Tolerance In Society Research Articles

Ending political abuse of psychiatry: where we are at and what needs to be done.

The number of reports of political activists falling victim to the political abuse of psychiatry is increasing. When the USSR first disintegrated, this practice virtually ceased to occur. What came in its place, however, was a disturbing collection of other forms of abuses, including human rights abuses, caused by a lack of resources, outdated treatment methods, a lack of understanding of individual human rights and a growing lack of tolerance in society. The number of cases of political abuse of psychiatry has increased since the 21st century began, particularly over the past few years in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.

Языковое планирование в полиэтнических странах

The deliberate influence of the society onto the language is the key factor to the functional development of languages. This influence manifests itself in the domains of organized communication which presume the possibility of language planning through the realization of certain principles in the language policy. In a multinational state, the language policy implies the impact of the state onto the language, social, and ethnic factors. This policy is aimed at adjustment of multi-ethnic relations in the regions and promotes the mutual understanding, tolerance in society. The article analyzes the interrelationship between the language policy and language situation. In order to avoid language conflicts in a multinational state, it is necessary to take into account the cultural and language demands of different language communities. Another important part of the language policy is the language unity in a multinational state. These two objectives call forth to take into count both the language diversity and the language unity of the state. However, these two trends come to an opposition to each other which leads to national language conflicts, e.g. in Moldova, Ukraine, and Baltic states. In order to achieve the language agreement, it is necessary to strive for the strict compliance of the language policy with the language factors and the language situation. Following the reasons mentioned above, the legislation on languages is adopted by the state where the languages gain their status. In the Russian Federation, the model of the language policy is multicomponent: the legislation on languages has been adopted in 22 republics, 34 languages gained official status. Along with the system of laws on languages in the Russian Federation, there have been attempts to ratify and apply the European Charter for Regional Languages which was signed by the President of the country but has not been ratified by the State Duma. In this connection, there have been attempts to plan the domains of language functioning in Russia, taking into consideration the main requirements of the European Charter for Regional Languages. One of the attempts has been analyzed in the article, namely the plans to expand the requirements of the Charter onto more than 100 languages in the Russian Federation. These plans were considered at the meeting of the round table at the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation - European Charter for Regional Languages and Minorities: Main Problems and Perspectives of Ratification, 27 November 2006. The languages of Russia are divided into three groups: regional languages with an official status (34), regional languages without an official status (12), regional languages of minorities (44). It was proposed to plan the functioning of the languages in full compliance with the main principles of the European Charter, to consider these languages as the means of expressions of the cultural asset of the peoples, to respect the geographical area of each language, follow the necessary measures in order to protect and preserve the languages and their use in different domains, organize the system of education in these languages. Following the principles mentioned above, there have been attempts to plan the scope of the language functions in education, administration, governmental services, media, culture, economy, i.e. in all domains of organized communication which are to be subject to further planning. It was an example of the language planning in a multinational country. However, the application of the principles of the European Charter in the situation of a recession is quite a challenging task. Nowadays, we see not a positive shift but rather a negative one in the development of social functions in a number of Russia’s languages (see the example of the Khakass language). That is the reason why the European Charter has not been ratified yet in the Russian Federation. Along with the mentioned obstacles, it is considered that the existing legislation of languages in Russia is sufficient enough. However, in the present situation, there have been some attempts to ratify the European Charter by the State Duma of the Russian Federation.

VIHARA DAN PLURALISME PADA MASA JAWA KUNA ABAD VIII – XI MASEHI (TINJAUAN DATA PRASASTI)

The era of reformation in Indonesia was supposedly articulated with the pluralism of the society. Sadly, many cases regarding religious and ethnic conflicts pronounced the opposite, whereas pluralism and religious tolerance were two of the main characters of the nation since the days of the ancestors. The legacy of those two characters is actually able to be observed through cultural heritage, as a messenger from the past. This study examines one aspect of the practice of religious tolerance, which recorded in the ancient inscriptions from 8th to 11th AD., which selected through purposive sampling procedure. The aforementioned aspect was regarding the important role of ancient vihāra as a symbol of religious tolerance in society. Such role was the impact of its functions, which are different with today’s modern function. This information on the function and role of the vihāra in ancient Java is provided to support modern Indonesian society to understand their material cultural heritage.

VIHARA AND PLURALISM IN ANCIENT JAVA, 8 TH – 11 TH AD. (Study on Inscriptions)

The era of reformation in Indonesia was supposedly articulated with the pluralism of the society. Sadly, many cases regarding religious and ethnic conflicts pronounced the opposite, whereas pluralism and religious tolerance were two of the main characters of the nation since the days of the ancestors. The legacy of those two characters is actually able to be observed through cultural heritage, as a messenger from the past. This study examines one aspect of the practice of religious tolerance, which recorded in the ancient inscriptions from 8th to 11th AD., which selected through purposive sampling procedure. The aforementioned aspect was regarding theimportant role of ancient vihāra as a symbol of religious tolerance in society. Such role was the impact of its functions, which are different with today’s modern function. This information on the function and role of the vihāra in ancient Java is provided to support modern Indonesian society to understand their material cultural heritage.

INTERNALISASI NILAI MULTIKULTURALISME DAN KERUKUNAN ANTARUMAT BERAGAMA DALAM MASYARAKAT

This research discussed on how the tolerance between societies can be created through the pattern and process of the internalization of multiculturalism value to society in Potorono, Banguntapan, Bantul. The values appeared through such a long processes of society dynamic where they lived. In descriptive qualitative method, the portrait of that society can be revealed to analyze deeper the practices or processes of the internalization of multiculturalism value that can unite the society with their differences. This research aimed at revealing casuistically the process of the internalization of multiculturalism value and its correlation with tolerance between societies, as well as the factors which influence the societies to maintain their multiculturalism value. The objective of this research is to know the processes of internalization of multiculturalism value and to understand its correlation with tolerance in society, thus it can be an interactive room for each people in society to find the solution and alternative answer for any possible conflict that may be happened. This research applied qualitative research which aimed at gaining deeper understanding on the phenomenon recorded on the field of the research. To understand deeply and holistically, the analysis of meanings, values and deeper understanding on the character of society of Potorono, Banguntapan, Bantul is needed. The approach applied in this research is exploratory descriptive and explanatory study case. It is through exploratory the data found in the research, then explaining the data found and final process is improving the explanations comparatively to certain similar phenomenon and proving that this kind of explanation can be applied to another situation. The research findings are: 1) the awareness of society of Potorono to maintain the values of tolerance has been there for long time ago and has been practiced hereditarily 2) the social interaction with a new community happened with adaptive process and step by step through religious and social activities, 3) the majority of native people have kinship relation, thus it caused the process of internalization of value easier, 4) the values appeared are tolerance, togetherness, care and respectfulness.

Overview and Summary: Emotional Health: Strategies for Nurses.

challenges associated with mental illness and the care of persons with mental disorders have been traced through time since 400 B.C. as Hippocrates treated mental illness as a disturbance of physiology, parting ways from the belief systems of his contemporaries that attributed these disorders to demonic possession (PBS. 2014). One way to look to the advances in psychiatric nursing practice is to reflect upon where we have been.The mentally ill have suffered maltreatment from the time of Hippocrates into the present day, treated as criminals, delinquents, and defectives; burdened by atrocities of social and personal abuse. Champions mark these dark years, among which our authors march in their good company. Some I am sure are familiar to you: Dorothea Dix (1801-1887) advocate for humane treatment; Clifford Beers (1876-1943), an early founder of the client-advocate movement; and President Truman (1946) who established the National Mental Health Act and the National Institutes for Mental Health which promotes research in the field (PBS. 2014: Dix, n.d.). Along with the discovery of antipsychotic medications in the mid-1950s, the number of hospitalized mentally ill persons peaked, and by 1961, sociologist Erving Goffman identified the effects of institutionalization upon psychotic symptoms (Goffman. 1961). By the mid-1960s de-institutionalization begins, in large part because of psychopharmacological treatments. Trans-institutionalization, another cycle back into prisons begins, as the promise of community resources fails (Lamb & Weinberger. 2005). In 1979, the National Alliance for the Mentally III is formed, and by the early 1980s one-third of the homeless population is considered to have a mental disorder. Although a new generation of anti-psychotics becomes available in the early 1990s, society's tolerance for homeless persons with mental disorders has reached its limit. Over seven percent of jail intakes are persons with serious mental illness, and of those, 25% were held without charges (Lamb & Weinberger. 2005).Advocacy in mental health care has shifted toward policy initiatives since the 1990s. Mental Health Parity Act, which broke down some of the discrimination against mental health care has been under consideration by congress since the mid-1990s (National Alliance on Mental Illness fNAMU. 2014). Americans with Disabilities Act, which took effect in 1992, supported parents and consumers in the workplace and with public accommodations (Frank & Glied. 2007). Participation in public disability insurance programs, such as Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and its sister program, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), provide a stable, though often minimal, source of income for people disabled by mental illness. More recently, the Affordable Care Act promises improved access to care and parity protection through expanded insurance coverage for mental illness and substance abuse disorders (Beronio. Po. Skooec. & Glied. 2013). Today, mental health care for most people with severe mental illnesses is paid for by one or more of these programs. Mental health policymakers have come to recognize that changes in these programs can have powerful effects on the well-being of the population with mental illness and their families.Our authors for this OJIN topic recognize the effects of these policy changes upon the well-being of the mentally ill in their bracing discussion of the contemporary issues confronting mental health providers and persons with mental disorders today. changes that author Kane highlights in her article, The 2014 Scope and Standards of Practice for Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Key Updates are cross-cutting themes repeated in the articles submitted by the following authors, giving credence to their significance. In particular, these cross-cutting topics focus upon consumerism and recovery as an achievable goal in mental health care; the need for nurse contributions in psychiatric treatment research; and the importance of and difficulties associated with achieving prevention strategies in care at the individual or systems level. …

Moderate tolerance promotes tag-mediated cooperation in spatial Prisoner’s dilemma game

Humans often behave discriminatorily towards others depending on their group membership. In this work, we establish a spatial Prisoner’s dilemma model to investigate the relation between tag-mediated discrimination and cooperation. By introducing tag-mediated selective interaction, we find that if tag length is sufficiently large and individuals have moderate tolerance, cooperation can be promoted. Interestingly, both too high or too low tolerance may inhibit the emergence and maintenance of cooperation, which means that individuals may benefit from moderate tolerance in society. It is also shown that the high levels of cooperation stem from the high heterogeneity and clear boundaries between clusters. Our work should be helpful to understand both the evolution of human cooperation and the science of social identity.

Fifty years of political abuse of psychiatry – no end in sight

In October 1989, the General Assembly of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) accepted the Soviet psychiatric association back conditionally, after having been forced to leave the organization six years earlier because of systematic abuse of psychiatry for political purposes. Three weeks later, the Berlin Wall came tumbling down, and in 1991, the Soviet Union itself ceased to exist. However, over the past years, an increasing number of reports on the internment of political activists in former Soviet republics made people realize that 25 years after the decision of the WPA, political abuse of psychiatry still has not been eradicated. Using psychiatry as a means of repression has been a particular favorite of totalitarian regimes with a communist State ideology. Cases have been reported from other countries as well, including Western democratic societies, yet nowhere else has it been developed into a systematic method of repression. While probably the overwhelming majority of Soviet psychiatrists were unaware that they had become part of a perfidious system to treat dissenters as psychiatrically ill on the orders of the Party and the KGB, there is also ample evidence that the core group of architects of the system knew very well what they were doing. When the USSR disintegrated, the practice of using psychiatry against political opponents virtually ceased to exist. What came in its place, however, was a very disturbing collection of other forms of abuses, including human rights abuses due to lack of resources, outdated methods of treatment, lack of understanding of human individual rights and a growing lack of tolerance in society. Starting this century, the number of individual cases of political abuse of psychiatry has increased, in particular, over the past few years in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. The issue of Soviet political abuse of psychiatry had a lasting impact on world psychiatry. It triggered the discussions on medical ethics and the professional responsibilities of physicians (including psychiatrists), resulting in both national and international declarations and ethical codes that address the interface between human rights, professional responsibilities of physicians and medical ethics. En octobre 1989, l’Assemblée générale de l’Association mondiale de psychiatrie (WPA) acceptait le retour conditionnel de l’Association psychiatrique soviétique, après avoir été forcée de quitter l’organisation six ans plus tôt pour abus systématique de la psychiatrie à des fins politiques. Trois semaines plus tard, le mur de Berlin s’écroulait, et en 1991, l’Union soviétique elle-même cessait d’exister. Cependant, au cours des dernières années, un nombre croissant de rapports sur l’internement de militants politiques dans les anciennes républiques soviétiques faisait prendre conscience que, 25 ans après la décision de la WPA, l’utilisation de la psychiatrie à des fins politiques était loin d’être éradiquée. Cette utilisation de la psychiatrie comme moyen de répression a été particulièrement appréciée des régimes totalitaires d’obédience communiste. Des cas ont aussi été signalés dans d’autres pays, y compris dans les sociétés démocratiques occidentales, mais nulle part ailleurs n’ont été développés comme méthode systématique de répression. Bien que sans doute l’écrasante majorité des psychiatres soviétiques ne savaient pas qu’ils étaient devenus partie d’un système pervers pour traiter les dissidents comme malades mentaux sur les ordres du Parti et du KGB, de nombreuses preuves montrent que les architectes du système savaient très bien ce qu’ils faisaient. Lorsque l’URSS s’est désintégrée, l’utilisation de la psychiatrie contre les opposants politiques a pratiquement cessé d’exister. À sa place, cependant, une série troublante d’autres formes d’abus, des violations des droits de l’homme dues au manque de ressources, des méthodes dépassées de traitement, un manque de compréhension des droits humains individuels et une baisse croissante de tolérance dans la société. Depuis quelques années, le nombre de cas individuels de maltraitance politique en psychiatrie a augmenté, en particulier en Russie, en Biélorussie et au Kazakhstan. La question de la maltraitance politique de la psychiatrie soviétique a eu un impact durable sur la psychiatrie mondiale. Il a déclenché des discussions sur l’éthique médicale et les responsabilités professionnelles des médecins (y compris les psychiatres). Il en a résulté des déclarations à la fois nationales et internationales et des Codes d’éthique pour définir l’interface entre les droits, les responsabilités professionnelles des médecins et l’éthique médicale.

Discussion on Some Issues of Earthquake Early Warning Engineering

Earthquake early warning (EEW) is a hot topic in domestic and foreign research. It is a complex social engineering. Earthquake early warning engineering is an interdisciplinary engineering, particularly in the combination between natural science and social science. In this paper, some problems about some basic concepts of earthquake early warning and some problems brought by the earthquake early warning theory, are discussed in detail. This paper introduces the concept and types of earthquake early warning, earthquake early warning model, ability of earthquake early warning and it also emphasizes the different ability of earthquake early warning, benefit area, blind area of invalid area and points out the importance of the first report of earthquake early warning. This paper points out that the earthquake early warning technology not only brings mitigation for disaster, but also stimulates a dense seismic observation network, which is a breakthrough compared to traditional observation methods and processing methods and will bring innovation and reform to the traditional seismic observation network, especially for real-time seismology. This paper discusses the current earthquake early warning technology limitations and problems. Combining the current situation of domestic and international earthquake early warning system, the paper puts forward the need to pay attention to the earthquake early warning engineering and strategy for research, points out that the earthquake early warning is a complex social project. The difference between social tolerance of earthquake early warning and the society's tolerance to earthquake early warning is first proposed. The risks and benefits of earthquake early warning are also discussed in this paper.

Explaining attitudes about homosexuality in Confucian and non-Confucian nations: Is there a ‘cultural’ influence?

The majority of research on attitudes about homosexuality has concentrated on the global North and on Christian and Muslim majority nations. Little research attention has been given to the factors that shape tolerance in societies with a Confucian heritage. Residents of Confucian counties are less tolerant than Europeans and Americans. One reason given for this difference is the emphasis on Confucian values in many Asian societies. Using data from the World Values Survey, we examine whether values that could be described as Confucian influence attitudes in Confucian and non-Confucian nations. We find a unique Confucian cultural effect, which can partially be explained with concerns about keeping the family intact. Conversely, in Confucian societies values related to obedience, conformity, and filial piety are unrelated to attitudes. There is also a small Buddhist contextual effect, resulting in more tolerant attitudes, and the Confucian influence cannot be reduced to an Asian regional effect.

Resolving Human‐Bear Conflict: A Global Survey of Countries, Experts, and Key Factors

AbstractHuman‐bear conflicts cause annoyance, financial losses, injuries, and even death to people. In poorer parts of the world, conflicts with bears can affect local economies. Retaliation against bears may threaten the future of small, isolated populations. Our survey of the world's bear experts revealed that the problem is worsening in terms of severity of conflicts and their impact on bear conservation on all four continents inhabited by bears. However, the main drivers of conflict, and its manifestations, differ among bear species. We reviewed human‐bear conflict management plans from which we identified 10 categories of mitigating interventions that together comprise a ubiquitous bear conflict management toolbox. Within this toolbox, the peer‐reviewed literature indicates heavy reliance on education and physical barriers for conflict mitigation. In customizing these general approaches to local circumstances, it is important to be mindful of starkly varying geopolitical and social circumstances. There is a pressing need to improve transfer of knowledge from places with active empirical research on mitigation (especially North America), and adapting methodologies to other parts of the world. We saw little evidence of evaluation and adaptive management in the conflict plans. Failure to mitigate conflicts may reduce society's tolerance of bears and diminish conservation efforts.

A Simple Emulation-Based Computational Model

Emulation is one of the simplest and most common mechanisms of social interaction. In this paper we introduce a descriptive computational model that attempts to capture the underlying dynamics of social processes led by emulation. The model allows, with few assumptions, to explain how and why highly skewed distributions emerge in human societies, where few trends are representative and co-exist with several minority trends. In particular, the model shows that if a society is too tolerant and permeable, all the agents converge to only one trend that leads to uniformity. If society's tolerance is moderate, many trends arise but with a high dispersity of size, only a few of them being truly representative. Finally, in highly intolerant societies a considerable degree of segregation is reached, where lots of trends of similar size arise. Furthermore, the proposed model can reproduce several real phenomena in social processes in which emulation is present: cyclic evolution in trend areas, changes in leadership, extinction and resurgence of trend areas, the struggle between neighboring areas and the higher probability of having dominant trends in central areas, corresponding to moderate positions.

‘Because I am a man, I should be gentle to my wife and my children’: positive masculinity to stop gender-based violence in a coastal district in Vietnam

Despite the efforts of the government to promote gender equality in Vietnam, gender-based violence is still a critical issue. This article explores a pilot project, the Responsible Men Club, developed and implemented in a coastal district in Vietnam from 2010 to 2012 to work with men to stop violence against their wives. Focusing on masculinity and promoting gender equality in a culturally relevant way significantly improves acceptance of the programme by men themselves and their communities, and enhances its impact. We argue that empowerment, a process often used for women, is also important for men. To construct and encourage a positive, non-violent version of masculinity, men need relevant knowledge, skills, mentoring, and peer support. It is a challenge for gender-based violence programmes to work on increasing public awareness of the issue of violence against women, and reduce society's tolerance of it, without increasing stigmatisation of and objections to men in general, and to perpetrator men in particular.

Tolerance and Human Resources in Science and Technology in East Asia

Abstract This article tries to pursue three goals: first, how can a hard-to-define cultural concept such as tolerance in society be measured? Second, is it possible to draw conclusions about the tolerance level of a nation on the basis of an analysis of web search behaviour? And third, is there a relationship between the tolerance level in East Asian societies and their ability to attract highly qualified knowledge workers? Taking as its starting point Richard Florida’s claim that a high tolerance level in society represents an essential pull factor for attracting the most sought-after people in the world, this article analyses and interprets web search behaviour among Google users residing in Japan, Korea and China in order to identify issues related to tolerance in East Asia.

Religion, civil society and conflict: What is it that religion does for and to society?

Human consciousness instinctively tries to make sense of reality. Different human interpretations of reality lead to a world consisting of multiple realities. Conflict occurs when differing realities (worldviews) encounter one another. Worldviews are socially created and determine human behaviour and, as such, most often find expression in religion. The discussion of conflict and the role of religion in civil society take place within the discourse of the sociology of religion. Religion is socially determined. Peter Berger’s insight into the sociology of religion therefore plays an important role in establishing the relationship between religion and civil society as one that takes on different forms. Thus, a clear definition of both civil society and religion was needed to understand the nature of these relationships. The role of religion in civil society with regard to the presence of conflict in society was further investigated in this article. The conditions under which conflict in society occurs were discussed, as were the conditions for tolerance in society, for religion ultimately becomes the provider of moral discernment when conflict occurs in civil society.

Perceptions of prospective teachers about tolerance education

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the perceptions of prospective teachers about tolerance education. This research is a descriptive, qualitative study. A semi-structured and non-directive interview technique is used for collecting data. Research is carried out with 30 prospective teachers who attend Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Education during the 2009 to 2010 academic years. Each participant is interviewed on the basis of their own will. Random sampling is used for this study. The results of the research reveal that prospective teachers are aware of the need for tolerance and tolerance education, both in society and within educational systems. In such, they make suggestions in parallel with this need. It is found that participants reveal views similar to those expressed within academic studies on the subject in their descriptions and suggestions regarding the need for tolerance in society and within the educational system. Key words: Tolerance, tolerance education, prospective teacher.

The Moral Imperative and Social Rationality of Government-Guaranteed Employment and Reskilling

Unemployment exacts a high cost to its victims, not only in lost income, but also in terms of quality of life (insecurity, depression, abandoned families, divorce, suicide and poorer health). It also exacts a high cost to society in terms of lost output, foregone tax revenue, depreciating human capital, and increased costs of welfare, crime and health care. Yet modern wealthy societies have, principally for the sake of price stability and to avoid the budget costs of a full remedy, chosen to tolerate a substantial level of permanent unemployment. This article explores the moral conditions of this social choice and its rationality in terms of social welfare. It makes and develops support for two claims: society's tolerance of involuntary unemployment is morally wrong, and it is socially and economically irrational. It concludes that government should guarantee employment by serving as employer of last resort and where appropriate provide for retraining.

Violence against women in intimate relationships: Explanations and suggestions for interventions as perceived by healthcare workers, local leaders, and trusted community members in a northern district of Vietnam

This study explored professionals' and trusted community inhabitants' explanations of the violence between intimate partners and their suggestions for preventive activities. It was performed in a rural district in northern Vietnam. A total of 20 men and 20 women were strategically selected for focus-group discussions and the analyses followed the procedure for qualitative thematic content analysis. It was pointed out that violence against women was not discussed openly in the community and women subjected to violence kept silent and avoided seeking help in order not to reveal what was happening in the family. The informants perceived the violence as an interplay between individual and family-related factors and sociocultural norms and practices where Confucian ideology exerted a strong influence. When it came to prevention, there was a strong belief in educating the people and in enforcing policy and law. As described by the informants, traditional attitudes to gender roles and women's power disadvantage are found to be behind most of the explanations for intimate partner violence. Collaboration between sectors at local level, between the health sector and other bodies, and with community leaders as spokesmen would help to improve openness and reduce society's tolerance of violence against women. The mass media also have an important role to play.

(i) Optimizing non-operative care

Summary Surgical treatment of back pain has limited success. It is therefore critical that spinal surgeons (who see most back problems in secondary care) are aware of the results of non-operative treatments. It is now known that most of the predictors of the development of long term distress and disability following an episode of back pain are psychosocial. Factors such as a tendency to low mood, fear avoidance, passivity, and poor sickness absence record, (known as "yellow flags"), all feed into the pain experience and thus should be included in the work up. Detection of multiple factors can inform the surgeon about why the person is in trouble and enable better decision making about the likelihood of a biological intervention being successful. Of the non-operative treatments available, although there is limited evidence for exercise programmes and back schools, many commonly employed approaches such as passive physiotherapy and facet joint injections are of unproved benefit. The treatments with best evidence of effectiveness are intensive interdisciplinary programmes (also known as functional restoration or pain management programmes). These therapies have been shown to be as effective as spinal fusion surgery and should be offered to persons with persistent difficulties before proceeding to fusion surgery.

Rates of Unemployment and Incidence of Police-Initiated Examinations for Involuntary Hospitalization in Florida

Rates of Unemployment and Incidence of Police-Initiated Examinations for Involuntary Hospitalization in Florida