Site Of Tomb Research Articles

Reinventing Sacred Ground Amidst Natural Disaster: The Holy Islamic Tomb in Seventeenth-Century Quanzhou

The Holy Islamic Tomb at Lingshan Mountain in Quanzhou, China, is believed to be the final resting place of two of the Prophet Muhammad’s disciples who were dispatched as missionaries in the early seventh century. While prior scholarship has centred on verifying the tradition’s chronology, this article foregrounds the role of environmental actors in the tomb site’s ascent to prominence. I argue that the holy tomb (shengmu) tradition did not emerge until the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century, so its invention should be analysed alongside concurrent climate hazards that plagued late Ming China (1368–1644). Uncommon episodes of snowfall, flooding, drought, and associated famines drove Quanzhou’s local communities towards popular religious practices. Muslim visitation practices in Quanzhou, which experienced a restrained period following the decline of Mongol rule, re-emerged into universal consciousness and became integral to the city’s spiritual landscape by aligning with Chinese allegorical narratives. Through this reinvented tradition, the Holy Islamic Tomb was characterized as a site blessed by the heavens during times of cosmic disturbances. Instead of passive assimilation, through which religious identities may be diluted, the active participation of Quanzhou Muslims in local practices empowered them to elevate and honour Islamic traditions within a predominantly non-Muslim society.

수서동 유적으로 본 조선시대 사찰의 성격 변화 연구

Since its arrival in Korea in A.D. 372, Buddhism gained widespread acceptance with support from the royal family and ruling classes. However, during the Joseon Dynasty, Buddhism declined as Confucian scholars came to power, leading to a reduction in national economic backing for temples. Despite this, the royal family and prominent families continued to support Buddhism initially. Nevertheless, the role of temples in rituals and tomb protection diminished as Confucianism gained prominence. The Imjin War expedited the decline of royal tombs, with even Neungchimsa Temple, responsible for their management, ceasing to exist in some cases. Some temples near Neung were designated for tomb management but without financial support, they too declined. The Suseo-dong ruins, constructed in the late 15th century and active until the 19th century, consisted of 12 buildings and four tile kilns. Initially, nine buildings and kilns were built around a central yard in the late 15th century. Later, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the kilns were destroyed, and three overlapping buildings were arranged. Excavations revealed high-quality porcelain, sharpen tiles, and dragon-patterned tiles suitable for royal or related facilities, along with lotus and Sanskrit marked tiles used in temples. In 1495, the tomb site of Gwangpyung Prince (1425-1444) was relocated to the Seonneung site, and a Bunam for the Gwangpyung Prince family was erected, serving for at least a century. Between the early 17th century and 1728, the site was known as Bongheon Temple, later dedicated to Jopo Temple, responsible for managing Heonneung. The temple's nature shifted from a private family temple (Bunam) to a tomb management temple (Jopo). Despite maintaining its reputation until at least 1872, Bongheon Temple eventually closed due to a lack of economic support.

만경강유역 마한 분묘의 전개 양상과 의미

Changes in the culture of Mahan tombs in the Mangyeonggang River basin can be divided into the period of prosperity of Jeokseok Wooden Tomb and the Tomb of the Tokwang (Mokgwan) Tomb related to the establishment of Mahan, the period of prosperity of the Bungu Tomb, and the period of traditional continuity of the Bungu Tomb after the Baekje Kingdom.
 Jeokseokmokgwanmyo and Tokwangmyo were central tombs during the establishment of Mahan, and the distribution of numerous large-scale cluster Tokwangmyo in this area is also an active basis for showing that the Mangyeonggang River basin was the most important area and center in relation to the establishment of Mahan. It can be said that the influx of new groups and cultures played a major role in the region rather than the instrumental development of indigenous forces due to the formation of a new culture different from before.
 Bungumyo is the central tomb of Mahan, which began to appear in the area when the earthenware tombs were prevalent and was used for a long time until the mid-6th century when it was replaced by a complete Baekje culture after the territorialization of Baekje. At first, it has an independent graveyard and emerges around the 2nd century B.C. in the form of a general, and gradually the connection of the main building and burial facilities change into a multi-section, and a series of changes occur through various types of expansion. However, depending on the region, there are differences in the multiple-place pattern centered on the burial subject and the non-burial subject, and in Iksan, regional features such as Wanju Sangun-ri and Jeonju Jangdong are not identified. In addition, in the southern region, starting with the Geumgang River, the appearance of a large-scale dedicated coffin is another characteristic of this region, as the pattern of the retaining tube is generally seen in the appearance of a large-scale dedicated coffin.
 In addition, it is difficult to find an instrumental development process and succession from the culture of the Tokwang (woodwind) Tomb during the previous Mahan period. However, the culture of the tomb can also be seen as the emergence of a new culture, but in general, factors that can be examined for the connection with the culture of indigenous forces before the Tokwang(wooden) tomb culture are identifiedrather than the introduction and spread of culture at once. This is also a matter that needs to be studied more.
 It is difficult to grasp the aspect of Mahan small country in the Mangyeonggang River basin area only with archaeological data of residential and tomb. However, hierarchies and hierarchies have been identified between remains in the earth mine (wooden) tomb stage during the Mahan establishment period, but it is still difficult to distinguish the territorial rights within the region during this period and to observe regional characteristics. It is believed that a full-fledged small Mahan-level political body will be possible in the stage of the prosperity of the tomb, where regional characteristics become clear. Considering the distribution patterns and characteristics of residential and tomb sites, it is estimated that the area can be divided into about 10 to 11 areas, which is somewhat similar to the county and prefecture units during the Baekje period.

Development of a Museum Virtual Tour Based on the Art Steps Application of the Lae Meang Old Tomb Site, Pakpak Bharat, Indonesia

Development of a Museum Virtual Tour Based on the Art Steps Application of the Lae Meang Old Tomb Site, Pakpak Bharat, Indonesia

The Role of Religious Tourism in the Ampel Region in Maintaining the Culture of Pilgrimage of the Wali's Tomb

Pilgrimage to the tombs of saints is considered important for some Muslims. The tombs of saints in Java Island have now become tourist destinations to preserve cultural heritage and religious-based tourism, including the tomb of Sunan Ampel in Surabaya. This article aims to examine the content of the text through a qualitative and interdisciplinary approach, explaining the dimensions and strategies for developing pilgrimage tourism at the tomb of Sunan Ampel. The research results show that there are various types of sacred places, such as the tombs of the Wali Sanga, tombs of religious figures, and mosques left by the saints. Pilgrimage tourism at the tomb of Sunan Ampel has spiritual, social, cultural, and environmental components that require comprehensive planning and design, as well as a specific perspective to develop the tomb site, including the arrangement of food and souvenir sales areas, the conditions of the local community, cultural and social contexts, pilgrimage rituals and traditions, the needs of pilgrims, functional infrastructure, tourism, and services.

Potensi Situs Masjid Makam Mantingan dan Makam Auliya Daeng Sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Indonesia

The research aims to determine the history of Islamic heritage in Jepara, namely the Mantingan Mosque and Tomb site and the Auliya Daeng Tomb. Qualitative methods are used with historical approaches including heuristics, source verification, data interpretation and report writing. The Mantingan Mosque is a cross-cultural blend in Jepara society. The shape of the mosque which is tall and has steps in common with the punden terraces, a relic of the pre-literate era, namely the Megalithic era. On the roof of the mosque you can see the shape of a joglo like a traditional Javanese house, but at the end of the roof there is a pointed shape like a Chinese ethnic house. On the walls of the mosque there are also white stone carvings as the influence of Hindu-Buddhist and Chinese culture. This description explains that the Mantingan Mosque is a concrete example of a harmonious blend of cultures by the people of Jepara during the early days of the spread of Islam in Indonesia. Auliya Daeng Tomb is a historical site located not far from the Mantingan Mosque and Tomb. Auliya Daeng's grave site is located in Krapyak Village, Tahunan District, Jepara. The tomb has something in common with the presence of ancient brick construction in the tomb. Other forms of gravestones have Bugis, Aceh and Demak influences. This legacy indicates that Islam in Java developed long before Demak was founded. In addition, the discovery of Auliya Daeng's grave is a form of tolerance for the Indonesian people, who have always been diverse and multicultural.

WESTERN HAN NOBLE BURIALS: A VIEW FROM ZHANG ANSHI'S 張安世 TOMB

AbstractThe family cemetery of Zhang Anshi was the first cemetery for nobles to be discovered in which the tomb occupants, dating, and gravesite orientation was so clear to investigators. As such, the site is of enormous historical significance. This essay introduces the entire site to readers and extrapolates aspects of the Western Han mourning regulations from the evidence presented by the jade suits, carriage and horse sets, tomb figurines, shrine, and layout. The essay also assesses scholarly debates concerning the degree to which Zhang Anshi's burial conforms to standards of late Western Han, and the relationship between Emperor Xuan's burial site and Duling with the site of Zhang Anshi's own tomb, questioning the traditional beliefs about “accompanying burials.”

3D Digital protection and representation of burial ruins based on LiDAR and UAV survey

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of digital protection of burial sites, the digital protection of burial sites was studied by the collaborative observation technology of LiDAR and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping. Multi-feature constrained iterative global registration algorithm is used to realize fast registration of multi-site cloud, the Structure from motion (SFM)-based algorithm is used to generate dense point cloud from UAV image, and then the Iterative Closest Point(ICP) algorithm is used to realize the fusion of point cloud data on-site and image. According to the fused data, a variety of measurable results, such as high-precision burial model and contour map, are produced, and an orthophoto generation system is written independently, which can fully automatically generate high-precision orthophoto map and realize the digitalization of the burial sites. Taking the protection application of the burial site in Yaoheyuan, Ningxia, one of the top 10 archeological discoveries in China in 2017, with guaranteed data accuracy and integrity, the surveying and mapping data of the tomb site was obtained quickly. The global registration accuracy of the proposed algorithm is within 1 cm, and the registration efficiency was superior to the current mainstream open source algorithm, which verified the feasibility and efficiency of this method. It provides an effective scheme for the digital protection of burial cultural heritage, and is also suitable for the digital protection of other heritage sites in the World Heritage List such as Panlongcheng Site and Sanxingdui.

‘The city’s other face’: Postsecular feminism and the creation of sacred space by women in Kurdish Turkey

ABSTRACT Geographers have examined how sacred spaces are made spiritually meaningful through embodied practice. This paper brings together scholarship on post-secular feminism and geographies of religion to develop a theory of non-subversive power in the sacred space literature. This paper demonstrates how Kurdish women create sacred space through embodied Islamic mystical practices in Kurdish Turkey and how these practices carve out a space for creative existence within and alongside state and masculinist systems of power, not against. Using a post-secular feminist framing and building on conversations of power in the sacred space literature, we show how the formation of sacred space forms the feminine subject and constitutes an act of feminine agency. Specifically, we focus on two material and sacred sites: private communal prayer houses and public tomb sites used for communal petitions. In these spaces, women organize and lead collective and embodied meditations and petitions that centre their desires, concerns, and wishes in a common register to create, following Saba Mahmood, a ‘politics in unusual places’.

Metastatic carcinoma in human remains from TT110, Luxor, Egypt (ancient Thebes).

Commingled human remains were discovered in TT110 (Djehuty tomb; Dynasty XVIII), located in El Sheikh Abd el Qurna, Luxor, Egypt. The tomb had been reused over a long period of time (1570-332 BCE). In a small area distinct from the comingled remains, an incomplete skull and two os coxae fragments, consistent with that of a young adult female, between 25 and 40 years of age were found. A detailed macroscopic and radiologic analysis was performed at the tomb site. The three bone fragments showed abundant small to medium sized osteolytic lesions compatible with a diagnosis of late stage metastatic carcinoma or, less likely, multiple myeloma. The age and sex of the individual favors the possibility of breast cancer as the primary making this one of the oldest cases of metastases reported from ancient Egypt.

Effects of different light wavelengths on mold growth in tomb

The Second Mausoleum of the Southern Tang Dynasty have a history of more than 1,000 years in China. Since its opening in 1984, the building materials and murals inside the tomb have been severely damaged by mold. Field investigation found that the mold growth on the wall illuminated by the light in the tomb was more flourishing than that in the area without the light. Lighting in the tomb is inevitable for the exhibition. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of different light wavelengths on the growth of mold in the tomb, and provide the theoretical basis for the lighting design in the tomb chamber. This study is divided into two parts, including in-situ experiment and laboratory experiment. In the in-situ experiment, four kinds of light wavelengths (white, red, blue, and green) were set in the tomb chamber to observe the difference of mold growth on the mural wall. The concentration of phototrophs propagules on different auricular walls was estimated in the laboratory.The results showed that different light sources had different effects on microbial community composition in the tomb site and the red light had better inhibition effect on fungi and actinobacteria.

Landscape valuation of historical tourism site in Northern Iran: A case study from Sheikh-Zahed Tomb

Abstract In Iran, the importance of landscapes and the need to preserve these unique assets is not particularly recognized especially at tourism and environmental sites. This study investigated the landscape valuation of Sheikh-Zahed Tomb in Northern Iran. The contingent valuation method (CVM), which is based on a survey model, was used to assess visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) in order to preserve the landscape. The data used in this study were collected though face-to-face interviews with 157 visitors to a historic tomb in the first half of 2019. The results indicate that the average of respondents’ WTP to preserve the landscape was 0.47 $ per year. The annual total economic value (TEV) of the landscape is estimated to be 11 960 782 $. Respondents’ age, monthly income of the respondent’s household, the tomb accessibility, the tomb architectural attraction, and proposed price for the landscape preservation had significant effects on WTP. Proposed empirical model (CVM) provides a comprehensive framework for illustrating landscape valuation of natural heritages and historical tourism sites globally as well as in Iran. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • The evaluation of landscape values of historical site of Sheikh-Zahed tomb (Iran) for visitors is presented. • Both types of qualitative and quantitative variables affect WTP of visitors for the landscape preservation. • Among the key factors, the accessibility to the landscape affects its value for visitors, and the pristine and original landscape of the tomb is important for visitors.

영산강 유역의 古墳 祭祀와 그 변화 －나주 복암리 3호분을 중심으로－

영산강유역에서의 고분 공헌토기는 壺의 지속적인 사용과 완의 감소, 그리고 개배･유공광구소호･병이 증가하는 방향으로 변화한다. 이러한 변화는 토기의 비실용성이 높아지는 현상인데 이러한 현상은 공헌음식의 量이 축소되고 그 상징성을 중시하는 방향으로 고분 제사가 바뀌어 갔음을 말한다. 3세기 전엽으로부터 약 400년의 시간을 거치는 동안 복암리 3호분의 여러 매장시설에서는 제사의 공간 즉 祭場이 바뀌는 변화도 있었다. 옹관이 석실이라는 새로운 매장공간을 만나면서 옹관묘 고유의 기물공헌 방식인 관내외 공헌 전통으로부터 관외공헌 방식으로 변화하는 것이다. 또 각 매장시설에서 기물공헌의례와 음식공헌의례가 공간적으로 분리되어 가는 5단계의 변화도 발견할 수 있다. 96석실의 경우 현실 내부에서 기물공헌과 음식공헌이 모두 이루어졌지만 후기의 늦은 석실묘에서는 현실 내에 棺과 함께 기물을 공헌하고 난 뒤 그 밖으로 나와서 연도에서 음식공헌 의례를 지내는 방식으로 정형화된다. 복암리 3호분에서의 이러한 변화는 일본의 고분제사와 비교하면 현실에서의 공헌의례와 연도에서의 공헌의례가 기능적으로 분리되어 갔다는 특징이 있다. 후기에 이르면 연도부에서 치러진 제사에서만 음식 공헌의례가 이루어지게 된다.<BR> 고분제사에 쓰인 공헌품의 구성 내용이 피장자를 이해하는 자료가 될 가능성이 있다. 피장자를 상징하는 기물로서 그의 무덤 공헌품을 자손들이 선택했다고 해석할 수 있는 부분이다. 공헌품 내에서 철촉의 비중이 큰 10호묘나 무기류는 거의 없고 91과에 달할 정도로 구슬이 많이 묻힌 7호묘의 경우가 그러하다. 10호묘의 피장자는 활쏘기에 능했던 武士로서의 삶을 살았던 사람으로, 7호묘의 피장자는 여성으로 추정할 수 있다. 朱砂가 담긴 완이 공헌되어 있고 운모가 검출된 15호묘는 종교적 의례를 주관하는 일에 종사했던 사람이었던 것으로 추정해 볼 수 있다.

Viewsheds of cubic mountaintop tombs in Upper Tibet (Zhang Zhung)

Cubic tombs once interred high priests of the ancient, pre-Buddhist Bon religion atop seemingly isolated hills and mountains in Upper Tibet. These tombs were constructed in and around the time of the semi-mythical Zhang Zhung kingdom. While there are good reasons to believe the tombs were intended to primarily serve the interred, the locations of the tombs are conspicuously accessible and potentially visible from afar suggesting broader spatial and therefore social significance. A total viewshed analysis around each of 31 known tomb sites compared the tombs' visibility with their surrounding landscapes using a GIS. The resulting spatial model indicates that most tombs are significantly more visible than the surrounding landscape and that the general pattern is not due to chance or elevation effects. The tombs are also located near and around other known sites, including stelae and forts. Together, results suggest that tombs may have been intentionally placed to be highly visible within an as-yet elusive social landscape of ancient Tibet during the Zhang Zhung period and not only isolated burial places. Future directions are briefly discussed.

Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Archaeological investigations at multiple tomb sites in Dibba. Season 2019

In cooperation with the Fujairah Tourism & Antiquities Authority, research and rescue activities were continued at two Bronze and Iron Age sites in Dibba. In the area of Dibba Murba there are more than five collective tombs with rich find assemblages. This site, which has heavily been threatened by looting and gravel mining, was further excavated and consolidated in preparation for further measures. In the context of the superordinate question of changes in the lifestyle and nutrition of the population during cultural and climatic upheavals in the 2nd millenium BCE, the archaeo-anthropological excavations of the Iron Age layers at the multiple tomb of Dibba 76 were also continued.

What the Single Bamboo Slip Found in Mawangdui Tomb M2 Tells Us about Text and Ritual in Early China

Abstract A single bamboo slip was found at Mawangdui tomb M2 inside the passageway leading to the pit where Li Cang (d. ca. 186 BCE), the Marquis of Dai and Prime Minister of Changsha, was buried. Though almost entirely unnoticed in previous scholarship, the M2 slip has much to tell us about the overlapping textual, ritual, administrative, and funerary practices of early Western Han China. I offer a description of the slip, translations of its contents, a consideration of how it was used at the tomb site, and an analysis of what its archaeological context tells us about the use of talismans in Western Han burials. Specifically, I show that the slip originally formed part of a multi-piece tomb inventory manuscript, and that it was removed and ritually deposited inside the passageway in order to protect the tomb from robbers and malevolent spirits.

Choosing the Location of a ‘House for Eternity’. A Survey on the Relationship between the Rank of the Hatshepsut’s Officials and the Location of their Burials in the Theban Necropolis

This survey aims to determine if a link exists between features of the Theban landscape and where the Egyptian elite chose to build their houses of eternity within the context of the early Eighteenth Dynasty. It is hoped that through GIS-generated tomb location maps, the analysis of their owners’ status and reflection on the landscape’s topography, this study will be able to approximate a relationship between the ranking of Hatshepsut’s officials and the location of their tombs in the necropolis of Western Thebes. This is driven by the current limits in our understanding of the inner hierarchy among officials as well as the tomb site selection process and, therefore, the necessity of expanding such limits.

Characteristic Features and Archaeological Significance of the Armor Excavated at the Ancient Tombs of Namseong-ri in Pohang

The area around Heunghae -- where the ancient tombs of Namseong-ri are located -- had been a strategic point for Silla (57 BCE ~ 935) in advancing into the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. This armor, together with other related objects unearthed at the site, serves as important sources of knowledge on the armor-related tradition developed in the area during the 4th and 5th centuries. Some characteristic elements of the armor, particularly the unique manufacturing technique and rareness, suggest that the relic was produced for use as an object of prestige. The armor is considered archaeologically significant since it contains a wealth of clues to increase knowledge of the Silla armors made in the 4th century, which was characterized by the lack of source materials. For a more comprehensive understanding of the Silla armors, it is essential to examine the system of supply and demand of the armors linking the capital and regional areas. Unfortunately, however, comparatively less attention has been paid to the difference between Silla and Gaya armors and their characteristics by region. In this study, the main discussion deals with the mechanism of supply and demand of Silla armors by focusing on the armor discovered at the ancient tomb site in Namseong-ri. The study found a significant difference in the supply and demand of armors between Gyeongju, the capital of Silla, and the regions outside it in the 5th century. The study also concludes -- based on the evidence given by the Namseong-ri armor, that there was little difference between the armors supplied to Gyeongju and to regional areas in the 4th-century Silla. It was in the following century, with the arrival of scale armor, that a difference began to emerge -- not in style but in structure. The difference between the armors found in Gyeongju and those in the regions outside is clearly shown by, among others, the accessories buried at the grave together with the main parts of the armor. It was surely a new development compared with the 4th century when there was little difference between the capital and regional areas in terms of the supply and demand of armors. The development provides evidence of the significant change in the relationship between the ruling class in the capital of Silla and regional clan leaders. Evidences of such change are given by the discoveries made at the Namseong-ri tomb site in Pohang, Jungsan-ri tomb site in Ulsan, and Hwanam-ri tomb site in Yeongcheon. There have been two different views proposed on the control of the regional areas by the central government of Silla in the 4th century: one is that the rulers in Gyeongju controlled the regions indirectly, and the other is that the regions were under the direct control of the central government. As suggested by the characteristic features of the Namseong-ri armor as discussed in this paper, the relationship between the capital and regions of Silla in the 4th century can hardly be said to be that of the rulers and the ruled.

Autopsy and Forensic Study on a Rare Human Corpse Preserved Over Two Thousand Years: The Mawangdui Ancient Cadaver.

In 1972, an enormous tomb site was found in the eastern suburb of Changsha, the capital city of Hunan Province, which led to the discovery of Mawangdui tomb No. 1, and soon thereafter tombs Nos. 2 and 3. These tombs were dated back to the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24 AD) in Chinese history. Along with numerous precious historic relics unearthed as grave goods, a well-preserved female cadaver was the most unprecedented, which was considered as one of the world's greatest archeological discoveries in the 20th century. The cadaver was initially examined through autopsy and X-ray imaging, with biopsies from multiple body parts analyzed histologically at the light and electron microscopic levels. In this review, we summarize the major imaging and autopsy findings from the cadaver indicative of remarkable preservation of some histological, cellular, and molecular constituents of the body. A forensic assessment of antemortem illnesses and potential cause of death of the subject are also noted.

A rudimentary review of the excavated Tang-style metal belts of the Balhae tomb and its implications

당 왕조에 널리 사용된 당식 대장식구는 관인을 상징하는 허리띠로서 당 왕조는 물론이고, 발해와 신라, 일본에서도 널리 사용되어 동아시아 문화권의 구성요소 중 하나인 율령을 나타내는 고고 자료로 그 중요성이 높다. 이를 염두에 두고 그동안 연구가 활발히 이루어지지 못한 발해에서의 당식 대장식구 출토 양상을 살피고, 그 의미에 대한 기초적 검토를 시도한다. 발해 내에서 출토되는 당식 대장식구는 중국 당 왕조에서의 변화과정과 동일한 변화양상을 보여주고 있다. 또한 대장식구를 착용할 때 배열되는 방형과판과 반원형 과판의 위치 역시 당 왕조, 신라와 같이 강한 규칙성과 정형성을 보여준다. 아울러 홍준어장 고분군에서 당식 대장식구와 공반된 발해토기의 상대서열, 북대 고분군에서 출토된 중국 자기, 동경과의 교차연대를 통해 실연대 도출이 가능하였다. 이에 발해에서 사용된 당식 대장식구는 중국에서의 변천과정과 그 궤를 함께 하며, 시간의 흐름에 따른 형태의 변화 역시 동일하다. 발해 내부에서 당식 대장식구는 발해의 중심지였던 5경 인근의 고분군뿐만 아니라 발해의 주요 지역에 고루 분포하고 있어 관인의 존재를 유추할 수 있다. 한편 발해 영역서 출토되는 이른바 ‘말갈패식’이 공존한다. 발해의 주민구성에 말갈족이 포함되는 점에 미루어 말갈패식은 말갈인들의 정체성을 나타내는 상징표상이자 발해 지방사회에 존재했던 수령의 존재가능성을 나타내는 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같은 당식 대장식구와 말갈패식의 공존은 당 왕조 및 신라와 차별성을 보임과 동시에 발해 문화의 다원성을 엿볼 수 있는 자료라는 점에서 주목된다.As they were used frequently during the as well as in the Parhae and Silla kingdoms and across Japan, Tang-style metal belt ornaments are important archaeological artifacts and symbolic of the East Asian cultural sphere. This article discusses the littleresearched topic of Tang-style metal belt ornaments unearthed from the Balhae kingdom and provides an initial analysis of their historical significance. The belt ornaments of this style that have been excavated from Balhae domains to date exhibit the same patterns of change as those known from the Tang dynasty. The rectangular and semicircular belt brooches of these ornaments were aligned in the same regular sequence as those known from both the Tang dynasty and the Silla kingdom. Thus, these Balhae ornaments can be dated by comparing them to the hierarchy of pottery from this region excavated from the tomb site as well as with Chinese porcelain and bronze mirrors excavated from the Bukdae tomb site. This analysis shows that ornaments of this type used in Balhae underwent the same temporal stylistic changes as their counterparts in China. The Tang-style metal belt ornaments that have been collected from within the Balhae kingdom evidence the presence of state officials as they have been excavated from tomb sites near to the Five Capitals as well as uniformly across the major regions of the country. In addition to these artifacts, so-called Malgal belt ornaments have also been excavated from the territory of the Parhae. Judging from the fact that the Malgals comprised part of the Parhae demographic make-up, ornaments of the former style were likely identity symbols and raise the possibility that Malgal chiefs were also present within provinces controlled by the Balhae. The coexistence of Tang- and Malgalstyle metal belt ornaments therefore reflects the heterogeneity of Balhae culture and demonstrates its distinctiveness compared to the Tang dynasty and Silla kingdom.