Tomato Genotypes Research Articles

DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF JASMONIC ACID APPLICATIONS ON ALLEVIATING SALT STRESS IN TOMATO PLANTS WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that limit productivity in crop production due to climate change, whose effects have been felt more clearly in the world in recent years, and incorrect applications in agricultural soils. Research in plant production in saline soils, based on alleviating the effects of stress through applications to plants or soil, has gained momentum in recent years. In our study, we aimed to demonstrate that foliar jasmonic acid application to tomato plants alleviates the effects of salt stress with physiological parameters. Two tomato genotypes, sensitive to salt stress (TOM 106) and tolerant (TOM 23), determined in previous studies on abiotic stress, were used as plant materials. These two genotype selections were chosen to determine how close jasmonic acid brings the sensitive genotype to the tolerant genotype in salt stress. Salt dose is 100 mM and Control (0mM), jasmonic acid doses are; It was applied as 0, 20, 30 and 40 μM. The experiment carried out in pots was carried out under controlled conditions. Plant growth parameters (plant fresh and dry weight, stem diameter and plant length) and physiological parameters (such as leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, internal CO2, stomatal conductivity, chlorophyll) were measured at regular intervals. Jasmonic acid applications created a statistically significant difference. As a result, it was determined that 20 and 30 μM jasmonic acid applications were more effective in reducing salt stress damage.

Comparative histopathology of virulent and avirulent Meloidogyne javanica populations on susceptible and resistant tomato plants.

The Mi-1.2 gene confers resistance to a wide range of Meloidogyne species, being the most important resistance factor employed in tomato breeding so far. However, many aspects related to the interaction of Mi-1.2-carrying tomato cultivars and virulent/avirulent Meloidogyne populations have not yet been clarified. Herein, comparative histopathological analyses were carried after inoculation of the homozygous (Mi-1.2/Mi-1.2) tomato rootstock 'Guardião' and the susceptible cultivar 'Santa Clara' (mi-1.2/mi-1.2) with virulent and avirulent populations of M. javanica. In the susceptible control, it was possible to visualize second stage juveniles (J2) of avirulent population and feeding sites from 2 to 30 days after infection (DAI) with females reaching maturity at 24-34 DAI. In the resistant rootstock, the Mi-1.2 gene-mediated resistance was related mainly to early defense responses (pre-infection and hypersensitive reaction), which led to an immunity-like phenotype that completely prevented the reproduction of the avirulent Meloidogyne population. On the other hand, J2s of the virulent M. javanica population were able to penetrate roots much more than the avirulent population, migrated and developed normally, showing intense and similar pattern of penetration from 4 to 34 DAI in the root tissues of both resistant and susceptible tomato genotypes. The total numbers of J2, J3, J4, and females counted in 'Santa Clara' for the virulent population of M. javanica were higher than in 'Guardião'.

Genetics of qualitative and quantitative traits in crosses involving cherry and purple tomato genotypes

Genetics of qualitative and quantitative traits in crosses involving cherry and purple tomato genotypes

Assessment of tomato genotypes for resistance to tomato leaf curl virus and bacterial wilt in the Eastern Plateau Region of India

Assessment of tomato genotypes for resistance to tomato leaf curl virus and bacterial wilt in the Eastern Plateau Region of India

Tomato and mini-cucumber tolerance to photoperiodic injury involves photorespiration and the engagement of nighttime cyclic electron flow from dynamic LEDs.

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is critical for achieving year-round food security in many regions of the world. CEA is a resource-intensive endeavor, with lighting consuming a large fraction of the energy. To lessen the burden on the grid and save costs, an extended photoperiod strategy can take advantage of off-peak time-of-day options from utility suppliers. However, extending the photoperiod limits crop production morphologically and physiologically if pushed too long. Here, we present a continuous-light dynamic light-emitting diode (LED) strategy (involving changes in spectra, intensity, and timing), that overcomes these limitations. We focused on tomato, a well described photoperiodic injury-sensitive species, and mini-cucumber, a photoperiodic injury-tolerant species to first assess morphological responses under control (16-h photoperiod, unchanging spectrum), constant (24-h photoperiod, unchanging spectrum), and two variations of a dynamic LED strategy, dynamic 1 (16-h "day", 3-h "peak", 8-h "night" spectra) and dynamic 2 (20-h "day", 5-h "peak", 4-h "night" spectra). Next, we tested the hypothesis of photorespiration's involvement in photoperiodic injury by using a leaf gas exchange coupled with chlorophyll fluorescence protocol. We further explored Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) ratio supply/demand responses by probing photosynthetic electron flow and proton flow with the MultispeQ instrument. We found canopy architecture can be tuned by minor variations of the same dynamic LED strategy, and we highlight dynamic 1 as the optimal choice for both tomato and mini-cucumber as it improved biomass/architecture and first-yield, respectively. A central discovery was that dynamic 1 had a significantly higher level of photorespiration than control, for both species. Unexpectedly, photorespiration was comparable between species under the same treatments, except under constant. However, preliminary data on a fully tolerant tomato genotype grown under constant treatment upregulated photorespiration similar to mini-cucumber. These results suggest that photoperiodic injury tolerance involves a sustained higher level of photorespiration under extended photoperiods. Interestingly, diurnal MultispeQ measurements point to the importance of cyclic electron flow at subjective nighttime that may also partially explain why dynamic LED strategies mitigate photoperiodic injury. We propose an ontology of photoperiodic injury involving photorespiration, triose phosphate utilization, peroxisomal H2O2-catalase balance, and a circadian external coincidence model of sensitivity that initiates programmed cell death.

Induction of PR-Proteins and Oxidative Isozymes in Tomato Genotypes Resistant and Susceptible to Tomato Mosaic Virus and Tomato Spotted wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) are two of the most common viruses that threaten tomato crops in Egypt and worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PRs, and oxidative isozymes in the protection of tomato plants from oxidative damage induced by viral infection in 16 tomato genotypes. A total of 16 tomato genotypes were evaluated against TSWV and ToMV separately. Changes in the content of protein and defense enzymes were studied in tomato genotypes resistant and susceptible to TSWV or ToMV. The results of the investigation showed that 16 tomato lines gave different responses to infection with TSWV or ToMV [highly resistant (HR), resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), and susceptible (S)]. In this study, the total soluble protein profiles, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POX) isozymes of the healthy tomato plants and the TSWV or ToMV infected ones were estimated by electrophoresis in Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results showed quantitative and qualitative differences in the number of bands among the 16 tomato genotypes. Thus, the protein content and isozyme activities were increased or decreased or not changed in inoculated tomato plants with TSWV or ToMV, compared with the un-inoculated plants, depending on the genotype, virus, and degree of resistance. On the other hand, it was found a negative or low-positive correlation between disease incidence and (protein content and isozyme activities). Therefore, it is important that to understand the defense strategy of plants against viruses and how tomato plants defend themselves from virus invasion. Therefore, tomato genotypes resistant to TSWV or ToMV could be used in the tomato breeding programs to prevent viral infection

Exogenous application of melatonin mitigate the heat stress in different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars

Heat stress alleviates yield and production of horticultural crops and is considered a major risk for sustainable agriculture. Melatonin acts as a first line soldier to regulate plant growth by creating a conducive environment under heat stress. Thus, the present study was performed in pots to mitigate the adverse impact of heat stress on four genotypes of tomato (two were heat sensitive and two were heat tolerant) through exogenous application of melatonin. The experiment was comprised of two treatments, control and foliar spray of melatonin @ 25 µM, under factorial design (CRD) with five replications by using heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant cultivars of tomato as a test crop. All the tomato varieties were treated with 25 µM melatonin through foliar spray and compared with control which remained untreated. All the growth and yield parameters and enzymatic activities of antioxidants including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were increased significantly due to the application of melatonin. Moreover, the melatonin spray enhanced the osmolyte production such as malondialdehyde (MDA), proline contents, total soluble sugars, and fruit quality over control treatment. Concludingly, the heat-tolerant cultivars performed better under melatonin spray as compared to heat-sensitive cultivars of tomato.

STABILITAS NONPARAMETRIK HASIL 14 GENOTIPE TOMAT (Solanum lycopersicum L.) DI EMPAT LINGKUNGAN

This study aimed to obtain information yield stability of 14 tomato genotypes grown in four lowland locations using some nonparametric methods of stability analysis. The experiments were conducted at four locations, there was Purwakarta, Lombok, Tajur and Leuwikopo. Experiments at each location using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications which replicates nested within location. Based on nonparametric stability index values, the stable genotypes in the lowlands by the Thennarassu and Nassar & Huehn methods were IPBT33, IPBT34 and IPBT60 with the productivity respectively 15.69, 18,37 and 20,26 tonnes ha–1.

Study of some physiological changes during the combined effects of TYLCV and drought stresses in a local tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotype

Global warming and drought, which are considered the main problems of our time, seriously damage the rural economy. Long-term drought manifests itself prominently in plant-pathogen relationships. The Vatan genotype infected with the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) showed tolerance to drought. Complex host-pathogen interactions are the basis of tomato plant response to combined biotic and abiotic stresses. According to the experiments, the tomato plant infected with TYLCV saves the plant from being destroyed by the pathogen during extreme drought, which helps to prevent crop loss. The amount of dry biomass in the leaves of the tomato plant increased during virus infection. The rate of RWC decreased in TYLCV-infected leaves. The content of photosynthetic pigments leads to a decrease in stressed tomatoes. Considering these, crop loss can be prevented by using plants resistant to TYLCV in seasons of water deficit, which is very important from an economic point of view. Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum L., drought, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Bemisia tabaci, host plant-virus interaction, combined stress

Salinity tolerance in tomato genotypes at an early plant growth stage: Morphological and physiological responses

Salinity is a significant factor restricting plant development at various stages, resulting in lower yield and productivity. The current study was carried out to investigate and assess the tolerance of several tomato genotypes to salty conditions. Thirty (30) tomato genotypes were cultivated in pots and tested for salinity at three levels: 5 ds/m NaCl, 10 ds/m NaCl, and 15 ds/m NaCl, in comparison to the control (0 mM NaCl). Two weeks after treatment, several morphological and physiological parameters were measured. The effects of salt stress on tomato genotypes included a considerable reduction in leaf area, chlorophyll content, shoot and root length, shoot and root biomass, and relative water content. Different tomato genotypes responded differently to salinity severity score (SSS). Reduction of shoot dry weight (0.27 to 0.44) and leaf area (0.33 to 0.45) were positively correlated with SSS at moderate (10 ds/m) to higher (15 ds/m) salinity levels, respectively. Based on the experiment results, the genotypes BARI Tomato 4, BARI Tomato 14, BARI Tomato 15, SAU Tomato 2, AV0T0 1228, and NS 501 were found to be more salinity tolerant than other genotypes. The results showed that measuring shoot length, leaf area, and shoot fresh and dry weight was better for evaluating salinity stress and screening salt-tolerant tomato genotypes.

Response of Tomato Quality and Yield to Elevated Temperatures under Controlled Environment

The experiment was carried out during 2020-2021 at the Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University. The experiment was carried out with the aim of characterization of contrasting tomato genotypes for high temperature tolerance under high temperature condition and control condition to identify key quality and yield traits controlling high temperature tolerance in tomato. The experiment was designed in completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 treatment levels- control and high temperature conditions (36+/-2oC) wherein 3 tolerant and 3 susceptible genotypes were selected for the study. These genotypes were selected from the summer varietal screening experiment performed during the summer months of 2021 from March to May. The best performing genotypes were selected in terms of pollen viability, leaf membrane thermo-stability, chlorophyll fluorescence, number of fruits, fruit set %. One set of treatment was maintained under ambient condition and the other set with high temperature stress was maintained under polyhouse facility from transplanting stage to the harvesting stage. The quality parameters and yield traits were analysed at the harvesting stage of the crop. From this study it can be understood that many of the quality parameters like lycopene content, total sugars, flavanol content was found decreasing in both tolerant and susceptible genotypes but the extend of this reduction was considerate in tolerant ones. In case of ascorbic acid content and firmness of fruit at the time of ripening these were found to be improved in heat stress (HS) conditions. Yield related qualities like number of fruits, yield per plant, and root-shoot ratio was found decreasing whereas root dry weight, total dry weight and intensity of fruit drop and flower drop was increased under HS. Therefore, this study focused on tomato genotypes reported to be resilient to high-temperature stress, and comparing them to the susceptible cultivars under stress and control settings for analyzing the variations in terms of quality and yield traits in tropical hot climate regions of India. The study performed here highlights the possibility for future breeding programs utilizing the key quality and yield traits enhancing thermo-tolerance in tomato and to develop new genotypes that can combine good yield performances and fruit nutritional quality at high temperatures.

Screening and Selection for Herbicide Tolerance among Diverse Tomato Germplasms

Solanum lycopersicum, the domesticated species of tomato, is produced and consumed globally. It is one of the most economically important vegetable crops worldwide. In the commercial production of tomatoes, tomatoes are extremely sensitive to herbicide drifts from row crops in the vicinity. Injury to tomatoes from auxin herbicides and glyphosate can occur at rates as low as 0.01×. This results in a substantial yield reduction, and at high drift rates, plants may not show signs of recovery. With the new herbicide-resistant crop technologies on the market, which include 2,4-D and dicamba-resistant crops, there is an increase in the usage of these herbicides, causing more serious drift problems. There is a diverse germplasm of tomatoes that includes wild relatives which are tolerant to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. Herbicide/chemical stress is an abiotic stress, and wild tomato accessions may have a natural tolerance to herbicides and other abiotic stresses. In the current study, diverse tomato genotypes consisting of 110 accessions representing numerous species, Solanum habrochaites, S. cheesmaniae, S. pimpinellifolium, S. chilense, S. lycopersicum, S. pimpinellifolium, S. galapagense, S. chimelewskii, S. corneliomulleri, S. neorickii, and S. lycopersicoides, were used for screening drift rate herbicide tolerance. The herbicides tested included simulated drift rates of 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, quinclorac, aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, and picloram. The visual injury rating of each accession for each herbicide treatment was taken 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT) on a scale of 0–100%. Numerous accessions were found to have minimal injury (less than 20%) for each of the herbicides tested; nine accessions were found for both 2,4-D and glyphosate, eleven for dicamba, five for quinclorac, eight for aminocyclopyrachlor and two for both aminopyralid and picloram at 28 DAT. The identification of genotypes with a higher herbicide tolerance will provide valuable genetic resources for the development of elite tomato varieties that can resist herbicide injury and produce competitive yields.

Employing different parameters of disease epidemics for screening and assessment of tomato genotypes against early blight disease

Early blight is the most devastating fungal disease that infects tomato (Solanum spp.) caused by Alternaria spp. Screening of a panel of fifty-one tomato lines comprising some wild relatives for resistance against early blight was carried out under uninoculated natural field conditions and under artificially controlled conditions where the latter was found to be more informative. Disease intensity was recorded at different time intervals under both conditions following Pandey’s 5-point scale to find out the percent disease intensity (PDI) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Under the influence of constant inoculum load, disease intensity was found to increase with the age of plants. A positive association was shared between PDI and AUDPC while resistance was found to be negatively correlated with AUDPC. A parallelism in genotype performance was found for screening results and AUDPC under both conditions. Resistant genotypes can be utilized in future breeding schemes for producing hybrids resistant to early blight.

Application of fluorescence spectroscopy as a field method in the determination of varietal differences after tomato harvesting

The study’s purpose is to establish the application based on fluorescence spectroscopy as a field method in the determination of varietal differences after tomato harvesting. The tomato fruits will be compared to determine the spectral distribution due to the varietal differences of a particular genotype. This will allow the approach to be practiced non-invasively in the quality control of tomato production in unspecified rooms and outdoors.The experimental studies have been conducted locally at the Institute of Plant Genetic Resources “K. Malkov” - Sadovo for three varieties.The spectral installation for the generation of emission fluorescence spectra is mobile. In its adjustment (optical adjustment), a system engineering approach based on the classical principles of modern optoelectronics was applied. The results of the experiment can be used to optimize the time for the analysis of the varietal difference of tomato genotypes after harvesting, under uncontrolled conditions. This will support the process of determining the belonging of a specific аccession to a given variety (even for аccessions of unknown origin) when it is necessary to qualify a score of samples in a short time.

Synergistic regulation at physiological, transcriptional and metabolic levels in tomato plants subjected to a combination of salt and heat stress.

With global warming and climate change, abiotic stresses often simultaneously occur. Combined salt and heat stress was a common phenomenon that was severe, particularly in arid/semi-arid lands. We aimed to reveal the systematic responsive mechanisms of tomato genotypes with different salt/heat susceptibilities to combined salt and heat stress. Morphological and physiological responses of salt-tolerant/sensitive and heat-tolerant/sensitive tomatoes at control, heat, salt and combined stress were investigated. Based on leaf Fv /Fm and H2 O2 content, samples from tolerant genotype at the four treatments for 36 h were taken for transcriptomics and metabolomics. We found that plant height, dry weight and net photosynthetic rate decreased while leaf Na+ concentration increased in all four genotypes under salt and combined stress than control. Changes in physiological indicators such as photosynthetic parameters and defence enzyme activities in tomato under combined stress were regulated by the expression of relevant genes and the accumulation of key metabolites. We screened five key pathways in tomato responding to a combination of salt and heat stress, such as oxidative phosphorylation (map00190). Synergistic regulation at morphological, physiological, transcriptional and metabolic levels in tomato plants was induced by combined stress. Heat stress was considered as a dominant stressor for tomato plants under the current combined stress. The oxidative phosphorylation pathway played a key role in tomato in response to combined stress, where tapped key genes (e.g. alternative oxidase, Aox1a) need further functional analysis. Our study will provide a valuable resource important for studying stress combination and improving tomato tolerance.

Cadmium tolerance in tomato: determination of organ-specific contribution by diallel analysis using reciprocal grafts.

Given the increasing problems of water and soil contamination with cadmium (Cd), it is necessary to investigate the genetic and physiological mechanisms of tolerance to this metal in different crops, which can be used for the development of effective crop management strategies. This study aimed to assess the potential of grafting as a strategy to increase Cd tolerance and reduce absorption in tomato by evaluating the contribution of the root system and aerial parts for tolerance mechanisms. To this end, reciprocal grafting and diallel analyses were used to examine the combining ability of contrasting tomato genotypes under exposure to 0 and 35µM CdCl2. Roots and above-ground parts were found to have specific mechanisms of Cd tolerance, absorption, and accumulation. Grafting of the USP15 genotype (scion) on USP16 (rootstock) provided the greatest synergism, increasing the tolerance index and reducing the translocation index and Cd accumulation in leaves. USP163 exhibited potential for breeding programs that target genotypes with high Cd tolerance. In tomato, both Cd tolerance and accumulation in aerial parts are genotype- and tissue-specific, controlled by a complex system of complementary mechanisms that need to be better understood to support the development of strategies to reduce Cd contamination in aerial parts.

Morpho-physio-biochemical and Various Molecular Marker-based Screening of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes

Morpho-physio-biochemical and Various Molecular Marker-based Screening of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes

Determination of morphological characteristics of some local tomato genotypes in the Mediterranean area

Determination of morphological characteristics of some local tomato genotypes in the Mediterranean area

Determining tolerant tomato genotypes to salt stress according to physiological and morphological manner

Abstract The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an annual vegetable cultivated all over the world. It faces biotic and abiotic stresses, such as salinity, in arid and semiarid regions. Investigating the relationship between physiological and economic traits, such as fruit yield, under stress conditions is necessary to identify tolerant genotypes. This study was conducted to identify tolerant tomato families according to the relationship between several important physiological, morphological and phenological traits. Twenty S3 families were cultivated in a factorial experiment (factor1: families and factor2: normal conditions and salinity stress) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. Twenty physiological, agronomic and fruit-quality-related traits were investigated. Analysis of variance was used to prove the existing effective genetic diversity. Genetic diversity and the relationships between traits were graphically shown using heatmap clustering. Finally, genetic parameters, such as Pearson’s correlation, trait stability index and heritability were used to calculate the mathematical value of families using the Modified Analytical Hierarchy Process. Families exhibited different behaviours under normal and stress conditions. The tolerant families responded physiologically to the salt stress. Therefore, they reduced both cell membrane degradation and photosynthesis disruption by increasing proline, lycopene, carotenoid and sugar content. Therefore, fewer reductions in morphological traits were observed in these families. The most important traits based on the selection strategy were lycopene content, K+/Na+ ratio, days to flowering and biological yield. In addition, three families, H4/T/30/1, H1/T/12/5 and H1/T/47/4, were selected as the most suitable alternatives to construct the breeding population of the next generation.

Varietal Evaluation And Assessment Of Plastic Mulches For Growth, Yield And Fruit Quality Of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) Under Protected Environment

Different genotypes and mulches are readily available in the market but Indian farmers are unaware about the performance of these genotypes and mulches in a particular region under protected environment. Therefore, considering the foregoing circumstances, the experiment was performed at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Khalsa College, Amritsar in the spring-summer season 2022-2023 in Factorial Randomized Block Design comprising of 15 treatment combinations having five levels of mulches i.e. double shaded plastic mulch (M1), black plastic mulch (M2), red plastic mulch (M3), yellow plastic mulch (M4) and no mulch (M5) and three genotypes i.e. EZ-9003 (G1), NS-4266 (G2) and check PTH-1 (G3). The objective of the research was to study the effect of different plastic mulches on the growth, yield, and quality of tomato genotypes and to identify the most promising genotype(s) under the protected environment. The outcomes revealed that double-shaded plastic mulch surpassed other mulches for all the growth and yield-related parameters except days to first picking. Based on mean performance, significant variations have been observed in all the genotypes for various attributes which convey that PTH-1 (check) and NS-4266 are the best genotypes for growth, yield and its related traits taken under study. Biochemical analysis discovered that red and black plastic mulches surpass other treatments, whereas NS-4266 performed well for pericarp thickness and lycopene content, while check PTH-1 and EZ-9003 were best for processing purpose. The two-way interaction of Mulch (M) × Genotypes (G) was found non-significant for all the parameters omitting ascorbic acid content. The maximum net returns and B: C ratio were obtained in genotype NS-4266 and double-shaded plastic mulch under protected conditions for the agro-climatic region of Punjab. Therefore, double-shaded plastic mulch and genotypes PTH-1 (check) and NS-4266 are recommended to the farmers of Punjab to get maximum yield and returns from small holdings of land through protected cultivation.