enzyme product in corn–soy-based diets on performance, caecal short-chain fatty acids and thermal profile, ileal digestibility, and intestinal kinetics of broiler chickens. A total of 744 male day-old chicks were randomly allotted to 24 floor pens and distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with low or standard energy level × without or with 100 g of the enzyme per ton of feed. Enzyme supplementation improved bodyweight gain from 1 to 21 d (P &lt; 0.05). An increased caecal concentration of acetic acid was observed when the enzyme was added to the low-energy diet (P &lt; 0.05). The pH of the caecal content was reduced (P &lt; 0.01), and the caecal temperature was increased by low-energy diets (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of energy was improved by the enzyme (P &lt; 0.01). The addition of the enzyme increased the mean retention time in the distal ileum (P &lt; 0.05). In summary, the addition of a xylanase + β-glucanase enzyme product in corn-based diets increases the retention time of digesta in the distal ileum and the caecal acetic acid concentration, improves ileal digestibility of energy and performance from 1 to 21 d in broiler chickens fed corn–soy-based diets.

THE PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID PIGLETS AT GROWING WHEN USING BETAINE

The results of studies of the productive&#x0D; characteristics of hybrid piglets at growing with the addition of different amount of the feed additive betaine into the diet are given. During the equalizing period the productive characteristics of animals in research groups were close to the animals in the control group, their average daily&#x0D; gains range of 248-250 g and the absolute gain is from 71.6 to 72.3 kg. However, the introduction of betaine into the diet in the amount of 1 kg per 1 ton of feed increased the consumption of feed by 4.18% in the third research group of animals. It is established that when using the feed additive betaine in the pigs’diet, the highest characteristics of growth were observed in the third research group of animals, where the average daily gain was 743 g and the absolute one - 378.8 kg. Throughout the period of research the piglets’ survival was 100%. The optimal amount of betaine for feeding piglets at&#x0D; growing is established. It is 1 kg per 1 ton of feed.

The Efficiency of the Biogas Plant Operation Depending on the Substrate Used

The study aimed to assess the most efficient solution of raw material management in selected biogas plants into the concept of circular economy and evaluate the most efficient solution of raw material management in selected biogas plants due to the quality and quantity of the feed and the final product obtained, which is biogas, as well at the closed circulation (circular economy). The study evaluated two agricultural biogas plants on a real scale and one at the sewage treatment plant (in real scale) in northeastern Poland. A year-long study showed that in technical terms, the best work efficiency is achieved by agricultural biogas plants processing: silage, manure, apple pomace, potato pulp (biogas plant No. 1), followed by biogas plant No. 3 processing chicken manure, decoction, cattle manure, poultry slaughterhouse waste (sewage sludge, flotate, feathers), and finally, the lowest efficiency biogas plant was No. 2, the sewage treatment plant, which stabilized sewage sludge in the methane fermentation process. Moreover, based on the results, it was found that agricultural biogas gives the best efficiency in energy production from 1 ton of feed.

A method for combating clostridiosis in broilers and piglets

Relevance. The problem of clostridia in our country is relevant due to the significant damage to the economy of any enterprise. The fight against clostridiosis is carried out in various directions, including the use of antibacterial drugs. When choosing drugs for antibacterial sanitation, it is advisable to use topical agents (not penetrating into the bloodstream) that are not susceptible to the development of resistance. Methods. The studies were carried out randomly on broiler chickens and rearing piglets diagnosed with clostridiosis. In the experimental groups, the antibacterial drug Nozifor (1% nosiheptide) was used for treatment. Therapeutic efficacy was established on the basis of the clinical status of animals and poultry, data from bacteriological studies, dynamics of recovery and weight gain. Results . The Nozifor preparation, when applied at a dose of 500 g per ton of feed for growing pigs and broilers for 14 days, ensures the eradication of Clostridium perfringens from the intestines and prevents the development of Clostridiosis. Its therapeutic efficacy for clostridiosis at the indicated dose is 100%. The positive effect of the use of the drug Nozifor on the indices of the absolute and average daily gain in live body weight has been established. Nosifor, when taken orally with food, is not absorbed into the systemic circulation, does not accumulate in tissues and organs.

We cannot afford to waste feed on pig farms

In a time of record feed prices it is essential that feed wastage be minimised. It is estimated that 10% of feed delivered is wasted on the average farm. On a 250 sow unit this can be more than 150 tonnes of feed per year! Feed is often wasted from the point of delivery to the passage of faeces. This article details some of the areas where this wastage occurs at the farm level and focuses on simple management practices that veterinarians can discuss with their clients to reduce these losses. Reducing feed wastage by half would make the difference between profit and loss on many farms. Reducing the feed wastage by half is likely to be more than the whole health bill cost for the farm!

The effect of chemical agents on the productivity of crop rotations with legumes and cereals in the conditions of unstable moisture in the south of the Non-Black Soil Zone of Russia

The article summarizes the results of 1990-2012 research conducted during the stationary experiment on leached heavy loam chernozem in the Republic of Mordovia. The objects of the study are two crop rotations (grain-grass-fallow and grain-grass crop rotations) where alfalfa of the VEGA 87 variety was used as a bean component, smooth brome (Bromus inermis) Penza 1 was used as a grain component. It has been established that mineral fertilizers in grain-grass-fallow crop rotations with legumes increased productivity by 0.34-0.55, with cereals – by 0.31-0.73 tons of feed units/ha. That provided to get additional income from 1.19 to 1.40 and 1.09 to 1.47 rub/rub, respectively. Recommended doses of mineral fertilizers against soil liming by 0.5 hydrolytic acidity (h.a,) were N22-39P42K52, for grain-grass-fallow crop rotation with alfalfa and N27-71P42K52. with smooth brome. In the grain-grass crop rotation with legume and cereal components the payback of 1 kg active ingredient (a.i.) of complete mineral fertilizer was 6.13 and 6.17 kg feed units, additional income was 2.00 and 1.99 rub/rub, the productivity increased by 0.86-1.08 and 0.84-1.22 tons of feed units/ha, respectively. The payback of 1 kg of a. i. nitrogen as part of a complete mineral fertilizer in this crop rotation averaged 13.04 kg feed units versus 11.5 kg in legumes. Recommended doses of mineral fertilizers were N26-87P46K65 against the background of liming of the soil by 0.5-1.0 h. a. In crop rotation with smooth brome phosphorus-potash fertilizers should not be applied due to the low additional income (0.97-1.07 rub/rub).

Growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, gut microflora and ghrelin gene expression analysis of broiler by supplementing natural growth promoters: A nutrigenomics approach.

In an epoch of escalating number of antibiotic-resistance bacteria, there is a dire need to develop efficient and novel feeding strategies for animal nutrition as alternatives to antibiotics. Here, implicating nutrigenomic approach, phytobiotics and organic acids were used to evaluate ghrelin gene expression levels, gut microflora composition, performance parameters and intestinal histomorphological changes in broiler chickens. One-day-old chicks (n = 315) were reared for 42 days and distributed randomly into five experimental groups; each with three replicates (21 birds per replicate). Experimental groups were control: basal diet only, antimicrobial growth promoter: 40 g/metric ton of basal diet (virginiamycin), organic acids: 4 kg/metric ton of basal diet, phytobiotics: 3 kg/metric ton of basal diet, combination: 7 kg/metric ton of basal diet (organic acids 4 kg and phytobiotics 3 kg metric ton of feed). Growth performance, histological and ghrelin gene expression analysis were executed on 21 and 42 days while, quantitative bacterial analysis of cecum and ileum was performed on day 42. Increased feed intake and body weight (p < 0.05) were noticed in phytobiotics group. Addition of phytobiotics significantly improved (p < 0.05) villus height and ratio of villus height/crypt depth in ileum, jejunum, and duodenum and down-regulated ghrelin gene expression levels. Total coliform and Escherichia coli in cecal and ileal digesta were decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in organic acids group. Correlation analysis revealed Lactobacillus spp. were positively correlated to villus height/crypt depth ration in duodenum. The findings indicated the importance of gene-nutrient-microbiota interactions based on nutrigenomics approach. Hence, phytobiotics and organic acids might be suitable alternatives to antibiotics for improved performance and immunity, along with healthier meat production in poultry.

Confirmation of Cage Effect and Prebiotic Production Potential of a β-Mannanase, with SBM as Substrate Using Microscopy and Wet Chemistry

In vitro assays were carried out to investigate the solubilization of cell walls and generation of mannan oligosaccharides of a b-mannanase-containing commercial product on SBM. Using commercial dosages of the b-mannanase (500 g per ton of feed) cell wall degradation of mannan in SBM cell walls was visualized and an increase in reducing ends (0.12&amp;plusmn;0.02 mg/mL) and the generation of mannan oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization 2 and 4 (22.9&amp;plusmn;3.2 mg/L and 398.8&amp;plusmn;25.4 mg/L) were also measured using HPLC. Mannan, which is H-bonded to cellulose and xyloglucan, was solubilized using a single monocomponent enzyme, allowing for visualization of the disintegration of the entire SBM cell wall structure. This work is the first of its kind using strictly commercial dosage levels of enzyme for evaluating efficacy of the same microscopically. These data confirm the hypothesis that there most likely is a need for only a single relevant NSP enzyme targeting its specific substrate, independent of the concentration of the latter within the complex polysaccharide matrix in the plant cell wall to experience the beneficial effects of the enzyme both in vitro and in vivo. An analogy to compare our data would be destruction of the foundation (mannan) of a building or a bridge (soybean cell wall) which would inevitably lead to dismantling or demolition the entire building or bridge.

Evolving Emulsifier Supplementation Strategy for Low Energy Diet in Broiler Chickens

Background: High performance hybrid broilers require a high energy diet to exploit their full genetic potential. Therefore, high energy sources are being used in broiler diet which creates interest in the use of emulsifiers along with fat source. Hence, this study was conducted to evolve emulsifier supplementation strategy in low energy diet containing tallow as fat source in commercial broiler chickens. Methods: Total of 150 day old broiler chicks randomly distributed into three treatments with 5 replicates of ten chicks each. Treatment groups were fed basal diet which contains tallow as energy source (T1), basal diet supplemented with emulsifier at 250g per tonne of feed (T2) and 80 kcal Metabolizable energy reduced from basal diet supplemented with emulsifier at the rate of 250g per ton of feed (T3). Result: At 6th week of age significantly highest body weight was noticed in T2 group, lowest feed intake was recorded in T2 group but feed conversion ratio was comparable between T3 (1.72) and T2 (1.74) groups. No significant difference in carcass parameters and serum biochemical parameters were noticed. Emulsifier supplementation with reduced metabolizable energy can be used as a feeding strategy in broiler chickens to improve the production performance.

The Effects of Graded Levels of Cane Molasses on the Performance Characteristics, Nutrients Utilization and Economy of Production of Yorkshire Pigs Reared in the Tropics

Sixty Yorkshire weaner pigs were used in this trial designed to study the effects of high cane molasses levels in the diets of pigs on their performance and carcass characteristics, organ weights, nutrient utilization and on the economy of production. There were five diets formulated to contain 23% protein (dry matter basis) and differed in the levels of mollasses that were included at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. The Yorkshire barrows and gilts used were randomly divided into 5 equal treatment groups of 12 pigs, made up of 6 barrows and six gilts, and of equal average initial live weight of about 17kg. Half of the pigs on each treatment were group-fed ad libitum, and half were individually fed. They were all slaughtered at the average final liveweight of about 65 kg. Highly significant treatment differences were obtained in the average daily gains, average daily dry feed and dry matter consumed/kg body weight, dressing percentage, carcass length, back fat thickness, percentages of ham and loin, trimmed and dissected fat, dissected bone, gut weight, fresh liver, heart, and kidney weights. There were no differences in the digestibility coefficients of dietary nitrogen, NFE and ether extract, but the differences were significant for the crude fibre digestibility. The N retained was also significantly influenced by the level of molasses, while the percentages of ME and DE utilized were not significantly altered by the molasses. The inclusion of cane molasses considerably reduced the cost per ton of feed, and resulted in higher gross revenues gained per pig relative to the control.

The effect of the new probiotic feed additive rhodofen on blood indicators of gobies during fattening

This article is devoted to the study of the effect of the new probiotic feed additive rhodofen, containing live spore-forming microorganisms of the genus Bacillus – Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, on the morphological and biochemical blood parameters of Hereford bulls fed. The introduction of a probiotic feed additive rhodofen into the diet at a dose of 1.5 kg per ton of feed does not lead to pathological and inflammatory processes, and contributes to a more intense metabolism in the body.