Relative Tolerance Research Articles

Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages

BackgroundAlfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the worldwide major feed crop for livestock. However, forage quality and productivity are reduced by salt stress, which is a common issue in alfalfa-growing regions. The relative salt tolerance is changed during plant life cycle. This research aimed to investigate the relative salt tolerance and the underlying mechanisms of two alfalfa varieties at different developmental stages.ResultsTwo alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl). When the germinated seeds were exposed to salt stress, D4V exhibited enhanced primary root growth compared to ZM1 due to the maintenance of meristem size, sustained or increased expression of cell cycle-related genes, greater activity of antioxidant enzymes and higher level of IAA. These findings indicated that D4V was more tolerant than ZM1 at early developmental stage. However, when young seedlings were exposed to salt stress, ZM1 displayed a lighter wilted phenotype and leaf cell death, higher biomass and nutritional quality, lower relative electrolytic leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. In addition, ZM1 obtained a greater antioxidant capacity in leaves, indicated by less accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes. Further ionic tissue-distribution analysis identified that ZM1 accumulated less Na+ and more K+ in leaves and stems, resulting in lower Na+/K+ ratio, because of possessing higher expression of ion transporters and sensitivity of stomata closure. Therefore, the relative salt tolerance of ZM1 and D4V was reversed at young seedling stages, with the young seedlings of the former being more salt-tolerant.ConclusionOur data revealed the changes of relative order of salt tolerance between alfalfa varieties as they develop. Meristem activity in primary root tips and ion transferring at young seedling stages were underlying mechanisms that resulted in differences in salt tolerance at different developmental stages.

Method for Forecasting the Remaining Useful Life of a Furnace Transformer Based on Online Monitoring Data

Implementing the concept of a “smart furnace transformer” should stipulate its information support throughout its life cycle. This requires improving techniques for estimating the transformer’s health and forecasting its remaining useful life (RUL). A brief review of the problem being solved has shown that the known RUL estimation techniques include processing the results of measuring the facility state parameters using various mathematical methods. Data processing techniques (deep learning, SOLA, etc.) are used, but there is no information on their application in online monitoring systems. Herewith, fast (shock) changes in the resource caused by the failures and subsequent recoveries of the facility’s health have not been considered. This reduces the RUL forecasting accuracy for the repairable equipment, including transformers. It is especially relevant to consider the impact of sudden state changes when it comes to furnace transformers due to a cumulative wear effect determined by their frequent connections to the grid (up to 100 times a day). The proposed approach is based on calculating the RUL by analytical dependencies, considering the failures and recoveries of the facility state. For the first time, an engineering RUL forecasting technique has been developed, based on the online diagnostic monitoring data results provided in the form of time series. The equipment’s relative failure tolerance index, calculated with analytical dependencies, has first been used in RUL forecasting. As a generalized indicator, a relative failure tolerance index considering the facility’s state change dynamics has been proposed. The application of the RUL forecasting technique based on the results of dissolved gas analysis of a ladle furnace unit’s transformer is demonstrated. The changes in the transformer state during the operation period from 2014 to 2022 have been studied. The RUL was calculated in the intensive aging interval; the winding dismantling results were demonstrated, which confirmed developing destructive processes in the insulation. The key practical result of the study is reducing accidents and increasing the service life of the arc and ladle furnace transformers. The techno-economic effect aims to ensure process continuity and increase the metallurgical enterprise’s output (we cannot quantify this effect since it depends on the performance of a particular enterprise). It is recommended to use the technique to forecast the RUL of repairable facilities equipped with online monitoring systems.

CovET: A covariation-evolutionary trace method that identifies protein structure–function modules

Measuring the relative effect that any two sequence positions have on each other may improve protein design or help better interpret coding variants. Current approaches use statistics and machine learning but rarely consider phylogenetic divergences which, as shown by Evolutionary Trace studies, provide insight into the functional impact of sequence perturbations. Here, we reframe covariation analyses in the Evolutionary Trace framework to measure the relative tolerance to perturbation of each residue pair during evolution. This approach (CovET) systematically accounts for phylogenetic divergences: at each divergence event, we penalize covariation patterns that belie evolutionary coupling. We find that while CovET approximates the performance of existing methods to predict individual structural contacts, it performs significantly better at finding structural clusters of coupled residues and ligand binding sites. For example, CovET found more functionally critical residues when we examined the RNA recognition motif and WW domains. It correlates better with large-scale epistasis screen data. In the dopamine D2 receptor, top CovET residue pairs recovered accurately the allosteric activation pathway characterized for Class A G protein-coupled receptors. These data suggest that CovET ranks highest the sequence position pairs that play critical functional roles through epistatic and allosteric interactions in evolutionarily relevant structure-function motifs. CovET complements current methods and may shed light on fundamental molecular mechanisms of protein structure and function.

Convergence of a Class of Nonmonotone Descent Methods for Kurdyka–Łojasiewicz Optimization Problems

This note is concerned with a class of nonmonotone descent methods for minimizing a proper lower semicontinuous Kurdyka–Łojasiewicz (KL) function , which generates a sequence satisfying a nonmonotone decrease condition and a relative error tolerance. Under suitable assumptions, we prove that the whole sequence converges to a limiting critical point of , and, when is a KL function of exponent , the convergence admits a linear rate if and a sublinear rate associated to if . These assumptions are shown to be sufficient and necessary if in addition is weakly convex on a neighborhood of the set of critical points. Our results not only extend the convergence results of monotone descent methods for KL optimization problems but also resolve the convergence problem on the iterate sequence generated by a class of nonmonotone line search algorithms for nonconvex and nonsmooth problems.

Seed Germination and Vegetative Growth of Petunia (Petunia hybrida) Genotypes to Salt Stress

Salinity is a brutal threat to sustainability of crop production and exhibits injurious effect on major plant processes including protein synthesis, cell division and photosynthetic activity. Germination and early growth of plants are most susceptible to salinity effect in comparison to other growth stages. In this context, the seed emergence and early vegetative growth of flowers needs to be tested properly. The pot based study was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates at Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The goal of this investigation was to explore the performance of petunia plants to salt stress environment at early growth stage. Two petunia varieties (V1= Prism blue, V2= Hala lop petunia rose) were evaluated against six levels of salt stress (T1 = Canal irrigation water [Control], T2 = 3 dS m-1, T3 = 5 dS m-1, T4 = 7 dS m-1, T5 = 9 dS m-1, T6 = 11 dS m-1).The results showed that there was an inverse effect of salt stress on all the traits examined and with each increased level of salinity in irrigation water; the values of petunia plant traits were significantly decreased. The petunia grown in pots given only canal water (control) revealed better performance for germination and growth attributes. It was further noted that that salt stress up to 3 dS m-1 level was generally tolerated by petunia. Among petunia varieties, Hala lop petunia rose performance was better and showed relative tolerance to salt stress over Prism blue, but in most cases the differences were insignificant (P>0.05).

Gay Nazis

Most histories on the development of homosexual identity in Germany focus on the 19th-century origins of the first homosexual rights movement, the thriving queer culture in large cities like Berlin during the 1920s, the extensive advocacy done by the liberal sexologist Magnus Hirschfield, and the ultimate eradication of all this progress by the Nazi regime. Consequently, these histories focus primarily on left-wing progressive homosexual advocacy groups like Hirschfield’s WhK (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee; German for Scientific-Humanitarian Committee). Comparatively, less attention is paid to a smaller, but nevertheless significant cohort of right-wing male homosexual activists — or masculinists — like Adolf Brand and Hans Blüher who rejected notions that same-sex desiring men constituted an effeminate “third sex”. In their view, homoeroticism was the ultimate expression of virility and male camaraderie, and they fused this idea with nationalist, racialist, and antisemitic views in order to formulate a right-wing position against repealing Paragraph 175, Germany's anti-sodomy law. World War One (WWI) was a crucial event which allowed homosexual veterans to affirm their desires more boldly without being labelled as weak and unmanly — their war experience allowed them to defend their reputation as macho and patriotic men. This paper investigates the historical, social, and psychological reasons why many early Nazis, especially those who joined the SA, were attracted to Brand and Blüher’s ideas. The SA’s relative tolerance for homosociality provided a safe space for many homosexuals in the movement. However, this was extremely problematic for the political side of the Nazi Party whose hegemonic heterosexual masculine image came under question after a series of SA scandals in the early 1930s, and ultimately took deadly actions to quash non-heteronormative elements of the movement.

Prevalence of natural infection by Trypanosoma evansi in Crioula LAGEANA cattle

Cattle trypanosomiasis negatively impacts animal husbandry due to high morbidity, productivity losses, and mortality rates. Knowledge regarding Trypanosoma evansi infections in locally adapted breeds remains limited. Some cattle breeds exhibit trypanotolerance, requiring the determination of prevalence, as well as related tolerance and resistance characteristics, for disease control programs. This study aimed to determine T. evansi prevalence in Crioula Lageana cattle and associate clinical, hematological, and biochemical aspects with the infection to further research on tolerance in this population. Blood samples from 310 Crioula Lageana cattle were tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IIFR). T. evansi prevalence was 8% (24/310) using PCR and 4% (11/310) using IIFR. Positive animals showed increased ruminal movements, elevated eosinophil counts, and reduced monocyte numbers, but both latter within the reference range for the species. Albumin concentrations were low in positive cases and remained below the reference range limit for both groups. However, triglycerides exceeded the physiological range for the species in both positive and negative groups. Increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity was observed in positive animals. In conclusion, Crioula Lageana cattle exhibited enzootic instability with a low T. evansi infection prevalence when assessed using PCR and IIFR techniques. Furthermore, the animals did not display clinical, hematological, or biochemical alterations attributable to the presence of hemoparasites.

Attribute reduction for set-valued data based on prediction label

ABSTRACT Attribute reduction for set-valued data commonly took into account the distance or similarity between attribute values. However, little attention has been paid to the problem that sample labels can affect attribute reduction. This paper studies the attribute reduction for set-valued data based on prediction label. Firstly, the prediction label of samples in a set-valued decision information system (SVDIS) is defined. And then, the tolerance relation in an SVDIS based on prediction labels is given, which can distinguish samples not only by the distance between the attribute values, but also by the prediction labels. As a result, some related concepts have been redefined. Moreover, attribute reduction algorithms in an SVDIS based on dependence and decision error rate are designed. Eventually, experimental analysis on real data sets indicates that the designed algorithms can effectively reduce the number of attributes, and improve the classification accuracy in most cases.

Comparative analysis of drought-responsive biochemical and transcriptomic mechanisms in two Dendrobium officinale genotypes

Drought stress is one of the most sever natural disaster, threatening to plant growth and global crop security. Dendrobium officinale is a drought-tolerance crop with effective defense mechanisms against drought stress, as well as an important economic plant for medicinal, cosmetic, or ornamental purposes. Revealing the regulatory mechanisms conferring drought resistance upon D. officinale is thus crucial for genetic breeding and water-saving agriculture. In this study, the biochemical and transcriptomic profiles of two D. officinale genotypes were comprehensively analyzed under three drought stress conditions. The M genotype has a relative weaker drought tolerance, as shown by withered leaves, rapidly accumulated malondialdehyde, and severely repressed expression of photosynthesis-related genes under water deficit. In the O genotype (drought-tolerant genotype), proline content, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities significantly increased with intensifying drought stress, showing a higher level than that in the M genotype, especially under severe drought stress. By contrast, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities were higher in the M genotype under moderate and severe water deficient. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that mild water deficit initiated the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, while severe drought stress launched the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in both D. officinale genotypes. Notably, high expression of most protein phosphatases type 2 C in the M genotype, a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling, may partially explain the relative weaker drought tolerance of the M genotype. Moreover, the higher flavonoid content corresponding with the highly expressed PAL and DFR in the O genotype than in the M genotype, may confer a stronger drought tolerance upon the O genotype under water deficit. Additionally, the biased expression pattern of heat shock proteins, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, and dehydrins may also be linked to the different drought responses of the two D. officinale genotypes. Our results provide a theoretical basis for drought-tolerant crops breeding and water-sparing agriculture.

Sexual dimorphism in the peripheral metabolic homeostasis and behavior in the TgF344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a prevalent form of dementia, is characterized by the decline of cognitive abilities with age. Available treatment options for AD are limited, making it a significant public health concern. Recent research suggests that metabolic dysfunction plays a role in the development of AD. In addition, insulin therapy has been shown to improve memory in patients with cognitive decline. In this study, we report the first examination of body composition, peripheral insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance in relation to behavioral assessments of learning, memory, and anxiety in the TgF344-AD rat model of AD. Results from glucose and insulin tolerance tests show that female TgF344-AD rats exhibit impaired glucose clearance and reduced insulin sensitivity at both 9 and 12 months of age, while males display no differences at 9 months and even improved glucose clearance at 12 months. Results from the Morris Water Maze assessment of learning and memory reveal that male TgF344-AD rats display impairments at both 9 and 12 months of age, while female TgF344-AD rats only show impairments at 12 months. Furthermore, results from open field and elevated plus maze tests suggest that female TgF344-AD rats display increased anxiety at 9 months of age; however, no differences were detected in males or at 12 months of age. Overall, our findings suggest that impairments in metabolism, commonly associated with type 2 diabetes, occur before or simultaneously with cognitive decline and anxiety in a sexually dimorphic manner in the TgF344-AD rat model.

Tolerance-based granular methods: Foundations and applications in natural language processing

Natural Language processing (NLP) derives its roots from artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. The proliferation of large-scale web corpora and social media data as well as advances in machine learning and deep learning have led to practical applications in diverse NLP areas such as machine translation, information extraction, named entity recognition (NER), text summarization and sentiment analysis. Named-entity recognition (NER), is a sub task of information extraction that seeks to discover and categorize specific entities such as nouns or relations in unstructured text. In this paper, we present a review of the foundations three tolerance-based granular computing methods (rough sets, fuzzy-rough sets and near sets) for representing structured (documents) and unstructured (linguistic entities) text. Applications of these methods are presented via semi-supervised and supervised learning algorithms in labelling relational facts from web corpora and sentiment classification (non-topic based text). The performance of the three presented algorithms is discussed in terms of bench marked datasets and algorithms. We make the case that tolerance relations provide an ideal framework for studying the concept of similarity for text-based applications. The aim of our work is to demonstrate that approximation structures viewed through the prism of tolerance have a great deal of fluidity and integrate conceptual structures at different levels of granularity thereby facilitating learning in the presented NLP applications.

Post-release survival of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and red grouper (Epinephelus morio) using different barotrauma mitigation methods

Captured fish that are released due to fishing regulations, catch-and-release efforts, or nontargeted bycatch are susceptible to mortality, particularly for species that are subject to barotrauma when retrieved from deep depths. To mitigate the effects of barotrauma, venting tools are commonly used to release air trapped in the gas bladder and enable fish released at the surface to return to their depth of capture. Recently, fishery managers have begun to promote an alternative method that involves recompression via the rapid descent of fish to their depth of capture or to a depth at which they can swim on their own. For some economically important species in the Gulf of Mexico, such as red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and red grouper (Epinephelus morio), discards account for more than 75% of total recreational catch. Because these two species are particularly susceptible to barotrauma, it is imperative to determine best practices for barotrauma mitigation. Here, we used mark-recapture to compare relative survival of both red snapper and red grouper after release using venting and recompression methods. We found that vented red snapper had similar tag return rates compared to those that were recompressed to a depth of 10 m. However, red snapper recompressed to 20 m or deeper had significantly higher return rates (up to 2.5 times higher) compared to those that were vented, indicating a lower discard mortality for individuals that were released using descender devices. The patterns were qualitatively similar for red grouper, with tag return rates 2 times higher for fish recompressed deeper than 20 m compared to vented fish. However, these results for red grouper were not statistically significant, potentially due to insufficient power (Type II error), a reduced relative tolerance to barotrauma compared to red snapper, or a combination of both. For both red snapper and red grouper, tag return rates were higher when fish were recompressed to deeper depths, but descending them all the way to the bottom was not necessary. Indeed, video observations further indicated that both species regained swimming abilities at depths shallower than depths of capture, although red grouper needed to be descended deeper than red snapper. The combined results of this study can inform fishery managers and anglers in the region on the apparent benefits of using recompression as a barotrauma mitigation method to improve post-release survival, and the species-specific needs of red snapper and red grouper.

Zebrafish ELL-associated factors Eaf1/2 modulate erythropoiesis via regulating gata1a expression and WNT signaling to facilitate hypoxia tolerance

EAF1 and EAF2, the eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL)-associated factors which can assemble to the super elongation complex (AFF1/4, AF9/ENL, ELL, and P-TEFb), are reported to participate in RNA polymerase II to actively regulate a variety of biological processes, including leukemia and embryogenesis, but whether and how EAF1/2 function in hematopoietic system related hypoxia tolerance during embryogenesis remains unclear. Here, we unveiled that deletion of EAF1/2 (eaf1−/− and eaf2−/−) caused reduction in hypoxia tolerance in zebrafish, leading to reduced erythropoiesis during hematopoietic processes. Meanwhile, eaf1−/− and eaf2−/− mutants showed significant reduction in the expression of key transcriptional regulators scl, lmo2, and gata1a in erythropoiesis at both 24 h post fertilization (hpf) and 72 hpf, with gata1a downregulated while scl and lmo2 upregulated at 14 hpf. Mechanistically, eaf1−/− and eaf2−/− mutants exhibited significant changes in the expression of epigenetic modified histones, with a significant increase in the binding enrichment of modified histone H3K27me3 in gata1a promoter rather than scl and lmo2 promoters. Additionally, eaf1−/− and eaf2−/− mutants exhibited a dynamic expression of canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling during erythropoiesis, with significant reduction in p-β-Catenin level and in the binding enrichment of both scl and lmo2 promoters with the WNT transcriptional factor TCF4 at 24 hpf. These findings demonstrate an important role of Eaf1/2 in erythropoiesis in zebrafish and may have shed some light on regeneration medicine for anemia and related diseases and on molecular basis for fish economic or productive traits, such as growth, disease resistance, hypoxia tolerance, and so on.

Correction of Pharmacogenic Sexual Dysfunctions

The problem of sexual dysfunction, which can occur in any phase of the sexual response cycle, prevents both men and women from satisfaction of sexual activity. Among the most frequent causes of sexual dysfunctions are the side effects of certain medications, as well as the different psychogenic and somatogenic factors. There are the following strategies that can be useful in eliminating/reducing or preventing the development of adverse side effects of drugs in the sexual sphere: 1. Waiting for the development of tolerance in relation to the drug taken. Attention should be paid to the fact that complete elimination of sexual dysfunction is limited to a small number of cases and may require long time. 2.The reducing of the drug dose. 3. The use of variable drug doses that have a longer half-life. 4. Temporary cancellation of taking medicines, which may, however, lead to the development of a withdrawal syndrome and/or the recovery of psychopathological symptoms. 5. The drug is changed with another one with a similar effect to the main disease, that does not cause adverse side effects to the sexual sphere. 6. Since the change of one drug for another within the same pharmacological group may be ineffective, sometimes the use of other methods, such as psychotherapy, may be recommended. 7. The prescription of pharmacological agents that eliminate these effects of the main drug, which causes negative side effects in the sexual sphere. 8. The choice of intercourse time, which is related to the dose of an antidepressant, which can negatively affect sexual functions. A careful approach to the sexual functions save and changes associated with the use of drugs can help to overcome anxiety of sexual dysfunction and to motivate patients for treatment, preservation of sexual health and health in general.

Alignment & stability challenges for FCC-ee

In order to achieve its ultra-low vertical emittance (1 pm) and high luminosity (of up to 230 times 10^{34}text{ cm}^{-2}text{ s}^{-1} per collision point), the e+e− Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) requires a well-informed alignment strategy, powerful correction methods, and good understanding of the impact of vibrations. The large ring size, high natural chromaticity, small beta ^{*}, and the low coupling ratio make the FCC-ee design susceptible to misalignment and field errors, which if not properly addressed, threaten to increase the horizontal and vertical emittances and adversely affect the luminosity. Tight alignment tolerances around the 100 km ring would be a major cost driver and therefore alignment and stability need to be carefully studied. In this paper we present a status update, in which we apply analytical estimate methods, verified with simulation data, to determine the influence of the alignment of specific magnet types with the result informing the relative alignment tolerances. This is followed by simulations of a correction strategy that includes a large set of magnet misalignments and field errors. Finally, we also consider the tolerances on vibrations of quadrupoles through evaluating three cases: coherent vibration due to external seismic motion, vibrations resonant with the betatron frequency, and non-resonant, incoherent vibration.

Functional Dissection of the Physiological Traits Promoting Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Tolerance to Drought Stress

In Tunisia's arid and semi-arid lands, drought stress remains the most critical factor limiting agricultural production due to low and irregular precipitation. The situation is even more difficult because of the scarcity of underground water for irrigation and the climate change that has intensified and expanded the aridity. One of the most efficient and sustainable approaches to mitigating drought stress is exploring genotypic variability to screen tolerant genotypes and identify useful tolerance traits. To this end, six Tunisian wheat genotypes (Triticum durum Desf.) were cultivated in the field, under a greenhouse and natural light, to be studied for their differential tolerance to drought stress. Many morpho-physiological and biochemical traits were analyzed, and interrelationships were established. Depending on the genotypes, drought stress significantly decreased plant growth, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthesis; stimulated osmolyte accumulation and disturbed water relations. The most tolerant genotypes (salim and karim) accumulated more potassium (K) and proline in their shoots, allowing them to maintain better tissue hydration and physiological functioning. The osmotic adjustment (OA), in which potassium and proline play a key role, determines wheat tolerance to drought stress. The calculated drought index (DI), drought susceptible index (DSI), drought tolerance index (DTI), K use efficiency (KUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) discriminated the studied genotypes and confirmed the relative tolerance of salim and karim.

Semi-supervised attribute reduction for partially labelled multiset-valued data via a prediction label strategy

The existence of a large amount of partially labelled data is due to the high cost of labelled data. For this type of data, traditional rough set models cannot well represent the distribution of objects in real data. This limits effective decision-making and classification of the data. Replacing the missing labels with prediction labels can compensate for the absence of labels to some extent. Then, multiset-valued data with prediction labels is considered. This paper studies semi-supervised attribute reduction for partially labelled multiset-valued data via a prediction label strategy. First, the distance between information values in a multiset-valued decision information system (MSVDIS) is constructed, and the tolerance relation on the object set of an MSVDIS is introduced. Then, a partially labelled multiset-valued decision information system (p-MSVDIS) is defined. Next, a prediction label strategy (i.e., the existing labels in a p-MSVDIS remain the same, and the missing labels are replaced with the prediction label) is proposed. Incidentally, a new MSVDIS is obtained, and the object set is reclassified by the decision attribute. Moreover, the dependence and conditional entropy in the obtained MSVDIS are proposed, and some properties are discussed. Semi-supervised attribute reduction algorithms in a p-MSVDIS via dependence and conditional entropy are designed. Finally, experiments on real datasets show that the prediction label strategy outperforms the traditional rough set approach and that the designed algorithms have better classification and outlier detection performance than the existing algorithms.

Factorizing lattices by interval relations

This work investigates the factorization of finite lattices to implode selected intervals while preserving the remaining order structure. We examine how complete congruence relations and complete tolerance relations can be utilized for this purpose and answer the question of finding the finest of those relations to implode a given interval in the generated factor lattice. To overcome the limitations of the factorization based on those relations, we introduce a new lattice factorization that enables the imploding of selected disjoint intervals of a finite lattice. To this end, we propose an interval relation that generates this factorization. To obtain lattices rather than arbitrary ordered sets, we restrict this approach to so-called pure intervals. For our study, we will make use of methods from Formal Concept Analysis (FCA). We will also provide a new FCA construction by introducing the enrichment of an incidence relation by a set of intervals in a formal context, to investigate the approach for lattice-generating interval relations on the context side.

Electroconvulsive therapy vs Esketamine among patients with Major Depressive Episode

IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is one of the most common and disabling mental disorders. More than 30% of individuals do not achieve remission after several trials of antidepressants and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is associated with premature mortality. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered the gold-standard for TRD treatment,unfortunately it´s underused due to health care barriers and association with adverse cognitive impairment. So, scientists have sought to identify alternative treatments that approach ECT-equivalent efficacy. Trials with Ketamine and more recently with its S-enantiomer (Esketamine) has been made, revealing a rapid and robust antidepressant effect, emerging as an option for TRD treatment.ObjectivesWe we aim to conduct a qualitative review, comparing clinical efficacy, tolerability and acceptability between the use of Esketamine and ECT as a TRD treatment.MethodsWe conduct a non-systematic review of recent evidence between the use of Esketamine and ECT as a TRD treatment, using PubMed/Medline database.ResultsTo compare clinical efficacy, tolerability and acceptability between the use of Esketamine and ECT as a TRD treatment we analyzed outcomes of interest. First,ECT was superior to Esketamine improving depressive symptoms. Comparing suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, most results were not statistically different. About cognition impairment, Esketamine performed better than ECT, particularizing attention, verbal memory, and executive functions; no differences were found for immediate memory or visual memory.About adverse effects Esketamine has less risk of headache and muscle pain, but higher reports of transient, dissociative or depersonalization symptoms, blurred vision, diplopia and nystagmus. An important consideration for clinicians is the comparative tolerability and safety of Esketamine vs ECT; as ECT involves a full dose of anesthesia,it is expected that Esketamine would be better tolerated and safer than ECT. But no study assessed the relative tolerability or acceptability of these different adverse effect profiles.The best strategy for relapse prevention appears to be continuing ECT, continuing pharmacotherapy, or using some combination of both; but Esketamine continuing treatment is effective too.ConclusionsECT may be superior to Esketamine for improving depression severity in the acute phase, but long-term outcomes of these treatments are important to be considered. There are just two studies with long-term follow-up after the trial completed:one found no difference in depression severity during the 3-month follow-up, and the other reported that the remission rates were not different between groups by the 12-month follow-up period.Therefore,future research is needed to further optimize long-term treatment outcomes for both Esketamine and ECT to prevent relapse. Until then,treatment options should be individualized and patient-centered.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Exploration the homeostasis of signaling molecules in monocotyledonous crops with different CuO nanoparticle tolerance

Copper is an essential microelement that is indispensable for plant growth and development. The use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in industry and agriculture has also increased because of their beneficial properties. However, excess amounts of CuO NPs may negatively affect the growth of monocotyledonous plant species, primarily through the generation of reactive oxygen species, which results in oxidative stress. Despite their increasingly widespread use, little is known regarding the signaling processes responsible for the effects of CuO NPs on the growth of monocotyledonous crops, or their impact on the homeostasis of reactive nitrogen species, hydrogen sulfide, and protein tyrosine nitration.In this study, the concentration of CuO NP that inhibits 50% of root growth was determined using sorghum, wheat, rye, and triticale as model plant species, and the NP-induced stress response and the balance of reactive molecules were assessed. Based on the effective concentration of CuO NP, wheat, rye, and triticale were more tolerant compared with sorghum, and entirely different response mechanisms in the homeostasis of reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species were observed. For the sensitive sorghum roots, the amount of reactive molecules was not significantly altered, whereas a significant increase in protein tyrosine nitration indicated a severely stressful state caused by CuO NPs. In contrast, the amount of reactive molecules increased significantly in the roots of the relatively tolerant species, and while the appearance of lipid peroxidation indicated oxidative stress, different changes in protein tyrosine nitration was associated with tolerance. The significant CuO NP-induced rise of endogenous H2S content in the root tips may be partly responsible for the relative tolerance of wheat, rye, and triticale compared with sorghum. CuO NP stress induced distinct modifications in the root tip cell walls of the examined species, where lignification was observed in the relatively sensitive sorghum, while in the tolerant species only callose deposition was detected. Overall, our results demonstrate that while monocotyledonous species with different CuO NP sensitivities may exhibit similar growth responses, the underlying changes in the dynamics of reactive molecules influence their tolerance.