Tolerance Limits Research Articles

Efficacious patient-specific QA for Vertebra SBRT using a high-resolution detector array SRS MapCHECK: AAPM TG-218 analysis.

Patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) for vertebra stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) presents challenges due to highly modulated small fields with high-dose gradients between the target and spinal cord. This study aims to explore the use of the SRS MapCHECK® (SRSMC) for vertebra SBRT PSQA. Twenty vertebra SBRT treatment plans including prescriptions 20Gy/1 fraction and 24Gy/2 fractions were selected for each of Millennium (M)-Multileaf Collimator (MLC), and high-definition (HD)-MLC. All 40 plans were measured using Gafchromic EBT3 film (film) and SRSMC, using the StereoPHAN phantom. Plan complexity was assessed using modulation complexity score (MCS), edge metric (EM) (mm-1), modulation factor (MU/cGy), and average leaf pair opening (ALPO) (mm) and its correlation with gamma-pass rate was investigated. The high dose gradient between the target and the spinal cord was analyzed for film and SRSMC and compared against the treatment planning system (TPS). Applying the methodology proposed by AAPM TG-218, action and tolerance values specific to the SRSMC for vertebra SBRT were determined for β values ranging from 5 to 8. Film and SRSMC gamma-pass rates showed no correlation (p>0.05). A moderate negative correlation (R=-0.57, p=0.01) is present between EM and SRSMC 3%/1mm gamma-pass rate for HD-MLC plans. Both film and SRSMC accurately measured high dose gradients between the target and the spinal cord (R2>0.86, p ≤ 0.05). Notably, dose-gradient of HD-MLC plans is 22% steeper and has a smaller standard deviation to M-MLC plans (p ≤ 0.05). Applying TG-218, the film tolerance limit was 96% with action limit 95% for 5%/1mm (β=6) and for the SRSMC tolerance limit was 97% with an action limit of 96% for 4%/1mm (β=6). Our findings suggest that universal TG-218 limits may not be suitable for vertebra SBRT PSQA. This study demonstrates that SRSMC is a viable tool for vertebra SBRT PSQA, supported by TG-218 implementation of process-based tolerance and action limits.

Perbandingan VDF Jembatan Timbang Tanjung Balik Terhadap VDF MDPJ 2017 Berdasarkan Beban Aktual

The 2017 Road Pavement Design Manual is a basic reference for road pavement planning in Indonesia, with the provision of a tolerance limit for the overload of 50%. However, the case of violation of the overload that occurs causes a significant increase in the damage to the road. The purpose of this research is to assess the validity of the VDF value in the 2017 MDPJ. This study uses vehicle weight data obtained from UPPKB Tanjung Balik West Sumatra by classifying vehicles, calculating each load distribution, and calculating the VDF value as a value that will be compared to the VDF that has been set in the 2017 MDPJ. Based on the analysis carried out, the VDF values ​​for each vehicle class 6a, 6b, 7a, and 7b were 0.39, 8.17, 9.28, and 4.53, with the determination of the VDF value in the 2017 MDPJ was 0.5, 3.0, 9.8, and 36.9. From these results, it is concluded that the VDF value in vehicle class 6b does not meet the VDF value that has been set so it is necessary to make corrections to the manual.

Comparative analysis of the protein content and nutritional label of whey protein, plant-based, and animal proteins supplements

The consumption of protein supplements is increasingly part of the everyday life of adults in general and is associated with a healthier lifestyle. However, a constant lack of commitment to the quality of these products by companies poses risks to consumers’ health. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the protein content and compare it with the nutrition label of different protein supplements. This is an analytical original investigation. It was verified whether the food supplements comply with the label presented through food analysis (Kjeldahl method, ash content and moisture percentage) of the composition of various national and international brands (n=51). A total of 51 different protein-based supplements sold in Brazil were analyzed. The results showed that the protein values advertised on the nutritional label are similar to what the product has (P value > 0,05) and are within the 20% tolerance limit according to the current law. Also, there are similarities between different types of products (P value > 0,05) regarding their ash and water content. In conclusion, the nutrition facts of protein supplements reflect the reality of the bran of these products.

Effect of low-salt on the survival of mussel Mytilus coruscus and its molecular responses to chronic prolonged low-salt stress

Mussel Mytilus coruscus is a coastal economic culture species. However, massive mortalities associated with low-salt environments caused by persistent rainfall and freshwater inflow threaten its development. Herein, we examined its survival under different low-salt conditions. The survival rate of umbo and eyed larvae significantly decreased with the decline in salinity or prolonged stress time. The umbo larvae were more tolerant to low-salt stress than the eyed larvae. When the salinity levels dropped suddenly, the adults could not survive below 16‰ salinity, and their survival rate decreased faster with the increase in salinity span or the decrease in final stress salinity. However, the adults could tolerate a lower salinity levels when it dropped slowly, and their low-salt tolerance limit was 10‰. Therefore, mussel M. coruscus could adapt to a lower salinity only when the salinity levels dropped gradually. We also explored the physiological and adaptive responses of the foot in response to chronic prolonged low-salt stress by transcriptome analysis. We found that most genes in the “calcium ion binding” term and the osmoregulation-related genes were significantly induced in the salt 12 and 14 groups, suggesting the strong positive response in calcium signal transduction and osmoregulation under prolonged low-salt stress. The HSP70 and IAP genes were upregulated, suggesting that mussel M. coruscus protects itself from low-salt environments by inhibiting apoptosis. The cytoskeleton and cell cycle were inhibited, and the byssus attachment-related genes, such as tyrosinase and foot-protein genes, were suppressed, suggesting a negative response of cell division and byssus thread attachment during prolonged low-salt stress. The enhancement of carbohydrate metabolism indicated its positive role in maintaining energy homeostasis during prolonged low-salt stress. Our findings contribute to the improvement of culture technology and the guidance of selective breeding program for mussel M. coruscus and enhance our understanding of low-salt adaptation mechanism.

Emergence of multidrug-resistant Bacillus spp. derived from animal feed, food and human diarrhea in South-Eastern Bangladesh

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance poses a huge risk to human health worldwide, while Bangladesh is confronting the most severe challenge between the food supply and the huge consumption of antibiotics annually. More importantly, probiotics containing Bacillus spp. are claimed to be an alternative to antimicrobial stewardship programs. However, their antibiotic resistance remains elusive. Thus, we employed the antimicrobial susceptibility test and PCR to assess the prevalence of resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR) and resito-genotyping of isolated Bacillus spp.ResultsThe phenotypic profile showed that Bacillus spp. were 100% sensitive to gentamicin (2 µg/mL), whereas lowered sensitivity to levofloxacin (67.8%, 0.5–1 µg/mL), ciprofloxacin (62.3%, 0.5–1 µg/mL), clindamycin (52.2%, 0.25–0.5 µg/mL), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (37.6%, 0.06 µg/mL), azithromycin (33.4%, 1–2 µg/mL), tetracycline (25.6%, 2–4 µg/mL), nitrofurantoin (21.1%, 16–32 µg/mL), co-trimoxazole (19.2%, 2 µg/mL), and erythromycin (18.8%, 0.25–0.5 µg/mL). The strains were completely resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefixime, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and co-trimoxazole, and a species-specific trend was seen in both phenotypic and genotypic resistance patterns. Genotypic resistance indicated prevalence of the bla1 (71.5%), tetA (33%), erm1 (27%), blaTEM (13.1%), blaCTX-M-1/blaCTX-M-2 /sul1 (10.1%), blaSHV (9.6%), and qnrS (4.1%) genes. The β-lactamase resistance gene bla1 was found in all penicillin-resistant (MIC ≥ 32 µg/mL) Bacillus spp. One hundred ninety-one isolates (89.6%) were MDR, with 100% from diarrhea, 90.3% from food, and 88.7% from animal feed.ConclusionBased on the MIC value and profile analysis of antibiotic resistance genes, this is the first study that Bacillus spp. antimicrobial susceptibilities have been identified in Bangladesh, and our study will shed light on the adverse effects of feed-borne Bacillus spp. emerging from animal feed to the food chain. A comprehensive investigation is urgently needed by policymakers on tolerance limits and harmful effects in the animal industry.

Analysis and Determination of Self-Inductance through Direct and Indirect Measurements Methods

Practicum is an activity that helps students to understand an abstract concept. One of the concepts in physics that requires practicum is the concept of electricity. Inductance is an electrical quantity studied in high and vocational high schools. This study aims to determine the inductor's inductance value using several methods and analyze the most suitable method for determining the inductor inductance value. The inductor used is a commercial inductor with a color band code with an inductance value of 2.7 mH and a tolerance of 10%. Inductor inductance measurements were carried out using a benchtop LCR meter, handheld LCR meter, series RLC method, and LC resonance method. Each measuring instrument requires a frequency setting: refer to the manual for benchtop and handheld LCR meters, the resonant frequency for the serial RLC method, and adjusting the AFG (arbitrary function generator) frequency. Hence, a clear oscillation pattern is visible on the oscilloscope. The results of this study indicate that measurements using benchtop LCR meters, handheld LCR meters, and LC resonance methods produce inductance values within the inductance tolerance limits.

AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR POINT CLOUD DENOISING IN INTEGRATED SURVEYS

Abstract. Outliers and noise in point cloud data are unavoidable due to intrinsic and/or extrinsic survey factors. Significant errors may result from false geometry produced by a collection of anomalies, compounded by sparse structure, irregular densities, and lack of geometric cohesion typical of point clouds nature. Thus, filtering techniques on raw data are required to produce accurate point clouds suitable for further processing. This objective is pursued in the following study through a comparative analysis between two registered clouds, one obtained from TLS, used as reference dataset and the other – to be filtered – from SLAM system. Four steps make up the workflow: analysing the comparison models’ geometric attributes, specifically surface density and roughness; constructing statistical tolerance limits for the TLS cloud’s roughness distribution; cleaning the SLAM cloud; assessing the filtering outcomes. Our efforts to effectively remove and mitigate noise, while preserving the original detail features of the object surface, have been driven by the detailed articulation of point cloud denoising approaches that have been introduced in recent years. However, in this wide context, our goal is not to provide a review or to explore the details of the various methods; rather, we want to offer a simple yet efficient method for obtaining an integrated model with a uniform noise level. This can be especially useful when the data from the survey will later be used in source-based modelling.

ACCURACY OF REPLICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE WITH A CONTACT PROFILE METHOD

Surface texture is of great importance in specifying the function of a surface. The surface finish of products influences the friction performance, wear resistance, bearing, sliding, lubricating properties, functionality, etc. Replicas of surface textures are widely used in many industries for evaluating the condition of textures when no measurable surfaces are available for measurements or in the case of non-dismantled objects of immense dimensions. The replication’s reliability and accuracy are significant concerns in actual applications. Although there are several parameters, Ra and Rz are still most often defined in technical product documentation as the indicators of whether a surface texture is within certain tolerance limits. In real production conditions, tactile stylus profilometers are still the most common instruments for measuring surface texture. For all the reasons mentioned above, the accuracy of the Technovit® 3040 replica was analysed. The quality of the Technovit® 3040 replica was researched on 15 samples processed with six conventional machining methods. Average roughness parameters Ra and Rz were measured on original surfaces and then compared to replica surfaces. A qualitative comparison of the profile geometries of original surfaces and their replicas was discussed.

Quality Tolerance Limits: A General Guidance for Parameter Selection and Threshold Setting.

The past years have sharpened the industry's understanding of a Quality by Design (QbD) approach toward clinical trials. Using QbD encourages designing quality into a trial during the planning phase. The identification of Critical to Quality (CtQs) factors and specifically Critical Data and Processes (CD&Ps) is key to such a risk-based monitoring approach. A variable that allows monitoring the evolution of risk regarding the CD&Ps is called a Quality Tolerance Limit (QTL) parameter. These parameters are linked to the scientific question(s) of a trial and may identify the issues that can jeopardize the integrity of trial endpoints. This paper focuses on defining what QTL parameters are and providing general guidance on setting thresholds for these parameters allowing for the derivation of an acceptable range of the risk.

Corrosion analysis of orthodontic brackets and arch wires – An <em>in vitro</em> study

Orthodontic plates are fixed onto the teeth in a dynamic environment in the oral cavity. The Orthodontic appliances, which includes both the brackets and the arch wires, are exposed to different pH fluctuations in the mouth. These appliances are manufactured using metal alloys that made out from nickel, iron, cadmium and titanium. These are commercially available in Sri Lanka and in the international market in different prices covering a large price range. Recent studies are investigating on the biocompatibility of these materials with the aim of determining the upper limit of the biological tolerance and to find methods to maintain ion release within acceptable limits. According to the previous studies there are evidences that the Ni and Cr ions release from Ni-Cr alloy in the presence of different acidity of artificial saliva. In this research in vitro corrosion process of selected orthodontic wires in artificial saliva solutions were evaluated with the aim of identifying a relationship between the quality and the price of selected orthodontic appliances available in Sri Lankan market. Eighteen specimens from different brands were selected and immersed in each of different types of artificial saliva at different pH, for different storage periods. All the sample tubes were incubated at 37°C. The release of metal ions from specimens with time were studied by conductivity, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) and mass loss measurements. According to the results, all specimens prepared using Ni -Ti wires release Ni²⁺ in the range between 9 ppm – 20 ppm during one year study period. Ni²⁺ concentration in all saliva solutions has increased with time and in specimens B, D, E, F the Ni²⁺ releasing rates were decreased with time. According to this study, all brands of brackets which were used in this study may lead to develop nickel hypersensitivity with time.

Changes in thermal sensitivity of Rhinella arenarum tadpoles (Anura: Bufonidae) exposed to sublethal concentrations of different pesticide fractions (Lorsban® 75WG).

The intensive use of agrochemicals and the rapid increase of global temperatures have modified the thermal conditions of aquatic environments, thus increasing amphibians' vulnerability to global warming and positioning them at great risk. Commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos (COM) are the pesticides most widely used in agricultural activities, with a high toxic potential on amphibians. However, little is known about the separate effects of the active ingredient (CPF) and adjuvants (AD). We studied the thermal sensitivity at different concentrations and pesticide fractions in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles, on thermal tolerance limits (CTmax = Critical thermal maximum and CTmin = Critical thermal minimum), swimming speed (Ss), Optimum temperature (Top), and Thermal breadth 50 (B50). Our results demonstrate that the pesticide active ingredient, the adjuvants, and the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos differentially impair the thermal sensitivity of R. arenarum tadpoles. The pesticide fractions affected the heat and the cold tolerance (CTmax and CTmin), depending on the concentrations they were exposed to. The locomotor performance (Ss, Top, and B50) of tadpoles also varied among fractions, treatments, and environmental temperatures. In the context of climate change, the outcomes presented are particularly relevant, as mean temperatures are increasing at unprecedented rates, which suggests that tadpoles inhabiting warming and polluted ponds are currently experiencing deleterious conditions. Considering that larval stages of amphibians are the most susceptible to changing environmental conditions and the alarming predictions about environmental temperatures in the future, it is likely that the synergism between high temperatures and pesticide exposure raise the threat of population deletions in the coming years.

Analysis of the quality of liquid smoke coconut shells using Technoher equipment

Many food industry products require preservatives to extend their shelf life. Natural preservatives are a necessity for safe food products. One natural preservative can be made from coconut shells. Liquid smoke from coconut shells is produced using liquid smoke pyrolysis equipment which has been developed by authors called Technoher. This study aimed to compare physical and chemical properties of various grades of liquid smoke from coconut shells produced using Technoher equipment, and study the specific applications of liquid smoke based on the grades. To produce the expected quality (3 grades), 3 treatments are made. The results showed that Grade 1 (G1) specifically the G1+ treatment sample had the lowest PAH value of 0.00 µg/g, while the G1 had a value of 0.007 µg/g. Grade 2 consisting of G2 and G2+ treatments, yielded PAH values of 0.002 µg/g, and 0.006 µg/g respectively, while Grade 3, produced a value of 0.026 µg/g. Based on the results, the three grades of Coconut liquid smoke were within the tolerance limit for PAH (Benzo (a) pyrene). The products contain no toxic substances and are safe, with Grades 1 and 2 are food grade, while Grade 3 has the potential for non-food preservation (non-food grade).

The Use of Physical Strength in Children’s Education: Learning from Indonesian Court’s Judgments

This article explores the limitations of using physical force in educating children in Indonesia. It examines the prevalence of violence by parents and teachers in education. Increased public awareness and concern for children's rights have made the use of violence in education a taboo. This research uses a qualitative method with secondary data using literature and analysing court decisions from the human rights perspective. This study aims to determine the limits of tolerance for violence and corporal punishment. The court decisions have been taken as the data to be analysed from various locations where decisions have been issued were taken into consideration to depict the similarities and differences in deciding matters related to corporal punishment towards children. This article examines historical, cultural, and religious factors that influence the use of physical force, including interpretations of Islamic teachings. This paper also presents arguments for and against corporal punishment as an educational tool. This research sheds light on the complexities surrounding the permissibility of physical force in children's education and the conflicting views in society, providing insight into evolving understandings and legal perspectives on the subject.

Socio-Cultural Based Religious Moderation Among the Young Muslim Generation in Arjawinangun Cirebon

Indonesia's diverse society demands a tolerant attitude. However, it is a paradox in Indonesia's diverse society that the emergence of intolerant attitudes, radicalism and extremism, especially those targeting the millennial generation, is very worrying, for this reason it is necessary to build a moderate understanding. From this background, researchers are interested in examining socio-culturally based religious moderation in the millennial generation in Arjawanangun Cirebon. Researchers use qualitative field methods with a phenomenological approach. Religious moderation occurs in the socio-cultural aspects of society, such as participating in social, religious, youth activities, commemorating national holidays, weddings, while still paying attention to the limits of tolerance. Karang Taruna organizations are a forum for interfaith youth interaction. The religious tolerance of the millennial generation cannot be separated from the role of education in the family which has been instilled by their parents for generations.

Evaluating AAPM-TG-218 recommendations: Gamma index tolerance and action limits in IMRT and VMAT quality assurance using SunCHECK.

This study aimed to improve the safety and accuracy of radiotherapy by establishing tolerance (TL) and action (AL) limits for the gamma index in patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) using SunCHECK software, as per AAPM TG-218 report recommendations. The study included 125 patients divided into six groups by treatment regions (H&N, thoracic and pelvic) and techniques (VMAT, IMRT). SunCHECK was used to calculate the gamma passing rate (%GP) and dose error (%DE) for each patient, for the planning target volume and organs at risk (OARs). The TL and AL were then determined for each group according to TG-218 recommendations. We conducted a comprehensive analysis to compare %DE among different groups and examined the relationship between %GP and %DE. The TL and AL of all groups were more stringent than the common standard as defined by the TG218 report. The TL and AL values of the groups differed significantly, and the values for the thoracic groups were lower for both VMAT and IMRT. The %DE of the parameters D95%, D90%, and Dmean in the planning target volume, and Dmean and Dmax in OARs were significantly different. The dose deviation of VMAT was larger than IMRT, especially in the thoracic group. A %GP and %DE correlation analysis showed a strong correlation for the planning target volume, but a weak correlation for the OARs. Additionally, a significant correlation existed between %GP of SunCHECK and Delta4. The study established TL and AL values tailored to various anatomical regions and treatment techniques at our institution. Establishing PSQA workflows for VMAT and IMRT offers valuable clinical insights and guidance. We also suggest developing a standard combining clinically relevant metrics with %GP to evaluate PSQA results comprehensively.

Does heat tolerance actually predict animals' geographic thermal limits?

The “climate extremes hypothesis” is a major assumption of geographic studies of heat tolerance and climatic vulnerability. However, this assumption remains vastly untested across taxa, and multiple factors may contribute to uncoupling heat tolerance estimates and geographic limits. Our dataset includes 1000 entries of heat tolerance data and maximum temperatures for each species' known geographic limits (hereafter, Tmax). We gathered this information across major animal taxa, including marine fish, terrestrial arthropods, amphibians, non-avian reptiles, birds, and mammals. We first tested if heat tolerance constrains the Tmax of sites where species could be observed. Secondly, we tested if the strength of such restrictions depends on how high Tmax is relative to heat tolerance. Thirdly, we correlated the different estimates of Tmax among them and across species. Restrictions are strong for amphibians, arthropods, and birds but often weak or inconsistent for reptiles and mammals. Marine fish describe a non-linear relationship that contrasts with terrestrial groups. Traditional heat tolerance measures in thermal vulnerability studies, like panting temperatures and the upper set point of preferred temperatures, do not predict Tmax or are inversely correlated to it, respectively. Heat tolerance restricts the geographic warm edges more strongly for species that reach sites with higher Tmax for their heat tolerance. These emerging patterns underline the importance of reliable species' heat tolerance indexes to identify their thermal vulnerability at their warm range edges. Besides, the tight correlations of Tmax estimates across on-land microhabitats support a view of multiple types of thermal challenges simultaneously shaping ranges' warm edges for on-land species. The heterogeneous correlation of Tmax estimates in the ocean supports the view that fish thermoregulation is generally limited, too. We propose new hypotheses to understand thermal restrictions on animal distribution.

Quality control analysis of chiffon cake pandan in Holland Bakery

The advancement of business development affects economic competition. Companies with strong competitive advantages must compete with other companies in the same field. One way to compete with the same competitors is to favor the quality of the products produced. Holland Bakery is one of the cake and bread manufacturers. Holland Bakery continues to strive to produce quality products, but there is still damage that exceeds the standard limit by 2.13% in 2022 with the standard limit set, which is 2%. One way to do quality control is to use the Statistical Quality Control (SQC) method. This study aims to analyze the quality of one of Holland Bakery's products, namely Chiffon Cake Pandan Sponge Cake, which is still within the tolerance limit or not, and what types of damage occur most often. This research was conducted from September 21 - October 20, 2023, with the results obtained that the level of damage is still within the tolerance limit. However, there is still damage exceeding the UCL line on the 10th day of production by 10% due to burning, the 19th day by 6.67% due to non-standard shape, the 23rd day by 11.11% due to burning, and the 29th day by 10% due to burning. The most dominant damage is due to burning as many as 16 pieces. Then, the cause-and-effect diagram shows that damage factors occur due to humans (man), environment (environment), and methods (method). Improvements from various aspects such as humans, environment, and methods can be made to minimize damage so that quality is always maintained. It is expected that Holland Bakery can review the production method of Chiffon Cake Pandan, monitor the condition of workers, and add air ventilation in the production room.

Effects of respiratory motion on accurate four-dimensional computed tomography acquisition and plan delivery for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy

AbstractThis study evaluated the impact of respiratory movement on four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) acquisition and radiotherapy delivery. QUASAR™ Respiratory Motion Phantom with nine sinusoidal waveforms that combined three amplitudes (10, 20, and 30 mm) and three breaths per minute (BPMs) (10, 15, and 20) was used. We acquired 4D-CT for nine respective waveforms and measured and compared geometrical factors (volume, shape, and motion) to reference static CT. We optimized and delivered radiotherapy plans on a Vital Beam and evaluated gamma for dose distribution analysis with three acceptance criteria: 3%/3 mm, 3%/3 mm, and 5%/5 mm. Geometrical analysis revealed that an increase in amplitude decreased 4D-CT acquisition accuracy. Geometrical factors for an amplitude of ≤ 20 mm were within tolerance limits, however, amplitude 30 mm resulted in significant deviations over tolerance limits. BPM had a minimal effect on geometrical accuracy when accurate pitch values for respective BPMs were selected for scanning. Dose distribution analysis also indicated that an increase in amplitude decreased the gamma passing rates. Amplitude 30 mm failed to achieve a 95% passing rate for all three gamma evaluation criteria adopted in the present study. Overall, our results demonstrate that respiratory motion has significant effects on the accuracy of both 4D-CT acquisition and planned radiotherapy delivery. Small amplitude of ≤ 20 mm is required to ensure accuracy.

Exposure and Consequences of Soft Advertising: Consumer Recognition and Insights into Advertising Strategies

The research question of this paper explores the consequences of soft advertising as recognized by consumers through surveys and text analysis. This includes the limits of consumer tolerance towards soft advertising, as well as their attitudes towards the companies initiating soft advertising and the advertisers themselves. The paper mentions that while advertising agencies know that deploying soft advertising may infringe upon consumers' interests, resulting in negative feedback, the limits of consumer tolerance and their direct attitudes toward advertising companies and advertisers still need to be clarified. Therefore, the goal of this study is to fill this information gap to reduce marketing decision errors. The research design includes two research methods: surveys and text analysis. Surveys collect consumer opinions and attitudes, while text analysis delves deeper into text data, such as comments and feedback on social media. Combining these two methods allows a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between soft advertising and consumers. Overall, the research findings emphasize the importance of soft advertising in consumer interaction and attitudes, particularly in the digital media environment. The study indicates that maintaining an appropriate balance in advertising and adopting innovative approaches is crucial for the advertising industry to avoid angering potential customers. This provides valuable guidance for advertising decision-makers to meet consumer expectations better and provide valuable advertising content.

ANALISA PENGARUH CACAT PRODUK AIR TRAPS PADA SIMULASI INJECTION MOLDING

Injection molding, is a manufacturing process for making plastic components. The plastic material is melted, pressed into a mold, then cooled to become the finished product. Injection molding has the potential for air problems or trapped air affecting the quality of the final product. Test data is obtained from software analysis. The bucket cast test results showed defects in the form of holes or unwanted mold marks due to air trapped in the injection molding process. Injection pressure affects air traps defects. At a pressure of 170 Mpa, 180 Mpa, 190 Mpa at a temperature of 200 °C, there is no significant change in the pressure difference and there are still bubble defects in the product, but it is still within the allowable tolerance limits. Optimizing injection pressure is important to reduce bubble defects in the injection molding process. To overcome the air problem in the injection molding process, several ways that can be done include choosing the right plastic raw materials, optimizing injection pressure, adjusting injection speed, and paying attention to good product design or mold design.