Tomsk Polytechnic University Research Articles

Uranium in groundwaters of North Kazakhstan

Relevance. The need to dentify the characteristics of the distribution of radioactive elements in the groundwater of Northern Kazakhstan. Aim. Generalization of available data on the geochemistry of groundwater and uranium and radon distribution in them using the example of the northern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods. Generalization of long-term hydrogeochemical research and compilation of an electronic data bank on the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. A laboratory study of the chemical composition of groundwater was carried out at the Research Laboratory of Hydrogeochemistry of the School of Natural Resources Engineering of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Measurements of 222Rn contents in waters were carried out using the Alfarad Plus complex in the Laboratory of Hydrogeology of Sedimentary Basins of Siberia, Institute of Geology and Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Results. The groundwater of aquifers of different ages, distributed in the territory of Northern Kazakhstan (North Kazakhstan uranium province), was studied. Two geochemical sets of groundwater were identified. The first is characterized by the dominance of HCO3– and Mg2+ in the water composition, and the second by Cl– and Na+. A change in composition and an increase in the value of total mineralization from 0,1 to 49 g/dm3, in the direction from north to south, indicate the development of continental salinization. In natural waters of the first group, uranium content varies from 0.065 to 16000 μg/dm3 and radon activity from 4 to 3885 Bq/dm3. For sodium chloride waters of the second set, concentrations can reach 32500 μg/dm3, and radon activity is 6–59 Bq/dm3, since the emanating reservoir (granitoids) is located to the north – at a distance of 80–100 km. Naturally, granitoid massifs of the studied region are sources of uranium. Their drainage by the river network leads to its removal and concentration on geochemical barriers in the groundwater of the Neogene-Quaternary aquifer. This distribution of radioactive elements is associated with the high migration ability of uranium in solution in the form of uranyl ion in oxidizing geochemical conditions.

Efficient technology for manufacturing electrical ceramics from low-iron diopside rocks

Relevance. The use of natural diopside CaMgSi2O6 in the production of ceramic dielectrics was implemented at two enterprises in the Chelyabinsk region in 1985 on the basis of comprehensive studies of diopside rocks of the Southern Baikal region by the team of the Department of Silicate Technology of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Natural diopside was used as an additive to the charge of electrical porcelain. In addition, ceramic dielectrics with a diopside crystalline phase were manufactured for exploitation at the frequencies of 106 Hz. Currently, the need for ceramic dielectrics in Russia is covered by imports. Though, the development of new technologies for ceramic dielectrics from domestic raw materials is relevant. Aim. To develop an efficient technology for ceramic dielectrics with a diopside crystalline phase from natural low-iron diopside rocks. This technology includes the production of compacts of unfired products by moulding aqueous suspensions of compositions of nonplastic components. Object. The technology of ceramic dielectrics with a diopside crystalline phase, including the firing of compacts formed from aqueous suspensions of diopside concentrate compositions with perlite as flux. Methods. The suspension was obtained by grinding the components in an aqueous environment in a ball mill with uralite balls at humidity of 20±2%. Compressive and bending strength, electrical strength, dielectric constant of the samples were determined according to the SS 24409-80, water absorption was measured according to the SS 26093-84. X-ray phase analysis was carried out on a DRON-3M diffractometer (Burevestnik, Russia), structure analysis was implemented on a JSM 6000 electron microscope (Jeol, Japan). Results. A distinctive feature of the proposed technology is the use of nonplastic components only to prepare the suspension and the exclusion of clay components. This makes it possible to reduce the humidity of the castings and stabilize the formation of the ceramic structure during firing. The authors have obtained ceramic dielectric with a diopside content of 70±2 wt % by firing products molded at 1130–1150°C. The bending strength reached 85–90 MPa with an electrical strength of 35–38 k V/mm2.

Субминеральные лечебные воды Западной Тувы

Abstract. Relevance. The Republic of Tyva has a significant potential of natural water healing resources – arzhaans. To date, more than 240 Arzhaans have been recorded in the republic, of which about 200 have been examined. The authors distinguish two groups of arzhaans – mineral, which includes mineral springs and salt-mud lakes, and fresh, which are allocated to a separate group of submineral therapeutic waters. The latter include arzhaans, whose waters have a mineralization of less than 1 g/l and do not contain any biologically active components in balneologically significant amounts.There is no information in the scientific balneological and balneological literature on the therapeutic use of submineral waters and the mechanism of their action. In this regard, their study is relevant. The purpose of this article is to summarize the results of a study of the submineral waters of the western part of Tuva. Materials and methods. In the field, water temperature and other physico-chemical parameters (pH, salinity, redox potential) were measured with an electrothermometer and a water analyzer RNT-028; unstable components - using a field hydrochemical laboratory, radon content – with the alpha–active gases radiometer RGA-01, radiological situation - with the dosimeter–radiometer "ISS-01CA1M". General chemical analysis of water and determination of helium content were carried out at the Institute of the Earth's Crust SB RAS, micro–component analysis – at Tomsk Polytechnic University. Results. 35 arzhaans were examined. It was revealed that the water of these sources has a low mineralization with a predominance of bicarbonate ions in most sources, and the contents of lithium, chromium, strontium, molybdenum, barium, and uranium from microcomponents in a number of sources exceed the average values for groundwater in the upper part of the Earth's crust. Conclusions. Submineral waters are a valuable balneological resource, as they are very popular among residents of Tuva and neighboring regions. On separate freshwater arjaans (Adargan, Ala-Taiga, Angiraktyg, Bel, Kara-Sug, Kegen-Bulak, Kum-Suu, etc.), an average of 500-600 people on each of them rest and improve their health annually in July-August. Such popularity of the submineral therapeutic springs of Tuva determines the need for their further research for a more complete understanding of the conditions of their formation, the mechanism of their action and the organization of their rational use and protection.

Озера Турано-Уюкской котловины: эколого-гидрохимическое состояние и перспективы их бальнеологического использования

Abstract. Relevance. Currently, the creation of new institutions for the health improvement of the population within the Republic of Tuva on the basis of natural objects is a very urgent issue. Objectives. In this regard, we considered the hydrochemical composition of the lakes of the Turano-Uyuk depression, their ecological state and prospects for balneological use. Materials and methods. During field studies, employees of the TuvIKOPR SB RAS examined the largest natural lakes of the Turano-Uyuk depression and tested them to determine the chemical composition of natural waters. Chemical analysis was carried out in the Problem Research Laboratory of the National Tomsk Polytechnic University. In addition to field studies, a comparative literary method was used. Publications on this topic were studied and a retrospective analysis of the chemical composition of the waters of the lakes of the Turano-Uyuk depression and mud deposits as a therapeutic factor was carried out. Results. The greatest prospects for balneological development are Lake Beloye (White Lakes), the waters of which, according to the "Classification of mineral waters and therapeutic muds..." (MU No. 2000/34), belong to group 7, the therapeutic effect of which is determined by the amount of mineralization and ion-salt composition. Conclusions. The climatic conditions of the Turano-Uyuk basin, the presence of brackish (mineral) water and mineral mud (subject to the study of their balneological properties) open up prospects for organizing a resort, a health resort, a health resort on the shores of the lake, subject to the coordination of economic (balneological) activities with the Ministry of Forestry and Nature Management of the Republic of Tyva.

STUDY OF CONDITIONS FOR GAS HYDRATE AND ASPHALTENE-RESIN-PARAFFIN DEPOSITS FORMATION IN MECHANIZED OIL PRODUCTION

Link for citation: Korobov G.Y., Vorontsov A.A. Study of conditions for gas hydrate and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits formation in mechanized oil production. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 61-75. In Rus. The relevance of the research is caused by the lack of study of gas hydrates and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits formation in the borehole space. The properties of the organic deposits formed significantly depend on conditions of their formation. Accordingly, more accurate understanding of principle of deposits formation allows predicting their agglomeration and selecting effective ways to combat the deposition of gas hydrates and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits. In addition, information presented in the article makes it possible to evaluate the effect of the main factors affecting the conditions of gas hydrates and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits formation. There is an opportunity to point out the most important factors, which can be controlled by changing the parameters of the downhole equipment. These studies can help to optimize selection of downhole equipment parameters in the conditions of organic deposits formation. The main aim of the research is to analyze the conditions of gas hydrate and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits formation in production well; to analyze the results of previous studies on the factors affecting the formation of gas hydrates and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits in the borehole space. Objects: factors affecting formation of gas hydrates and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits on inner surface of the oilfield equipment. Methods: literature review of publications in peer-reviewed journals; analysis of the results of previous studies, formulation of main ideas and trends, identifying gaps and shortcomings of existing researches. Results. The main mechanisms of gas hydrates and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits formation on inner surface of the oilfield equipment are described. A review of previous studies devoted to the analysis of formation mechanisms of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits and gas hydrates is presented. The analysis revealed gaps and assumptions in the theory of formation of gas hydrates and asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits, which require further study of their formation principles. The main factors that depend on the operation of downhole equipment, as well as affecting the formation of organic deposition are analyzed: thermal baric conditions, gas content, throttling, watering, molecular phenomena. These factors are summarized in separate tables.

CHANGES IN HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING BOGGING IN THE SOUTHEAST OF THE WEST SIBERIAN PLAIN

Link for citation: Savichev O.G. Changes in hydrogeological conditions during bogging in the southeast of the West Siberian plain. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 187-198. In Rus. Relevance of the research is determined by the need to understand the mechanisms of interaction between groundwater, swamp and river waters in conditions of severe swampiness in the taiga zone of Western Siberia to solve a number of scientific and engineering problems both at present and in the future. The aim: quantitative assessment of changes in the levels of groundwaters during the characteristic periods of swamping of the southeast of the West Siberian Plain: 1) the beginning of an intensive spread of peat swamps with a peat deposit thickness of 0,3 m or more; 2) oligotrophization of swamps. Methods: methods of mathematical modeling, statistical methods. Results and conclusions. The author has carried out the analysis of peat deposit structure in the southern part of the Chaya river (a tributary of the Ob river) catchment area. The large-scale formation of peat swamps (with a peat thickness of 0,3 m or more) in the area under consideration occurred approximately 4 thousand years ago; the oligotrophization of the peat deposit (on a regional scale) occurred approximately 2,0…1,5 thousand years ago. In both cases, the main part of the swamps presumably could be attributed to the lowland type, but compared with the modern period in the first case their total area was 2 times less, and in the second was 1,7 times more. Taking into account these estimates, the average values of infiltration Inf and filtration coefficients Kf were determined, the ratio Inf/Kf dependence on the area of low-moor peat swamps was obtained, and groundwater levels were calculated at the present time and for periods of 1,7 and 4,1 thousand years ago. During the oligotrophization of the peat deposit (approximately 2,0...1,5 thousand years ago), with a high probability, there was a deterioration in water exchange between swamps and underground aquifers and an increase in groundwater levels. The beginning of intensive regional swamping (about 4 thousand years ago) occurred against the background of intense water-erosion processes. This results in accumulation of river alluvium accompanied by a rise in the levels of river water and then groundwater.

CONFIGURATIONS OF ULTRASONIC EMITTER RESONANCE MODES FOR UNILATERAL ACCESS TO AN OBJECT

Link for citation: Azin A.V., Bogdanov E.P., Vasilyev A.V., Ponomarev S.A., Ponomarev S.V., Rikkonen S.V. Configurations of ultrasonic emitter resonance modes for unilateral access to an object. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 199-209. In Rus. Relevance. To prepare high-viscosity oil for transport, a number of methods are used in practice: thermal, chemical and the method of physical influences. Ultrasonic exposure of hydrocarbon raw materials is one of the physical methods. It is necessary to develop an effective method for tuning an ultrasonic emitter for maximum energy transfer into a multilayer technological medium. Aim: to study resonant operating modes of an ultrasonic emitter in a multilayer system with unilateral access to the object with simplified design of a resonance type ultrasonic emitter. Objects: oscillating system of an ultrasonic resonant type emitter, multilayer system, physical model of a system «ultrasonic emitter – multilayer system». Methods: mathematical modeling of linear oscillating system to determine the properties of oscillating system influence and technological factors on the form of vibration oscillations and on the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system; experimental research on the basis of the physical model «ultrasonic emitter – multilayer system». Results. The authors have revealed a physical feature of the oscillatory system operation, which consists in the fact that at resonance the form of oscillations of the force signals of a multilayer piezoactor and vibration acceleration signals are purely harmonic in nature. This effect extends to operation of a resonant-type ultrasonic emitter in a short-circuit mode on a multilayer system. It was found that force and vibration acceleration amplitude-frequency characteristics of a multilayer piezoactor are similar to each other. Based on the analysis of theoretical and experimental data, the authors developed the method for adjusting the resonant operating modes of an ultrasonic emitter with unilateral access to an object. This allows simplification and reduction in the emitter design cost. The method for setting up oscillatory systems is applicable for laboratory and industrial installations. Conclusion. The research results show that in practice, harmonic shape of acceleration and force signals, as well as force amplitude of a multilayer piezoactor can be used as criteria for determining and adjusting the resonance of an oscillatory system. The oscillatory system of a resonant-type ultrasonic emitter can be tuned to resonance according to the shape and amplitude of the signal from the force sensor of the multilayer piezoactor. The force sensor is located in series with the multilayer piezoactor and does not require additional structural elements for its fastening. The ultrasonic emitter design is greatly simplified due to the absence of a vibration acceleration sensor. The method of adjusting the resonance of an oscillatory system using only a force sensor is also applied when operating a resonant-type ultrasonic emitter to a multilayer mechanical system. The developed design and technique for tuning the oscillatory system of a resonant-type ultrasonic emitter can be conveniently used when influencing process fluids through the walls of tanks and storage tanks.

ON THE NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE GEOECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF LANDS DISTURBED BY MINING

Link for citation: Gavrilov V.L., Nemova N.A., Reznik A.V., Kosarev N.S., Kolesnikov A.A. On the need for a comprehensive geoecological assessment of lands disturbed by mining. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 76-87. In Rus. The relevance of the study is caused by the need to systematize information on the methods and procedure for obtaining data for a comprehensive geoecological assessment of territories disturbed by mining, based on the initial state of natural and modified components of the environment with the processes and phenomena occurring in it. This enables us to obtain information about the territories required for the development of methods and techniques for the subsequent reclamation of lands disturbed by mining. Objective: using various methods and techniques, to analyze methodological approaches that allow generating the necessary and sufficient volume of primary and required information synthesized on its basis, to proceed from a general to a comprehensive and detailed geoecological assessment of territories and areas disturbed and/or planned to be disturbed by mining operations. Objects: territories of Russia in mining regions disturbed by mining operations. Methods. Pre-selection of materials published in various publications since 2000 was carried out. Russian (E-library, VINITI RAS) and international (Scopus, GeoRef) information systems, websites of specialized and general scientific journals, library collections, and authors’ materials were used. When querying, the following basic terms and phrases were used in various combinations: «geoecological assessment», «assessment methods», «territories disturbed by mining», «remote sensing», «environmental condition». Of more than 1000 pre-identified publications, mostly Russian, devoted to various aspects of collecting and obtaining information on assessing the environmental condition in mining areas, more than 150 were selected. Publications were analyzed taking into account the most complete representation by region and publication. Additionally, materials published by federal and regional management and control authorities were used. The most important and representative ones were included in the review. Results. Existing and promising methods for collecting various data used in the geoecological assessment of territories disturbed by mining are considered. If required, these data will be further processed. Environmental, economic and social problems caused by the influence of mining operations are identified, the solution of these problems requires the generation of various information. The role of reliable and representative primary data measured on various scales is formulated to make a correct assessment of their impact on basic environmental components. The influence of the conditions of mining coal and ore deposits on environmental situation of the territories is considered. The necessity of using a set of methods for collecting and processing information, selected with regard to peculiarities of each mining area and mining specifics of various mineral deposits, is shown.

TRANSPORTATION OF CUTTINGS BY DRILLING MUD IN HORIZONTAL WELLS. PART 1. MODELING THE STRUCTURE OF DISPERSED CURRENTS

Link for citation: Kharlamov S.N., Mehran Janghorbani, Zaykovskiy V.V. Transportation of cuttings by drilling mud in horizontal wells. Part 1. Modeling the structure of dispersed currents. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 34-48. In Rus. The relevance of the research is associated with the development of technical solutions for drilling wells with horizontal endings, in which cleaning the annulus from particles of drilled cuttings in hydraulic transport conditions seems technologically and economically efficient compared to other, for example, mechanical methods. The purpose of the article is to develop a computational methodology/approach to a detailed forecast and deep understanding of the physical mechanism of the influence of hydraulic transport on the well cleaning intensity. Moreover, the strategy of such a study is focused on the choice of flow conditions/rheological parameters of the model, in which the obtained detailed theoretical information on the evolution of the dynamic flow structure should be used in the development of design methods and the formulation of recommendations to engineering personnel for emergency warnings. The object of this study is a new class of viscous currents of dispersed media induced by external and internal forces, characteristic of the functioning of special equipment that ensures the movement of drilling mud with complex rheology in the well through an eccentric annular annulus. Results. The given article is the first part of the study devoted to solving complex problems accompanying the hydraulic transfer of rheologically complex mixtures through wells with an extended horizontal section and their cleaning from drilling cuttings. The first part presents the data on reasonable modeling of hydrodynamics of viscous dispersed mixture within the framework of reference to full equations describing laws of mass conservation, impulse for detection of peculiarities, determination of flow regularities in eccentric area of annular annulus, as well as search for ways of intensification of cleaning under conditions of real drilling. It is assumed that the viscous-inertial-gravitational flow of a liquid of the Herschel–Bulkly type with solid particles (sand) is carried out in conditions of laminar-turbulent, straight-flow and twisted (by the method of a movable wall) flow developing in the space. It is noted that the formation of modes with active and conservative action of external and internal forces allows efficient cleaning of the annulus. System of defining equations of mathematical model of hydrodynamics and mass transfer is analyzed for possibility of taking into account changes in nonlinearity of thermophysical properties, resistance to disturbances at boundaries of flow area and phase separation. It is noted that the prediction of molar processes is carried out within the framework of modern statistical models of the RANS method and the Euler–Lagrangian approach to describing the movement of heterogeneous media implemented in the ANSYS CFD software. It was shown that at the real drilling conditions, the mathematical model is successful in determining the spectrum of local and integral parameters of hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a wide range of changes in drilling conditions, which make it possible to understand the effects of particle sedimentation on the lower wall, the dynamics of vortex separation and the transfer of particles to the low-Reynolds region with a suspended state of the mixture structure and the inertial zone of the flow core. It is noted that the intensity of hydraulic transport downstream is significantly influenced by the conditions of phase entry, rheological characteristics of the mud. The calculations established the flow areas with satisfactory agreement of dynamic characteristics of the flow according to the proposed model with available experimental data, for example, shear stress at the wall, radial distributions of the components of the fluid velocity vector along the length of the well at different angles of deviation of its borehole from the vertical. Moreover, the results of this article should be taken into account when describing the data of the second part, as an addition to the study of hydraulic transport according to the proposed technique of real drilling of horizontal wells with optimal rheological properties of the mud.

EXPERIENCE IN CREATING STANDS FOR TESTING REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OF CRITICAL OIL AND GAS FACILITIES

Link for citation: Odnokopylov G.I., Sarkisov D.Yu. Experience in creating stands for testing reinforced concrete structures of critical oil and gas facilities. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 140-152. In Rus. The relevance of the work is caused by the increased probability of short-term shock and explosive dynamic loads due to terrorist acts and other emergency situations affecting the construction structures of critical buildings and structures of oil and gas facilities. An example of such impacts is the recent terrorist attack on the Nord Stream gas pipelines. Due to the large number of parameters affecting the physical process of deformation of structures with this type of impact, experimental research is currently an integral part of scientific research in this area. Such studies are especially relevant for reinforced concrete structures, which, on the one hand, are very widely used in construction, and on the other, have a complex nonlinear nature of deformation. To conduct experimental research, it is necessary to design and implement specialized stands, with the help of which it is possible to create a short-term dynamic effect on the structure. A review of the literature data has shown that test stands based on drop-weight stands are most often created for conducting such studies. In such stands, the energy of a falling load is used to destroy structures. It follows from the above that the design and improvement of stands for research of reinforced concrete structures on the effect of short-term dynamic loads is an urgent task of practical importance. The purpose of the work is to describe the structures of the test stands created on the basis of the drop-weight stand in the laboratory of the Reinforced Concrete and Stone Structures Department, Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, to identify their main advantages and indicate disadvantages; as well as to state further development paths in the field of design and implementation of such stands. Methods: theoretical analysis of literature and Internet sources, modeling, experimental research. Results. Various modifications of test stands based on a drilling rig for research of reinforced concrete structures have been designed and implemented. The main advantages and disadvantages of such stands are shown and further ways of their development are formulated.

ALGORITHM FOR SUBSTANTIATING FACILITIES SELECTION FOR INTRODUCTION OF OIL PRODUCTION INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE LOWER CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF WESTERN SIBERIA

Link for citation: Mukhametshin V.V., Kuleshova L.S. Algorithm for substantiating facilities selection for introduction of oil production innovative technologies in the conditions of the lower cretaceous deposits of Western Siberia. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 179-186. In Rus. The research relevance due to significant residual oil reserves, concentrated in Cretaceous deposits of the West Siberian oil and gas province, which require the creation of innovative oil production technologies. The important issue in this case is the selection of facilities for experimental industrial work. The main criterion for such selection is the maximum possible analog facilities availability, which will allow efficient technologies replication to improve the technical and economic indicators of facilities with a significant amount of hard-to-recover residual oil reserves. The aim of the research is to create an algorithm for selecting oil production facilities in the conditions of the Western Siberia fields for innovative technologies implementation. Methods: geological and commercial analysis, methods from the image recognition theory when processing geological and commercial material arrays for deposits that have been in development for a long time. Results. The authors proposed an algorithm for selecting development facilities for implementation of innovative technologies at the Lower Cretaceous facilities of the West Siberian oil and gas province. The algorithm was created based on the use of geological and physical parameters of formations affecting predominantly oil recovery. This algorithm creation is based on as well on the formulated criteria that the facility must satisfy (a significant number of facilities analogous to the landfill one in terms of the geological structure and formations and fluid properties affecting to the greatest extent the technical and economic indicators of the deposits development; presence of significant residual or not actively involved in the development oil reserves in analogue deposits; presence of facility identification algorithms, which allow establishing the facilities identity degree and assessing risks when applying new technologies in the conditions of analogue facilities). The selection of polygon objects is proposed to be carried out in three variants: within oil and gas-bearing areas, within stratigraphic systems, within tectonic elements, depending on the requirements of the subsurface user. The obtained algorithms make it possible to select objects for replication of positive practices, as well as to increase the success of the implementation of innovative technologies.

FIRST EXPERIENCE IN THE ZONAL FORECAST OVER THE MOSCOW ARTESIAN BASIN FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CCS PROJECTS

Link for citation: Novikov D.A., Fomina (Sadykova) Ya.V., Yurchik I.I., Derkachev A.S., Chernykh A.V., Dultsev F.F., Maksimova A.A., Nikitenkov A.N., Knyazev A.G. First experience in the zonal forecast over the Moscow artesian basin for the implementation of CCS projects. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 119-139. In Rus. The relevance of the investigation is caused by a substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions all over the world, which is the most essential ecological problem causing climate change, glaciers melting, and atmospheric pollution. The most efficient method to reduce emissions is long-term carbon dioxide capture and storage in geological formations. Since the enterprises emitting carbon dioxide are highly concentrated in the European part of the Russian Federation, it is reasonable to arrange carbon dioxide storage facilities within the boundaries of the Moscow artesian basin. The goal of investigation was to make a zonal forecast of the outlooks for the implementation of CCS projects at the territory of the Moscow artesian basin, to reveal the geological structures that are promising for carbon dioxide storage, and evaluate the potential capacity of traps for carbon dioxide capture and storage. The objects of investigation are water-bearing and waterproof horizons of the lower aquifer in the Moscow artesian basin. Methods. A system of criteria for the zonal forecast of hydrogeological structures is proposed to implement the projects aimed at geological capture and storage of carbon dioxide in deep aquifers, relying on the actual international and Russian normative basis on the burial of carbon dioxide, industrial wastewaters, toxic wastes, arrangement and monitoring of underground storage facilities. Evaluation system includes eight groups of criteria: general hydrogeological, structural-tectonic, lithological, hydrodynamic, geothermal, hydrogeochemical, environmental, and resource-related. Within each group of criteria, two and more parameters affecting evaluation of the suitability of a territory for CCS project implementation are distinguished. Results. Evaluation of the potential of the Moscow artesian basin from the viewpoint of its suitability for long-term CO2 storage has been carried out for the first time. The forecast over the proposed criteria allowed us to map the lands with different degrees of prospective viability. The structures of medium promise include 16 geological structures with the initial CO2 capture and storage capacity of 150,6 billion tons in water-dissolved state and of 13,4 billion tons in the supercritical state. In addition, the regions of low and zero promise were distinguished. Analysis results allow us to pass to the local evaluation of the structures of medium promise in order to perform licensing and to assign the structures to the foundation of potential carbon dioxide storage facilities, which implies more detailed investigation of collectors and impermeable seal rocks, structural tectonic parameters, computer simulation of water–rock–gas interactions, and compulsory laboratory experiments.

POSSIBILIITY OF URANIUM EXTRACTION FROM SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL IN FUSED ELECTROLITES CONTAINING RARE ELEMENTS

Link for citation: Nikitin D.I., Polovov I.B., Rebrin O.I. Possibility of uranium extraction from spent nuclear fuel in fused electrolytes containing rare elements . Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 210-218. In Rus. The relevance of the research is caused by the plans of using electrolytic separation of metalized spent nuclear fuel as a stage in pyrochemical reprocessing of mixed nitride uranium-plutonium fuel. The main aim is to determine the parameters of uranium electrolytic separation from an alloy with simulators of fission products (precious metals and rare earth elements) simulating spent nuclear fuel in salt mixtures based on 3LiCl–2KCl with additives of rare earth element chlorides. Objects: model spent nuclear fuel – uranium alloy with simulators of fission product (precious metals and rare earth elements) with a mass compound of Pd:Ru:Ag:Rh=25:1:3:3, Nd:Ce:La:Pr:Sm:Y=15:10:5:5:5:1). Methods: electrorefining, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction method of analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, assessment of distribution of components in the system. Results. The data obtained showed that uranium deposits have dendrite formations of alpha-uranium at 550 °C in orthorhombic crystal system toward needle cathode current density. The resulting cathode deposits are free from impurities of ruthenium, rhodium, molybdenum, praseodymium and yttrium. The purification coefficient for palladium reaches 3000, and for silver 1700. Noble metals accumulate in the anode sludge, and even with the complete depletion of the anode material. The concentration of noble metals in the cathode deposit does not exceed 0,0015 wt %. Despite the high concentration of rare-earth chlorides in the electrolyte, which simulates the accumulation of rare-earth ions during repeated reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, the concentration of rare-earth metals in the cathode product did not exceed 0,007 wt %. During uranium electrowinning from a model spent nuclear fuel in the 3LiCl–2KCl–UCl3 electrolyte (10,1 wt %) with REE chlorides, which imitate their accumulation in the electrolyte during repeated processing, at 550 °C, as well as the initial cathode current density of 0,2 A/cm2, the specific amount of electricity is 1,0 A∙h/cm2. A cathode uranium deposit is released with a current efficiency exceeding 90 % with all anode mass depletion, and purification coefficient 1800 for the sum of precious metals and for the sum of rare earth metals.

DIGITAL СORE: TEMPERATURE FIELD INFLUENCE ON TWO-PHASE FILTRATION OF FLUIDS IN ROCKS

Link for citation: Katanov Yu.E., Yagafarov A.K., Aristov A.I. Digital сore: temperature field influence on two-phase filtration of fluids in rocks. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 108-118. In Rus. Relevance. Computational fluid dynamics is a powerful tool for studying geological processes. Fluid flow equations in porous media can be solved directly with the resulting three-dimensional X-ray and computer tomographic images. Numerous studies of the geological features of rocks depend on heat transfer in porous materials. These processes include heat conduction in the rock material, convection between matter and the surrounding gas, electrical conductivity, viscous dissipation of fluids, kinetics of chemical reactions, and interfacial heat transfer at the solid/liquid interface. While energy transfer in porous media under conditions of local thermal equilibrium is well studied on the scale of Darcy's law, it is less often considered in porous models. Heat transfer can be accounted for by creating a «heat network» based on a porous network model representing a set of fluid-conducting channels with an appropriate solution to the unified energy balance equation. It is also necessary to take into account convective transfer of thermal energy by the flow of liquid phases (oil, water), each of which is represented by a separate network. Knowing the distribution of the temperature field in the texture of each lithological type of rock, it is possible to determine the probabilistic displacement of the fluid displacement front in the corresponding fluid-conducting space of the rock. Objective: neural network modeling of the effect of the temperature field on the filtration characteristics of hydrocarbons in the fluid-conducting space of rocks. Objects: polymictic sandstones of the Tyumen Formation. Methods. Digital reconstruction of rock texture was performed using artificial intelligence methods and neural networks; neural network algorithms of probabilistic displacement front of two-phase flow (oil, water) were developed in Python programming language; methodical approach to the study of thermal field propagation in rock texture and its influence on two-phase fluid flow was developed using Fourier law, Navier–Stokes equations and similarity criteria of hydrocarbon systems. Results. We developed algorithms for neural network modeling of the temperature field in the fluid-conducting space of a rock (polymictic sandstone) as well as neural network algorithms to estimate the displacement of two-phase filtration front under the corresponding influence of the temperature distribution in the texture of a digital core. The basic mathematical models of these algorithms are outlined. The source code of the algorithms is written in the Python programming language with additional use of non-commercial libraries. The results of neural network modeling have a high degree of reliability, confirmed by experiments with the data obtained in the laboratory of core studies (University of Tyumen, Tyumen), the laboratory of the V.I. Shpilman Research and Analytical Centre for the Rational Use of the Subsoil (Khanty-Mansiysk), laboratory of digital research in oil and gas in the framework of the technological project «Digital core» (Industrial University of Tyumen, Tyumen).

EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING SPENT TURBINE OIL AS A LUBRICATING ADDITIVE IN DRILLING MUD

Link for citation: Lambin A.I., Averkina E.V., Erygina A.N., Averkin N.A. Evaluation of the possibility of using spent turbine oil as a lubricating additive in drilling mud. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 169-178. In Rus. The relevance. The consumption of lubricants and, as a result, the volume of used oils increases annually. As a result, large volumes of them are accumulated, which require standard methods of handling them. It is known that oils, including waste ones, are used as lubricating additives to drilling mud. The practice of recent years has shown the expediency of replacing lubricating additives with used lubricating oils, which would ensure the preservation of the main and the achievement of new properties. This article presents the results of a study of micelle-forming solutions under the influence of Na and K salts on their filtration and crust-forming properties. The main aim: evaluation of the possibility of using spent turbine oil in the drilling mud as a component of a lubricating additive, as well as its effect on the main parameters of the drilling mud; study of the effect of oil, ether and salt interaction on the filtration and crust-forming properties of drilling mud. Objects: spent turbine engine oils selected at the drilling site during the construction of the well. Methods. Drilling mud indicators were measured. Water, technical oil and ether were used to form micelles. The studies were carried out using the methodology of a complete factor experiment, in which the studied effects of salt in solutions were approximated in the form of first-order polynomials. Results. By comparing the first coefficients of the polynomial models, a significant effect of sodium chloride on the rheological and filtration properties of solutions and the stickiness of their filtration films was revealed. The effect of chlorides on a group of eight solutions in different oil fractions was statistically confirmed, for which the Student and Mann–Whitney criteria were used. The paper introduces the graphical interpretation of some approximations of the equations of the effect the solution ingredients interaction on the response value.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC LOGGING METHODS WHEN STUDYING TIGHTNESS OF CASING STRINGS IN WELLS OF URANIUM DEPOSITS

Link for citation: Sharapatov A., Assirbek N., Samanbetov N. Evaluation of the efficiency of electric logging methods when studying tightness of casing strings in wells of uranium deposits. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 7-15. In Rus. The relevance. When exploiting uranium deposits using the method of in-situ leaching, many problematic issues arise. Among them, it is possible to distinguish a violation of the integrity and tightness of the polymer casing, which leads to leakage of solutions due to defects and threaded connections, colmatation, etc. With the help of geophysical wells surveys, namely current logging and resistivity logging, there is a technological possibility of obtaining actual data on the leakage of solutions into the near-wellbore space (their location, size). The distribution of solutions in the annulus lead to technological and environmental violations during the development of deposits. The main aim: comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of current logging and resistivity logging in solving technological problems – assessment of the integrity of polymer pipes and tightness of threaded connections in the casing of uranium wells and determination of the parameters of liquidation of wells with damaged columns based on the data of current logging or resistivity logging in the casing. Objects: artificial defects in the casing for experimental work: holes in pipes with different diameters and locations, leaky connections of casing pipes. Methods. The work was carried out at one of the sites of the Shu-Sarysu province uranium deposit and includes the following activities: preparation of polymer casing strings for the experiment; physical and technical justification of using geophysical wells surveys methods to study the problem; performing measurement work by current logging and resistivity logging methods; performing computational work using current logging, resistivity logging readings and obtaining values of a probabilistic parameter for evaluation of the state of the casing strings and the decision on the operation of wells; comparative analysis and drawing conclusions on the informativeness of borehole geophysical (electrical) methods. Results. Research results showed that to solve the problem of monitoring the technical condition of casing strings, the use of the resistivity logging method is optimal. The conclusions of the research are based on the analysis of the nature of changes in the diagrams of the electrical methods of current logging and resistivity logging, the sensitivity of the measured values of the electric field to defects in the casing. The quantitative values of the parameter % ANO – the amount of current leakage (anomalies) obtained by calculation according to current logging and resistivity logging data are probabilistic in nature. They made it possible to develop recommendations for making technological and/or managerial decisions on the condition of casing strings and the further use of production wells with various defects in them.

USE OF THE DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING TO ASSESS THE EFFICIENCY OF SEPARATION OF SUSPENDED AND COLLOIDAL PARTICLES IN RIVER WATERS BY FILTRATION AND CENTRIFUGATION

Link for citation: Shulkin V.M. Use of the dynamic light scattering to assess the efficiency of separation of suspended and colloidal particles in river waters by filtration and centrifugation. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 88-97. In Rus. The relevance of the study is stipulated by the need to control the completeness and accuracy of the separation of suspended and colloidal particles using filtration and centrifugation methods during the analysis of the chemical composition of river waters. The main goal: to test and evaluate the possibility of using the method of dynamic light scattering to monitor the effectiveness of separation of suspended and colloidal particles of river waters by filtration and centrifugation. Objects: waters of typical rivers of the south of the Russian Far East with different levels of anthropogenic load and landscape structure of watersheds, which leads to obvious variations in the concentration levels of dissolved, colloidal and suspended forms of chemical elements in rivers, as well as to different content and grain size composition of suspended matter. Methods: measurement of the dynamic light scattering intensity, including its size distribution, using the Photocor COMPACT Z device in unfiltered samples of river waters, as well as in the filtrates through capsule and membrane filters with varying degrees of clogging, and in the supernatants obtained under various conditions. At the same time, the sum content of suspended and coarse-colloidal particles in the initial samples of river waters was determined gravimetrically after filtration through membrane filters with a pore size of 0,45 μm. Results. The dynamic light scattering intensity in unfiltered river waters demonstrates a significant linear dependence on the suspension content in the range of 5–150 mg/l, determined gravimetrically. In filtrates via a membrane or capsule filter of 0,45 μm, the dynamic light scattering intensity does not depend on the suspension content in the unfiltered samples. Analysis of the size distribution of dynamic light scattering intensity in the unfiltered samples, and in the filtrates confirms the removal efficiency of particles larger than 0,45 μm both at the filtration through membrane or capsule filters, and at the centrifugation for 30' at 4500 rpm. Dynamic light scattering allows characterizing the efficiency of separation of suspended and coarse-colloidal particles in river waters from thin colloids and dissolved forms using membrane and capsule filters, as well as centrifugation. Thus, it becomes possible to control the processes of filters clogging and choose the optimal method for separation of suspended and colloidal particles at the chemical analysis of river waters.

DEVELOPMENT AND CONFIGURATION OF A FULL-ORDER OBSERVER FOR «CABLE LINE – INDUCTION MOTOR» ELECTRICAL COMPLEX

Link for citation: Rakov I.V., Glazyrin A.S., Kladiev S.N. Development and configuration of a full-order observer for «cable line – induction motor» electrical complex. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 219-231. In Rus. The relevance. The task of oil production specialists is to minimize all types of energy consumption, ensuring an increase in oil production profitability because of the following reasons. First of all, availability of oil reserves with low energy consumption decreases, and the number of gushing wells reduces, along with increase in water content in the extracted liquid. One of the methods of reducing energy consumption in wells with low and moderate flow rate, equipped with electric submersible pumps, is a well transfer from continuous to periodic operation mode, namely cyclic well operation. This involves alternating short periods of oil production (up to 15 minutes) with liquid accumulation (up to 30 minutes) in the wellbore. Well switching to a cyclic operation mode leads to a 40 % reduction in electric power consumption by the submersible electric motor, as well as increase in oil production up to 3 %. This can be achieved by partial gravitational separation of the extracted liquid at the accumulation stage. However, a negative consequence of switching to a cyclic operation mode is a reduction in an average time between failures. This is due to increase in current surges and torque during rapid acceleration of the submersible electric motor to the rated speed. Transition from a scalar control system with an open loop to a vector control system without sensors can settle these problems. To implement a vector control system, it is necessary to obtain information about the state variables of a submersible electric motor. Construction of a full-order observer based on explicit mathematical models is considered as a promising method of obtaining information, taking into account the main advantages and disadvantages of direct measurement and indirect estimation of state variables. Based on the above, the urgent task is to develop a full-cycle observer for the electromechanical complex «cable line – induction motor» and a methodology for its configuration. The settlement of this issue will create prerequisites for implementation of a vector control system by a submersible electric motor. The main aim: to develop and experimentally validate the effectiveness of a full-order observer for the electrical complex «cable line – induction motor» using voltage and current measurements at a cable line input. Methods: literature analysis, system analysis, mathematical modeling, experimental research. Results. The authors have developed and tested a full-order observer for the «cable line – induction motor» electrical complex. The results of this study confirm the efficiency of the developed observer and its potential applicability for implementing a vector control system for electric submersible pumps. Ultimately, this will enable the transition of low- and medium-flow-rate oil wells to a cyclically operated mode without a significant reduction of the mean time between failures.

3D-MODELING TECHNOLOGY OF INITIAL OIL SATURATION IN TRANSITIONAL OIL-WATER ZONE BY COMPLEX OF CAPILLARIMETRY AND ELECTRIC LOGGING METHODS

Link for citation: Potekhin D.V., Shiryaev E.O., Galkin S.V. 3D-modeling technology of initial oil saturation in transitional oil-water zone by complex of capillarimetry and electric logging methods. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 98-107. In Rus. The relevance. The 3D distribution of the initial oil saturation in the reservoir volume is one of the key elements of geological and technological modeling, largely determining the quality of subsequent development design solutions. The publication presents an analysis of the current state of the problem of studying the oil-water transition zone and the distribution of oil saturation. For terrigenous hydrophilic reservoirs, electric lateral logging quite reliably controls the fluid saturation of the void space of the oil part of the deposit, which suggests the possibility of its integration with widely used capillarimetry methods. Aim: to evaluate the possibility of reliably determining the oil saturation of terrigenous hydrophilic reservoirs by combining the data of electrical lateral logging, filtration-capacitance properties of reservoirs and capillarimetric core studies, to build a 3D model of the distribution of the initial oil saturation of reservoirs in oil deposits, taking into account the allocation of the oil-water transition zone. Object: oil-saturated reservoirs of the Visean oil deposits of the Perm region. Method: methods of multidimensional mathematical modeling in the development of a methodology for determining the initial oil saturation of reservoirs based on a complex of well logging and capillarimetric studies of the core, construction of 3D distribution of the initial oil saturation of the reservoir, taking into account the parameters of the oil-water transition zone. Results. The authors, based on the developed methodology for the deposit of the reservoir Bb of the Aspinskoe field, built a 3D model of the distribution of the initial oil saturation. For the studied reservoir, they carried out the analysis of distribution of zones of free saturation, undersaturation, transition zone and limiting oil saturation. The resulting 3D model can be used in geological and technological modeling of the development of an oil deposit.

PATTERNS OF THE REGIONAL URANIUM STATUS FORMATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

Link for citation: Zlobina A.N., Farkhutdinova L.M., Farkhutdinov I.M., Belyanovskaya N.V., Baranovskaya N.V., Chesalova E.I., Farkhutdinov A.M., Khayrulina L.A., Krestyannikova E.V. Patterns of the regional uranium status formation on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 153-168. In Rus. The relevance of the research. Uranium is a radioactive, carcinogenic, toxic element that can be accumulated in human body and cause various pathologies (the risk of kidney dysfunction, the development of leukemia, colorectal cancer etc.). This determines the relevance of studying the patterns of distribution of this chemical element in the living environment. Drinking water is the main source of uranium for the human body. This fact can be confirmed by calculating the accumulation coefficient and correlation analysis, which showed a high dependence of the concentration of uranium in hair on its content in the scale of drinking water. The method for assessing the uranium status of a territory, including geochemical, lithological, hydrogeological, tectonic analyses, and the study of technogenic factors, makes it possible to fairly accurately determine the main sources of uranium feeding of drinking water. The main aim: to assess the significance of geoecological factors on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the formation of the regional uranium status based on the study of the uranium content in drinking water and hair of residents. Methods. Uranium concentration in the scale of drinking water and the hair of children was studied using instrumental neutron activation analysis applying the research nuclear reactor IRT-T TPU. For data processing, the Statistica 10 and Microsoft Excel 2013 software packages were used. A map of uranium spatial distribution was built using the ArcGIS 10.2 software in the Geostatistical Analyst module applying the inverse distance weighting method. Results. On the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, there is a wide range of uranium values both in the scale of drinking water (range from 0,01 to 61,0 mg/kg) and in hair of residents (range from 0,001 to 0,411 mg/kg). The average content of uranium in the scale of drinking water (515 samples) was 5,4 mg/kg and in hair (182 samples) was 0,04 mg/kg. Uranium spatial distribution is in clear agreement with the geoecological conditions of the area. Zones of increased uranium concentration in scale and hair are distinguished, where the uranium content is higher than the background value in the republic: the western platform and southern mountain zones. Along with positive anomalies, there are negative ones, where the level of the element is below the average: the northern platform and northern mountain zones. Uneven uranium distribution is explained by both natural (a wide variety of rocks, hydrogeological and tectonic factors) and technogenic factors (development of oil and ore deposits). The conducted correlation analysis showed a direct dependence of U content in children's hair on its concentration in the scale of drinking water (R2=0,8), which indicates the leading role of drinking water in uranium intake into human body. Considering the revealed higher level of uranium in hair of the inhabitants of Bashkortostan compared to a number of other regions of the Russian Federation and the world, as well as the ability of this chemical element to be accumulated in the body, the study of the uranium status influence on health of the population is of particular relevance. The results obtained can serve as a theoretical basis for elucidating the biological role of uranium and solving the fundamental problem of the relationship between geoecology and human health.