Toll Transaction Research Articles

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED TOLL TRANSACTION SYSTEM TO IMPROVE TRAFFIC VOLUME DISTRIBUTION

The Indonesian government has attempted to reduce traffic congestion on toll roads by implementing a non-cash toll transaction system that has been valid on all Indonesian toll roads since October 2017. However, heavy traffic that causes traffic congestion on toll roads in urban areas often occurs. This study aimed to find out the factors that affect the development of the toll transaction system and the extent to which vehicles will be distributed through the preferences of road users to choose to enter the toll road or not. This research method used a quantitative descriptive approach with online and offline surveys through Stated Preference. Respondents were class I – V vehicle users who crossed Prof. Dr. Ir. Soedijatmo Toll Road with the direction of travel from the Jakarta Intra Urban Toll Road. The results of the study indicated that the implementation of contactless cashless toll transactions (Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)) can reduce the interest of road users to enter toll roads if fines are imposed, but on the other hand road users are still highly interested in entering toll road because there is a toll transaction time cut service. In the congestion pricing scenario, there was an increase in the distribution of traffic volume because the number of vehicles decreased along with the reduced interest of road users to enter the toll road due to the higher toll rate increase.

Travel Patterns of Frequent and Non-Frequent Users on I-66 High-Occupancy Toll Lanes and Implications for the Value of Time Estimation

Based on a three-month toll transaction data set that includes an anonymized unique identifier for each vehicle, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of traffic volumes and tolls on the I-66 High-Occupancy Toll (HOT) express lanes in Northern Virginia. The unique identifiers allow quantification of how frequently each vehicle travels through the corridor. Vehicles observed in selected time intervals are categorized into frequent and non-frequent groups based on the total number of trips made by each vehicle. For the morning commute, the analyses show that those traveling frequently on the HOT lanes are more sensitive to high tolls and typically travel earlier in the morning to avoid higher tolls. In other words, when tolls are relatively high (e.g., over $20), the fraction of frequent users in the traffic is much smaller as compared with that of non-frequent users (e.g., 25% versus 75%). To estimate how much toll the HOT-lane users are paying per unit of travel time saved, that is, value of travel time saving (VTTS), speeds on alternative routes parallel to the I-66 corridor are computed from probe data and compared with those on I-66 express lanes. The results show that the mean VTTS is $45.37 and $61.78 for frequent and non-frequent users, respectively, during the morning peak period. Whereas for the afternoon peak, the mean VTTS is $38.14 and $37.64 for frequent and non-frequent users. The implications of the difference in these value of time distributions for dynamic tolling are discussed.

Composite fault diagnosis methodology for urban vehicular ad hoc network

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) is a meteoric growing research area due to the technological advancement in sensing, computation, communication, and radio wireless technology. The demand for VANET is increasing day by day due to the numerous diverse applications. Applications of VANET include safety applications like reduction in the road accident by broadcasting messages to the driver, convenience applications like automatic parking service, commercial applications like selling and buying of products through a network of wheels, productive applications like automatic environmental parameters monitoring, vehicular cloud service like secure toll transaction, etc. The aforementioned VANET applications will become non-operational if the communication unit of the vehicle becomes inoperative or malfunctioning. This paper proposes a composite fault diagnosis methodology by detecting and classifying the fault of the On Board Unit (OBU) of the vehicular ad hoc network. The fault detection includes the detection of two categories of the fault i.e. hard fault in which the communication unit is in the inactive state and not able to communicate with other communication units and soft fault in which the communication unit is in the active state but communicates incorrect data with other communication devices. The hard fault is detected by the repeated time out mechanism and by a statistical method called Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K-S test). The detection of soft fault (permanent, intermittent, and transient) is performed by a statistical method called the Chi-square test. Apart from the detection of the soft fault, the classification of soft fault is carried out by ECOC-SVM. Finally, the result of the fault is transmitted to the faulty vehicle. The parameters such as Fault Detection Accuracy (FDA) and False Alarm Rate (FAR) are used to validate the proposed fault detection protocol. The parameter False classification rate (FCR) is used to measure the performance of the soft fault classification. Finally, the performance of the transmission of the result to the faulty vehicle is evaluated through the parameters end-to-end (E2E) delay, number of hops, and network gaps by comparing the proposed work with existing routing protocols of VANET like GSR, A-STAR, Bhoi et al.

Vehicular Emission Modeling at Toll Plaza Using Performance Box Data

Abstract Delay occurring on any facility causes an extra amount of fuel consumption, leading to extra emissions. Toll plazas are the points laid on the highways for toll transaction that act as bot...

EVALUASI SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL ATAS PROSEDUR PENERIMAAN PENDAPATAN TRANSAKSI TOL NONTUNAI (E-TOLL) PADA PT JASA MARGA (PERSERO) TBK. CABANG PURBALEUNYI

PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk. Purbaleunyi Branch is a state-owned enterprise service, as enforcement and services for the toll road. In providing services that are effective, efficient, safe, comfortable, and ease the accessibility of toll roads for users, a non-cash toll payment system is implemented (e-toll). The implementation of internal control at PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk. Purbaleunyi Branch still has weaknesses, such as the placement of employees are placed unsuitable with their education and proficiency causing inefficient work. Moreover, there is no written policy on standard operating procedures regarding receipt of e-toll income and job rotation that are not routinely do so that the vulnerability of fraud occurs. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of internal control on the non-cash receipt of toll transaction procedure (e-toll) that applied by PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk. Purbaleunyi Branch. The method used in this research is descriptive analytics method by taking interviews, observation, and documentation. The analytics tool used in this study is a control matrix based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations.Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that internal control on the non-cash receipt of toll transaction procedure (e-toll) at PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk. Purbaleunyi Branch has been adequate and effective.

Express for success

Orlando, Florida, residents are getting their first taste of high-speed toll collection with the debut of the state's first open-road tolling facility on State Road 429. The toll plaza utilizes the Expressway Authority's successful E-PASS electronic toll collection transponder system, which was first deployed in 1994. The system was originally designed to work with bumper-mounted transponders and inground antennas but will soon be converted to a statewide system using windshield-mounted Amtech transponders and overhead antennas. There are now more than 230,000 vehicles in Central Florida using E-PASS, and each day they generate more than 250,000 toll transactions. State Road 429 will be a testing ground for new Violation Enforcement System equipment. A fiber optic communication network also plays a key role in the operation of the Express lanes. State Road 429 is just the testing grounds for a much larger deployment of Express lanes in Central Florida.

Optimal Portfolio Strategy for Risk Management in Toll Road Forecasts and Investments

The study leveraged modern portfolio theory and stochastic time series models to develop a risk management strategy for future traffic projections along brownfield toll facilities. Uncertainty in future traffic forecasts may raise concerns about performance reliability and revenue potential. Historical time series traffic data from brownfield corridors were used for developing econometric forecast estimates, and Monte Carlo simulation was used to quantify a priori risks or variance to develop optimal forecasts by using mean-variance optimization strategies. Numerical analysis is presented with historical toll transactions along the Massachusetts Turnpike system. Suggested diversification strategies were found to achieve better long-term forecast efficiencies with improved trade-offs between anticipated risks and returns. Planner and agency forecast performance expectations and risk propensity are thus jointly captured.

Expressway Traffic Demand Forecasts in the Volatile Economic Environment of Greece

The forecasting of expressway traffic demand for existing facilities is not particularly challenging for regions and countries with stable or moderately growing economies. In most cases the objective is to carefully establish a reliable estimate for the average annual growth for the next N years using demographic and macroeconomic inputs. Recent applications for freeways and rural highways in Hawaii indicate that the traditional methods using time series or tracking important trends, such as tourism in Hawaii, work well for horizons between 5 and 20 years. Models relying on growth do not adapt well to substantial decreases in traffic demand. A dramatic case is Greece, where a multitude of changes such as increased fuel taxes, reduced GDP, increased unemployment, increased car registration (or car ownership) taxes, and a collapsed new car market caused substantial reductions of traffic on all toll roads in the country, including the Attica Tollway in the capital city of Athens. Given several series of high quality monthly data from January 2005 to December 2012, a number of estimates and forecasts for Attica Tollway toll transactions were estimated. Toll transactions are a measure similar to average daily traffic. ADT represents a traffic load at a specific location whereas toll transactions are the total daily vehicle entries to the facility. Then the 2013 to mid-2015 actual data were used to evaluate the models. Autoregressive models were employed to arrive at toll transaction forecasts between 2013 and 2024. The models used International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) forecasts of the GDP for Greece, as well as scenarios for future fuel prices. The impacts of the much increased fuel prices and of the economic and business downturns to traffic are obvious and the models capture them successfully. However, errors in the GDP forecasts cause errors in the predicted traffic. The stock market index appears to be a useful leading indicator with a two year lag.

Integrating Automated Toll Discounts into a Real-Time Ridesharing Program

A pilot program in Austin, Texas, tested the practicality of integration of a real-time ridesharing application with a toll operator to process toll discounts for carpools. The toll discounts appeared on monthly toll transaction statements. The program lasted for almost a year on the 183A Toll Road and the US-290 Manor Expressway. Travelers used a smartphone application to track, record, and submit their trips for discounts. Two-person carpools that used the application received a 50% discount, and carpools of three or more people could travel toll free. The program was a partnership between the Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority, the local toll system operator, and a private ridesharing vendor. Back-office processes matched trip data from the smartphone application to transactions recorded by the toll systems. A total of 95 unique drivers were provided toll rebates for 2,213 trips during the 10.5-month period of the pilot program. During the pilot program, rebates were provided for most trips by two-person carpools. Individual driver behavior varied considerably. A select few drivers had a high number of carpool trips, whereas others took a sporadic trip or infrequent trips. Drivers took a median of seven trips during the pilot program. Future ridesharing programs should consider showing higher-dollar-value rebates that represent annual savings to incentivize ridesharing behavior. Timely feedback to users was found to be an important goal for success. In addition, program sponsors should provide positive customer service and engage users when problems that are not under their direct purview exist.

Application of Bayesian Stochastic Learning Automata for Modeling Lane Choice Behavior on High-Occupancy Toll Lanes on State Road 167

This paper investigates the learning behavior of users of State Road 167 high-occupancy toll lanes by use of toll transaction data collected over a 6-month period. The Bayesian stochastic learning algorithm theory was used to model drivers’ sequential lane choice decisions. Reward and penalty parameters were used to update users’ lane choice probabilities. The results showed that the effect of reward parameters that increased the probability of selection of an alternative after a satisfactory experience was more obvious than the effect of penalty parameters that decreased the probability of selection of an unfavorable choice. Low magnitudes of learning parameters might indicate strong habit formation of users. Moreover, the posterior distributions of learning parameters indicated that user perception heterogeneity existed when the outcomes of choices were evaluated. Finally, user familiarity was investigated with a subsample of less experienced users, and it was shown that the learning rates of more familiar users were lower than those of less familiar users.

An Intelligent Toll Booth System for Vehicle Smoke Emission Monitoring and Prepaid Toll Transactions

Objectives: Road Transport is the primary source which is contributing to poor air quality. We propose, an Intelligent Toll Booth System to automate toll transactions and monitor the smoke emission from vehicles. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The automated toll operations are done based on the prepaid toll transaction card which is a passive RFID tag. The toll road usage is allowed based on the credit limit of the tag. The smoke sensor detects the amount of Carbon dioxide (CO2) exhausted from the vehicle. If it is beyond the specified range, a warning message is given to the vehicle possessor and to the respective transport office through GSM. Results: Intelligent Toll Booth System is validated to be more powerful, helpful and efficient than normal system for vehicle emission monitoring and prepaid toll transaction. It is apparent that our intelligent system proves to be more time conserving system and reduces the traffic congestion at toll booths, reduced labour and cost. Investigative results reveal that the proposed framework is viable for vehicle emission monitoring and prepaid toll transactions. Also this system agrees portability and needs very slight effort for smoke emission monitoring and toll transactions. Conclusion/Application: The proposed Intelligent Toll Booth system provides an efficient toll transaction method and smoke emission monitoring thereby reducing the congestion at toll booths.

The impact of a toll reduction for truck traffic using SH 130

This research investigated the impact of a toll reduction for trucks on SH 130 and the resulting changes in the number of trucks using the road. SH 130 is a tolled bypass facility, running parallel to Interstate 35 (I-35), around the Austin area. This toll road was constructed, in part, to divert traffic from I-35 which runs through Austin. However, the toll road was only partially successful in attracting truck traffic since many truck drivers felt the toll was high compared to the travel time saved. Hence, beginning on March 1, 2011, Texas Department of Transportation reduced the toll rate by 25% for 5-axle vehicles and 40% for 6 plus-axle vehicles. A toll reduction is relatively rare and there are very few studies on how this may impact truck travel.A time series analysis of the toll transaction data, along with the local price of diesel fuel, unemployment rate, GDP, and income levels, resulted in a toll-price elasticity of −0.43 for 5-axle vehicles (the vast majority of 5-plus axle vehicles). Thus, the drop in toll was successful in attracting additional trucks – but also resulted in decreased revenues from tolls. The majority (94%) of 5-axle vehicles paid using electronic toll collection (ETC), and the remainder paid manually (MLT). The toll-price elasticity for 5-axle vehicles paying by ETC was −0.39 while it was −1.49 for those paying by MLT. Thus MLT vehicles were much more price sensitive to the toll reduction, possibly indicating new users of the road who had not signed up for ETC before the toll reduction.

Chaotic Stream Cipher-Based Secure Data Communications over Intelligent Transportation Network

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are advanced applications in which the transportation industry is adapted to the information technology revolution. As an important development direction of ITS, the electronic toll collection (ETC) subsystem, which enables an efficient and speedy toll collection, has gained widespread popularity in the world. In an ETC system, toll transaction data are transmitted over intelligent transportation networks, which is vulnerable to eavesdropping, interfering, and tampering attacks. To address the above security problems, we proposed a chaotic stream cipher-based cryptographic scheme to realise secure data communications over wireless sensor network (WSN), which is a part of ITS. The proposed cryptographic scheme allowed ITS to achieve key negotiation and data encryption between sensor nodes in the WSN, whileas reduced computational costs and power consumption. Security analysis and experimental results showed that the proposed scheme could protect data transmission between wireless sensor nodes from being attacked, and significantly reduced the communication overhead for the whole system compared to the existing ECC_AES scheme, thus satisfying the real-time data transmission requirement of ITS.

SISTEM INFORMASI INTERAKTIF PADA TRANSAKSI PULSA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SMS GATEWAY

Information systems are generally used to support the viability of a business operation and management processes in an organization. To enhance the ability of information systems can be created an interactive information system, so it can provide rapid response and attractive to users. Interactive information system is more directed to the use of multimedia as a means of informing something. Multimedia is a combination of text, images, animations, sound and video. Various media are combined into a single unit of work will yield some information that has value that interactive communication is very high. The research will make a design of interactive information system on toll transaction using sms gateway. So the system can display the alarm and computer animated images on the screen when the computer is experiencing problems in the transaction pulse. In addition the system can also create video tutorial that shows step-by-step problem solving appropriate to the emergence of problems that occurred in the transaction pulse. With the information system interactive it will help the operator pulses respond quickly to any problems in the credit transaction.

Investigating the impact of highway electronic toll collection to the external cost: A case study in Taiwan

The implementation of electronic toll collection (ETC) on highways aims to reduce toll transaction time and thereby increase service capacity. In this paper, considering the separation of manual toll collection (MTC) and ETC lanes, a method is developed to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, transaction time, and the associated external cost incurred by vehicular traffic at four toll plazas on a northern-central highway in Taiwan. Three vehicle types are considered: passenger cars, buses and trucks. Results show that the CO2 emissions were reduced by 12.4% as the number of ETC lanes for all 4 toll plazas increased. The reduction of external costs fell by 60.1% in terms of value of transaction time, which will arguably lead highway authorities to actively promote ETC

Evaluation of Impacts of Open Road Tolling on Main-Line Toll Plaza

Implementation of open road tolling (ORT) can provide better performance for a toll collection facility than the use of a conventional toll plaza design. Improvements have been sought to decrease toll transaction times so that drivers experience reduced delays or none at all. Although intelligent transportation systems technology such as automatic vehicle identification in the form of electronic toll collection (ETC) is a concept that has revolutionized toll collection, with the ever-increasing traffic volumes on toll facilities, more innovative methods such as ORT are being deployed. Agencies around the world have implemented ORT, and some have integrated express (high-speed) ETC lanes in their normal plaza design. A main-line toll plaza in Orlando, Florida, was renovated following an ORT design concept. The plaza was expanded to include express ETC lanes separated from the cash payment lanes by a barrier. Data were collected before construction, during construction, and after construction was completed. Analysis showed that average reduced delays for manual cash customers equaled 49.8% and for automatic coin machine customers, 55.3%; and the speed in the express ETC lanes increased by 57%. To evaluate the benefits further, forecast scenario results from a toll plaza microsimulation model, TPSIM, were analyzed with positive conclusions. An analysis of crash data showed a 22% drop in total crashes at the plaza and a 26% drop in the plaza's area of influence. This case study provided conclusive results that implementing ORT compared with using a conventional toll facility is beneficial for improving toll collection.

E-ZPass: Case Study of Institutional and Organizational Issues in Technology Standards Development

During the past 5 years seven toll agencies operating in the greater New York metropolitan area have combined to develop a regionally compatible electronic toll collection system, called E-ZPass. The members of the E-ZPass Interagency Group (IAG) collectively process more than 1 billion toll transactions per year, two-thirds of all toll revenue collected in the United States. E-ZPass illustrates the degree of interagency cooperation necessary for interoperability, as well as some of the challenges to achieving consensus on technical and institutional issues. The IAG faced numerous institutional and organizational issues during the development of the E-ZPass specification. These included separate procurement procedures and requirements of the participating agencies, differences in agency missions, the pace of technological change, and parallel standard-setting efforts at the national level. In the large-scale procurement of cutting-edge technology, the IAG's regionally cooperative effort is unprecedented and provides valuable insights into the conflicts that occur and how they can be resolved.

E-ZPass: Case Study of Institutional and Organizational Issues in Technology Standards Development

During the past 5 years seven toll agencies operating in the greater New York metropolitan area have combined to develop a regionally compatible electronic toll collection system, called E-ZPass. The members of the E-ZPass Interagency Group (IAG) collectively process more than 1 billion toll transactions per year, two-thirds of all toll revenue collected in the United States. E-ZPass illustrates the degree of interagency cooperation necessary for interoperability, as well as some of the challenges to achieving consensus on technical and institutional issues. The IAG faced numerous institutional and organizational issues during the development of the E-ZPass specification. These included separate procurement procedures and requirements of the participating agencies, differences in agency missions, the pace of technological change, and parallel standard-setting efforts at the national level. In the large-scale procurement of cutting-edge technology, the IAG's regionally cooperative effort is unprecedented a...