Toll Collector Research Articles

A Review on Automatic Toll Collection System

One of the most crucial elements for any country's development is logistics, or transportation. Since India is one of the world's largest nations, road transportation plays a vital role in the country's economy. For any government, having fast road transit becomes essential, and toll plazas are essential to this. The most commonly used toll systems in India at the moment are the manual toll collection and FASTag systems. Toll plaza processing times rise as a result of their need for a toll collector or attendant. The Automatic Toll Collection System, or ATCS, is a tool used to automatically collect taxes. Here, radio frequency is used to help in identification. An RFID tag will be attached to a car. This tag is nothing more than an allocated unique identification number. The RTO, or traffic controlling body, will assign this. We shall keep all of his basic data and the amount he has paid in advance for the TOLL collection in line with this number. At the toll collection facility, the reader will be positioned strategically. His prepaid balance will be reduced by the tax amount each time the car passes the toll collection center. This essay discusses several automated toll collection systems that are intended to improve overall transportation efficiency, ease toll payment procedures, and lessen traffic congestion. The suggested method computes toll fees automatically by utilizing cutting-edge technology including mobile communication, GPS, and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification).

Optimizing Toll Collector Scheduling using Goal Programming

The importance of providing an effective shift work schedule cannot be overstated, particularly when considering the continuous 24-hour service requirement. Each employee has their own schedule preferences, and while some positions offer just one or two shifts, others encompass three separate scheduling periods within a day. The issue arises when these varying schedules lead to disparities among workers of toll collectors in terms of overall time spent, creating an inequitable situation. Unfortunately, the objectives of the Bentong Toll Plaza and the preferences of the toll collectors have not been in harmony, which could potentially impact the performance and worklife balance of the toll collectors. The ongoing challenge faced by managers is the selection of the most suitable shift schedule. Thus, this study aims to introduce a new cyclic scheduling approach to streamline the task of creating schedules at Bentong Toll Plaza. Goad programming is applied to meet the requirements of four rigid constraints and three flexible constraints. The initial schedule is used for the first 15 days and then systematically rotated for another 15 days until all toll collectors have experienced all 15 schedule sets. This scheduling process was facilitated through the utilization of Lingo software, resulting in an optimized 15-day shift schedule for toll collectors. The third goal was achieved, which was that each toll collector was assigned the same amount of work. However, the first and second goals are not entirely met, but this has a minimal impact on the toll collectors due to the schedule rotation. In conclusion, it has been proven that the generated schedule pattern provides a better schedule in terms of providing each toll collector with the same total number of shifts and off days.

Optimizing Toll Collector Scheduling using Goal Programming

The importance of providing an effective shift work schedule cannot be overstated, particularly when considering the continuous 24-hour service requirement. Each employee has their own schedule preferences, and while some positions offer just one or two shifts, others encompass three separate scheduling periods within a day. The issue arises when these varying schedules lead to disparities among workers of toll collectors in terms of overall time spent, creating an inequitable situation. Unfortunately, the objectives of the Bentong Toll Plaza and the preferences of the toll collectors have not been in harmony, which could potentially impact the performance and work-life balance of the toll collectors. The ongoing challenge faced by managers is the selection of the most suitable shift schedule. Thus, this study aims to introduce a new cyclic scheduling approach to streamline the task of creating schedules at Bentong Toll Plaza. Goad programming is applied to meet the requirements of four rigid constraints and three flexible constraints. The initial schedule is used for the first 15 days and then systematically rotated for another 15 days until all toll collectors have experienced all 15 schedule sets. This scheduling process was facilitated through the utilization of Lingo software, resulting in an optimized 15-day shift schedule for toll collectors. The third goal was achieved, which was that each toll collector was assigned the same amount of work. However, the first and second goals are not entirely met, but this has a minimal impact on the toll collectors due to the schedule rotation. In conclusion, it has been proven that the generated schedule pattern provides a better schedule in terms of providing each toll collector with the same total number of shifts and off days.

К вопросу об организации дипломатической службы в постордынских чингизидских государствах в XVI веке (Крымское и Казанское ханства): тети и бакшеи

Research objectives: This study investigates the development of the embassy service in the post-Horde states, with a specific focus on identifying its structure and analyzing its personnel composition. Research materials: The research primarily relies on the analysis of Russian embassy books and chronicles. Results and novelty of the research: The examination of Russian documents reveals that Khan’s embassies followed a three-part structure: Ambassador (elchi)-deputy (tet)-secretary (bakshi). The Russian chancellery was notably reluctant to use the term “tet,” likely because individuals with this title were responsible for collecting specific duties from Russian lands in favor of the Khan. It is possible that the Russian documents referred to the “tet” as a toll collector; in any case, we know that ambassadors could be accompanied by “toll collectors.” After 1475, these duties were abolished. In total, 7 mentions of Crimean tets and 6 Kazan tets were identified. References to baksheys in embassies are better preserved, with a total of 18 Crimean, 8 Kazan, 2 Nogai, and 1 Siberian bakshi identified. One of the primary responsibilities of baksheys was to compile a certificate. Thus, the observation of the embassy mission’s composition relies on source-based evidence. Even when there is no specific information about shoring, the mere presence of a bakshey serves as a reliable indicator that the outcome of the negotiations was expected to involve shoring. The study reveals that we can discuss the process of forming the diplomatic service in the post-Horde Chingisid states.

The Prediction of Traffic Flow Based on Long Short-Term Memory Network for All Weather

To set up a schedule of toll collector in advance and reduce the queue length and traffic congestion of toll stations, this paper proposes a short-term forecasting method for toll stations based on long short-term memory network. First, we analyze the quality of highway toll data. Then, a data preprocessing method based on the cubical smoothing algorithm with five-point approximation is designed. Moreover, we establish the traffic data set which is associated with the toll stations information and time. Then we construct a traffic flow prediction model. Taking the Airport Station of Airport Highway in Guangzhou as an example, then test the validity and real-time performance of our model. The results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the prediction is about 3.6% when the forecast horizon of prediction is 5 minutes; when the forecast horizon of prediction is 10 minutes, the mean absolute percentage error is about 6.07%; when the forecast horizon of prediction is 15 minutes, the mean absolute percentage error is about 8.68%, therefore, the model can accurately predict the traffic flow of toll stations. At the same time, compared with the KNN algorithm and GBDT algorithm, the model of this paper not only has higher prediction accuracy, but also has better adaptability to predict the peak, and when weather is adverse, the algorithm of this paper also can predict accurately through extracting the relevance of time in data set effectively.

Toll and Traffic Management System for Express Highways

Now a days, toll plazas at the highways are operated manually, where a vehicle comes near the toll booth and toll collector collects the cash and enter the vehicle data and provides a receipt. Manually operated Toll Plaza Systems leads to longer waiting time of vehicles and heavy traffic at the highways. To overcome this issue of traffic congestion and time management and to bring automation in the toll management system, we have introduced an innovative, optimized and revolutionary system. This paper is putting forward an efficient and cost-effective technique of automatic toll collection. The system is based on the mobile GPS network and will use various APIs for development. The cost to be paid at the toll gate is auto decided as per the government limits and the toll booth charges. System will use online payment gateways to collect those revenues. If the balance is low in the user’s account then it can be recharged at the booth itself. At the user’s end, If the toll tax payment is delayed by certain timeline then user will be informed by an alert message and if delay still exists then strict actions will be imposed along with proper penalty charges for the same. This system is the novelty to the existing toll system. It will have a wide impact on people's life as its scope will lead to safe and enhanced productivity through the use of advanced technologies. This will also minimize fraud and will provide user convenience. It will also enhance the operational efficiency of toll collector.

Diet contains carcinogens and deficiency of vitamin C determines the level of oxidative DNA damage among Jakarta toll collectors

Consuming meat food products that undergo high-temperature combustion is able to provide opportunities exposed to carcinogenic substances and leads to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is also a precondition for the occurrence of DNA damage and cancer can be detected by the presence of 8- hydroxy-'2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG). The study aimed to investigate whether the high prevalence of oxidative stress in Jakarta highway toll collector is independently or causally implicated in deficiency of vitamin C and the grilled food as the third factor modified the association. A cross-sectional study and urinary 8-OHdG was detected using the Enzyme-Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method on 161 toll gate collectors. The study found a strong relationship between grilled food and 8-OHdG (p-value 0.037); prevalence risk ratio (PRR) 2.01 (95% CI 1.044-3.890). However, relationship between variable vitamin C and the 8-OHdG stratified by grilled food founded inverse negatively, it was due to the high frequency of subjects 8-OHdG presented significantly with the deficiency of vitamin C. There was not enough intake of vitamin C among people who ate grilled food. Mantel-Haenzel formula was calculated and the estimation found the condition of independence from the test were X2MH=0.843 among the group who consumed the grilled food. The association between intake of grilled food and oxidative stress is the mere result of the effect of deficiency of vitamin C. Special attention should be given to minimize diet containing various carcinogens like the meat grilling process with a high temperature to decrease degenerative diseases and cancer risk in sub-population with high expose to air pollution.

ANAlISIS FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN TERJADINYA KELELAHAN KERJA PADA PENGUMPUl TOL DI PERUSAHAAN PENGEMBANG JALAN TOL SURABAYA

ABSTRACTFatigue is one of the problems experienced often by workers. Feeling of fatigue is subjective because every person is influenced by several factors deserve and need special attention as a follow-up in order to avoid problems in the health of workers. Toll collector is one of the employees at toll road developer that has an important task in the operation of toll roads. The objective of this research to determine the relationship of several independent variables included age, gender, exercise habits, monotonous circumstances and workload, work climate and noise toward to the dependent variable, fatigue. This research was analytic observational methods of data collection and cross sectional design.. The sample in this study was a toll collector at one of toll road developer taken from the population using simple random sampling. Variable testing performed using spearman correlation analysis and contingency coefficient. Variables studied had a relationship with fatigue if p < 0.05. There are 34 workers (50.7%) had mild fatigue. Statistical analysis showed weak correlation to the variables gender (p = 0.004), exercise habits (p = 0.033), state of monotony (p = 0.008), work climate perception (p = 0.011) , and the noise perception (p = 0.033) of the relationship with the occurrence of fatigue. So fatigue was influenced by several factors such as individual factors, job factors, and work environmental factors.Keywords: fatigue, toll collector, subjective

GAMBARAN TINGKAT STRESS KERJA ANTAR SHIFT KERJA PADA PETUGAS PENGUMPUL TOL SURABAYA

PT. (X), Surabaya is one of company that manages toll road or highway that implement the shift system of work. Shift work has the potential for job stress and other health problems. The purpose of this research was to identify descriptive the level of job stress between shift work at the toll collector in PT. (X), Surabaya. This research was an observational analytic study with cross sectional approach. 36 toll collector who work when the morning shift, afternoon, and evening at the toll gate x, toll gate y and toll gate z were chosen as sample by using Proportional Random Sampling method. The results showed when the shift I (morning) there were 15 respondents (41.7%) suffered mild job stress and 21 respondents (58.3%) suffered moderate job stress. At the shift II (evening) there were 12 respondents (33.3%) suffered mild stress of work and 24 respondents (66.7%) suffered moderate job stress, while at the shift III (evening) were 9 respondents (25%) suffered light work stress and 27 respondents (75%) suffered moderate job stress. Based on the research results, it can be concluded the level of job stress between of shift work on the toll collectors suffered mild and moderate stress. The greatest frequency of respondents suffered moderate job stress. Recommendation for the company is review the system of career development and maintaining training activities, while for workers is use the time to rest and regular exercise.Keywords: job stress, shift work, toll collector

Collectivity in (Stop-)Motion: Lift Animation, Lantern Software, and the Making of Community

This article positions the work of the feminist animation studio Lift Animation as a corrective to the industrialized processes and gendered hierarchies of traditional commercial animation studios. It examines Lift's unique place in the world of contemporary animation as a studio concerned especially with questions of alterity, subjecthood, and community formation in its work. A self-described “socially conscious animation studio,” Lift is structured roughly along the lines of an artistic collective in which many animators freely contribute their skills and time in support of stop-motion animated films that explicitly consider questions of disability, gender, and political action. This article considers in particular the short films The Toll Collector (US, 2003), made by Lift founder Rachel Johnson, and Henrietta Bulkowski, currently in production at Lift. It argues that both films seek to establish empathy with characters ostracized from the boundaries of community by their physical disabilities and draws a connection between these efforts and the studio's recent animated public service announcement for Lantern Software, a program designed to circumvent government Internet censorship efforts around the world through the formation of peer-sharing networks. Each of these animated works speaks in turn to the power of community and collective action grounded in a willed identification with the distant other.

Common Fault Analysis of Highway Toll Collection System

The highway toll collection system is a fusion of science and technology and a large number of advanced science and technology research was adopted. There is much common fault in the daily work of the toll collection system, which will affect the work efficiency of the toll collector in the station. In order to keep the toll collection system stable operation, the common fault of the toll collection system has been analyzed in this paper. Finally the effective ways of troubleshooting were proposed.

Development of a Model for Electronic Toll-Collection System

The paper presents a new method for electronic toll collection system and to match car number plate detection system. The electronic toll collection system (ETS) has been fabricated based on microcontroller. Here a system is developed to collect tolls according to the weight of the vehicle. The car number plate detection method utilizes template matching technique to approximate the location of car number plate. Then, using this output from the template matching method, color information is used to eliminate the unwanted color areas from the approximate number plate region without affecting the correct color regions. Hence, the number plate region can be determined more accurately. This work can easily be done by image processing system using MATLAB. The method has low complexity and reduced the processing time magnificently. This automated system also shows a better performance in highway traffic management. This paper shows the gateway to fabricate a highly automated toll-plaza. The purpose of this paper is to collect toll according to the weight of the vehicles and to build a real time application which recognizes license plates from cars at a gate, for example at the entrance of a parking area. The system, based on regular PC with video camera, catches video frames which include a visible car license plate and processes them. Once a license plate is detected, its digits are recognized, displayed on the User Interface or checked against a database. The focus is on the design of algorithms used for extracting the license plate from a single image, isolating the characters of the plate and identifying the individual characters. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) is a technology that allows for electronic payment of tolls. The endeavor of our work was to develop a highly automated toll-collection system. The automated system classifies (1) a vehicle based on its load range. In recent world, while collecting tolls in the bridges/ tunnels there may arise various problems such as: lengthy process for money transactions, which leads long traffic congestion as well. Here in Bangladesh the toll collection system is not developed. Moreover, it is time consuming and not accurate. The overloaded vehicles give the same amount of toll like the unloaded one though the overloaded vehicles damage the bridge more than that of the unloaded one. In some cases the vehicles carry a huge amount of load which crosses the legal limit. Moreover, corruption is also a major problem here. This is why; such a toll collection system is fabricated here. This toll-collection system is designed for achieving a fraud free and completely auditable operation by accurately detecting and registering vehicle movements and toll collector's activities. A central control system is introduced here for online monitoring of the tool-plaza. A pressure sensor is used to measure the weight of the vehicles which gives analogous data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller takes the data from the pressure sensor and gives the output data as a unit of currency. A system is also introduced here to control the barricade with the micro controller (2). Whenever the load of the vehicle is measured then the toll is collected and then the barricade is opened. It just takes a few moments and by doing this a better traffic management is also confirmed as well as the accurate measurement of the load of the vehicle. The objectives of image processing based electronic toll collection are many. It gives an accurate data as well as saves the license plate of the vehicles to recognize any unwanted vehicle.

Secure toll collection in VANETs

This paper presents a VANET-based technique for secure toll tax payment from in-motion vehicles. Manual toll tax collection requires vehicles to stop and pay. This results in queues on the road that introduce unnecessary delays. The existing pay as you drive techniques require extensive, time consuming vehicle authentication that also threaten the privacy of the vehicles. Moreover, the payment verification is usually offline. In this work, VANET-based technique for secure toll tax payment is presented. The scheme involves vehicle, toll collector that are members of VANET and the bank. The payment process is based on blinded coin in which the coin is collected from the bank offline. A vehicle is authenticated by an RSU as it approaches the toll plaza leaving sufficient time for online payment as it passes through the plaza. Results show that authentication and toll tax collection process takes in the order of milliseconds which constitutes only a small portion of the stay time of a vehicle within an RSU region. Simulation results and comparison of existing approach indicate that the message exchanges required in the scheme could be completed within the available time.

Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Expressway Toll Collector Based on Traffic Flow Prediction

Based on the excellent characteristics of neural network such as favorable adaptability to incomplete information and of genetic algorithm with relatively strong and comprehensive search ability, these two objectives are combined to predict the short-term traffic flow of expressway. In this paper, the methods of elite's choices, fitness assignment by proportion and by sort are combined, as well as self-adaptive crossing and mutation probability are used to improve genetic algorithm. To enhance the comprehensive optimal search speed and develop the prediction model for expressway short-term traffic flow, self-adaptive learning rates are introduced to improve BP algorithm and new combing methods are presented to get new species. Meanwhile, queuing theory is adopted to simulate toll process of expressways, and then queuing model of expressways' toll stations is formulated. By combining short-term traffic flow prediction model and toll station queuing model, the demands of toll collectors are predicted according to the allocation of lanes and toll collectors, which realizes the dynamic optimal equilibrium of toll collectors. The validity of the model is finally testified by field tests.

Modeling traffic operations at electronic toll collection and traffic management systems

Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) technology is one possible solution to traffic congestion at existing transportation facilities. This paper presents a mathematical model of traffic conditions for toll plaza facilities that includes AVI toll collection services among other conventional services. Three types of services are available: manual toll service, in which transactions are handled by a toll collector, automatic toll service, in which coin machines are utilized, and AVI toll collection service. In addition, mixed lanes, which provide more than one of the above services, are considered by the model. For a given rush hour, queue lengths and delays can be calculated for different toll plaza configurations. Comparison of their performance may aid operators in the management of the lane configurations until all users of the facility become AVI patrons.

Symposium: Research and Development Activities of the Japanese ETC and its Implementation Perspective

ETC (Electronic Toll Collection System) which enables drivers to go through a toll road toll gate without stopping to pay the toll started its early stage of R & D in 1994 in Japan.ETC has already been implemented in several major countries since early 1990s. Japanese ETC is unique and challenging because toll roads are interconnected and form a countrywide network. ETC should be interoperable and highly accurate in order to be usable in any toll road in Japan.Japanese toll road authorities formed a R & D committee and made a thorough joint research with ten selected private sectors. Field tests were done in the field of dedicated short range radio communications and other toll gate lane operation technologies. Besed on the results and analyses of the field tests, Japanese toll road authorities compiled Japanese ETC specifications and published. Initial procurement of the ETC system devices such as on-board radio communications equipment and roadside radio communications antenna is scheduled to start in FY 1998.ETC will bring about great benefits for drivers and even for national economies. ETC equipped car drivers can go through the toll gates without stopping to pay the toll and therefore traffic backups in the toll plaza will be remarkably reduced. This will save driver's valuable time and even contribute to the global environment of air pollution and energy saving. ETC car drivers also can enjoy convenience when payng toll because they do not have to prepare toll road tickets and cash or other toll payment cards. ETC is even benefitial for toll road authorities because ETC equipped lanes can be totaly automatic and therefore can save toll collector's labor costs.Japanese ETC has just started its first stage of implementation. The key factor for the success is how to popularize ETC among cost and price sensitive drivers. Thorough study should be done for the effective marketing strategies.

Criteria for Setting Tariffs on Toll Highways in Mexico

A methodology for determining the tariffs that should be charged for different types of vehicles driven on new toll roads in Mexico is presented. The methodology is based on two criteria: maximize the income of the toll collector (whether this collector is a government agency or a private concessionaire) and minimize national transport costs. The first criterion requires the development of binary logit models for predicting the traffic demand fraction choosing the toll alternative. The second criterion requires the minimization of road users' transport cost, which is composed of vehicle operating costs plus the tariff charged. This tariff should include road deterioration costs, construction and financial costs, the administrative costs of operating the toll road, taxes, and other expenditures. Principles for computing reference tariffs are recommended along with ways to use these tariffs to analyze the economic feasibility of toll highways.

Criteria for Setting Tariffs on Toll Highways in Mexico

A methodology for determining the tariffs that should be charged for different types of vehicles driven on new toll roads in Mexico is presented. The methodology is based on two criteria: maximize the income of the toll collector (whether this collector is a government agency or a private concessionaire) and minimize national transport costs. The first criterion requires the development of binary logit models for predicting the traffic demand fraction choosing the toll alternative. The second criterion requires the minimization of road users' transport cost, which is composed of vehicle operating costs plus the tariff charged. This tariff should include road deterioration costs, construction and financial costs, the administrative costs of operating the toll road, taxes, and other expenditures. Principles for computing reference tariffs are recommended along with ways to use these tariffs to analyze the economic feasibility of toll highways.

Rousseau: Enigma of the Toll Collector

Research Article| January 01 1961 Rousseau: Enigma of the Toll Collector Alfred Werner Alfred Werner Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google South Atlantic Quarterly (1961) 60 (1): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-60-1-29 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Alfred Werner; Rousseau: Enigma of the Toll Collector. South Atlantic Quarterly 1 January 1961; 60 (1): 29–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-60-1-29 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsSouth Atlantic Quarterly Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1961 by Duke University Press1961 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.