Discourse Of Tolerance Research Articles

Tolerance Discourse and Young Adult Holocaust Literature: Engaging Difference and Identity by Rachel Dean-Ruzicka

Reviewed by: Tolerance Discourse and Young Adult Holocaust Literature: Engaging Difference and Identity by Rachel Dean-Ruzicka Tahneer Oksman (bio) Rachel Dean-Ruzicka. Tolerance Discourse and Young Adult Holocaust Literature: Engaging Difference and Identity. New York: Routledge, 2017. "What might be a more productive social justice project than liberal multiculturalism?" (10). Rachel Dean-Ruzicka poses this wide-ranging question about halfway through the introduction to her monograph, Tolerance Discourse and Young Adult Holocaust Literature: Engaging Difference and Identity. She engages with the problem by zeroing in on young adult (YA) Holocaust literature, mostly memoirs and novels published or republished in the past forty years, asking what close readings of these works can reveal about literary encounters with history and difference. Dean-Ruzicka builds on the ideas of some of the most compelling political and cultural theorists of our time, from Judith Butler, Lauren Berlant, and Wendy Brown to Audre Lorde, bell hooks, and Kwame Anthony Appiah. Dipping into their various frameworks along the way, she uses the lens of YA Holocaust literature to examine how literature can potentially complicate notions of difference to expand impressions of what, in Judith Butler's terminology, are all too commonly, and limitedly, determined to be "grievable lives." Dean-Ruzicka's project is rooted in a resistance to what she describes as the promotion of "tolerance and toleration language," a reductive approach to identity and difference that often ignores broader systems of power and privilege as well as the historical dynamics that determine how such structures emerge and unfold (2). Under the veneer of tolerance discourse, citizens are encouraged to simply "live and let live," a stance that compels passivity and reticence instead of action and resistance in the name of social justice, and that also encourages a "troubling relativism" (152). At its core, she explains, tolerance discourse suggests "disapproval itself" as its "central unspoken element" (8). Dean-Ruzicka posits "the ability to embrace difference" as a counterweight, describing this capacity as, in her terminology, a form of "cosmopolitan engagement"—a direct and involved confrontation with, and embrace of, Others (7, 9). Using YA literature about the Holocaust as her case study, an apt subset of literature given her pedagogical aims, she turns over a variety of stories, fiction and nonfiction, conventional prose-based texts and those built around photography or in comics, to determine which might promote such active engagement. Dean-Ruzicka divides her analysis into five discrete sections, a meaningfully constructed scheme that begins with a reading of Anne Frank and concludes [End Page 375] with literature starring Neo-Nazi characters. With its structure, the book implicitly asks readers to engage with questions of why certain texts come to be considered part of the category of Holocaust literature; the book also continually demands a reading of the past in the context of an urgent, always relevant present. In her first chapter, "Finding the Other in Anne Frank," the author astutely argues that the over-reliance on Anne Frank as an emblem of those who were murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators presents a variety of problems. Not only is Frank's Diary "misleadingly hopeful," ending as it does before members of the Annex were captured, sent to concentration camps, and, excepting Otto Frank, killed, but it also presents "few glimpses into Jewish culture's actual differences," given the Frank family's assimilated, generally nonreligious background (28; 31, italics in original). Dean-Ruzicka holds up, as evidence, the many problematic creative responses to Frank's text, which often involve an over-identification with her that glosses over her Jewishness. In other words, Frank's Diary, which happens to be "the most widely anthologized piece of literature, of any sort, for young adult readers in the United States," seems to have become such a cultural cornerstone precisely because it is so easy to forget that the author/narrator was Jewish (22). In her second chapter, "The Complexity of Jewish Lives," Dean-Ruzicka goes on to consider a variety of texts featuring Jewish characters in relation to the Holocaust. She narrows down the vast canon to books that are often taught as well as those representative of the themes that encompass this literature. These include...

The Return to Sentimentalism in Antebellum Poetry Studies

The Return to Sentimentalism in Antebellum Poetry Studies Don James McLaughlin Antebellum American Women’s Poetry: A Rhetoric of Sentiment. By Wendy Dasler Johnson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016. vii + 265 pp. $40.00 paper. A History of Nineteenth-Century American Women’s Poetry. Edited by Jennifer Putzi and Alexandra Socarides. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. v + 440 pp. $72.80 cloth. Our Emily Dickinsons: American Women Poets and the Intimacies of Difference. By Vivian R. Pollak. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017. ix + 355 pp. $55.00 cloth. A 2017 headline reads: “Merriam-Webster tweets definition of ‘snowflake,’ which is somehow a political act” (PenzeyMoog). To scholars of the written word, the premise that dictionary definitions can be political will not seem outrageous. But the tweet did carry more than a little dramatic irony. It explained that the use of snowflake as an epithet, generally hurled by conservatives at left-wing activists championing diversity, has a deeper history. “In Missouri in the early 1860s,” Merriam-Webster wrote in a complementary article, “a ‘snowflake’ was a person who was opposed to the abolition of slavery—the implication of the name being that such people valued white people over black people” (Merriam-Webster). As Jessica Goldstein has shown, lay definitions on UrbanDictionary.com quickly made note of the revelation. [End Page 92] Above older definitions disparaging social justice advocates, a new, 2017 definition by a user named Lascaux Othello appeared: “Snowflake. Referring to someone, usually the Alt-Right, . . . whose immense white fragility causes a meltdown when confronted with the most minute deviation from orthodox White Supremacy. They often cry bloody murder when expected to give the most modest expression of basic human decency” (Othello). With a nod to the work of Robin DiAngelo, the definition makes snowflake the sign of “white fragility”: “a state” of “insulation” from “race-based stress,” characteristic of white communities in North America, “in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves” (DiAngelo 54). Characterized throughout the 2016 election and in its aftermath as an emblem of liberalism’s addiction to empathy and individuality, the snowflake has, in an amusing turn, been historicized as a rather on-the-nose symbol for the trolls most likely to use it. Yet the more immediate irony of the epithet, as a strategy for demeaning the left, should not be lost on us. No one has bemoaned the resilient sentimentalism of liberalism more than leftist scholars themselves. From Lauren Berlant’s Cruel Optimism (2011) and Sianne Ngai’s Ugly Feelings (2005) to Susan Stryker’s 1994 manifesto on “transgender rage,” the Gay Shame movement’s resistance to the commercialization of LGBT Pride as exemplified by Halperin and Traub, and Wendy Brown’s critique of tolerance discourse in Regulating Aversion (2006), the imperative to sympathize has been a subject of critique for a long time. Citing Harriet Beecher Stowe’s best-seller as a prime example, Berlant observes in The Female Complaint: The Unfinished Business of Sentimentality (2008) that, while sentimental literature might elicit “fantasies” of political solidarity in readers, “the forces of distortion in the world of feeling politics that the citation of Uncle Tom puts into play are as likely to justify ongoing forms of domination as they are to give form and language to impulses toward resistance” (40–41). Such literature sets a low bar, in other words, by which fantasies of justice tend to become an end in and of themselves. And yet, against this familiar critique, a movement in scholarship un-allergic to the moniker of the sentimentalist has also been experiencing a resurgence as of late. Here, in a form of what Michel Foucault calls “reverse discourse,” a certain snowflakery is being recuperated (101).1 The new scholarship invested in reclaiming sentiment continues to derive momentum from literature of the eighteenth century and antebellum period—eras in which sentimentalism served as a crucible for public opinion and revolutions in governmentality. Ramesh Mallipeddi’s Spectacular Suffering thus encourages scholars “to loosen the grip of ideological critique” in order “to engage more fully with sentimental mediations of slave suffering” (23). To dismiss sentimental appeals for political recognition [End...

Culture and Crisis in the Age of Tolerance

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the concept of culture as it has functioned in the discourse of crisis across the social sciences and humanities. As part and parcel of contemporary globality’s restructuring, culture as an ontological and ideational entity continues to structure the syntax of worldly antagonism even as its precise definition is ever expansive and elusive and without geographical centre. By canvassing the varying work of theorists from Matthew Arnold and W.E.B. Du Bois to Raymond Williams and Homi Bhabha, this discussion attempts to bridge several appropriations of culture in order to submit a rereading of culture’s textuality at the intersection of interdisciplinarity and the lineaments of conflict. It then traces this genealogy up to today’s deployment of culture, which rests on a discourse of tolerance that, as Wendy Brown has shown, allows for power and violence to materialise within a framework of liberal democratic pluralism.

Punishment in a ‘tolerant society’: interrogating hate crime law reform discourse

ABSTRACTThis article examines political and media discourse surrounding a specific Australian example of hate crime law reform that was instituted principally to combat a wave of racial violence. The analysis suggests that the introduction of hate crime law can advance a liberal tolerance discourse that becomes interwoven with a ‘law and order’ agenda. This creates a troubling context whereby punitiveness may be promoted as a vehicle to deliver social justice goals and peaceful multiculturalism. By highlighting the contingency of the law's messages at the nexus of tolerance-intolerance, the article advances a critical analysis of punishment's educative project. Hate crime law is a particularly contested site that forces us to reconsider the multidimensional relationship between the expansion of criminalisation, state tolerance discourse and social marginalisation.

The influence of populism on tolerance: a thematic content analysis of the Dutch Islam debate

Historically, religious tolerance has been an integral part of Dutch identity. Yet, this image has changed, particularly in the last 20 years due to the influence of populism that predominantly focused on the stigmatisation of Islam. This paper examines how this development has changed the meaning of tolerance in the public debate about Islam and what this change means for the social and political conditions for integration in the Netherlands. An analytical framework was used, breaking down the term ‘tolerance’ into five components: subject of tolerance, object of tolerance, hierarchy of values, power to interfere and limits to tolerance. The results show that while mainstream opinion leaders received more attention in public debate, populists managed to shape the tolerance discourse, changing the subjects and objects of tolerance, emphasising contradictions between different values, shaping the hierarchy of values and proposing intolerance for Islamic intolerance as limit of tolerance.

‘I’m not being offensive but…’: intersecting discourses of discrimination towards Muslim children in school

This article examines forms of implicit discrimination towards Muslim children in children’s discourses of Otherness. Findings in this paper draw on qualitative data exploring the discourses of 17 children from a Year 6 class in a culturally diverse primary school in the East of England. Building on Critical Race Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis, this article shows that children’s discourses of Otherness acted in tacit discriminatory ways by constructing difference as problematic, which positioned Muslim children as the ‘bad Other’. These findings show the intersectionality of discrimination experienced by Muslim children in school, and offer a reflection on the role of multiculturalism in schools and the limitations of uncritical discourses of tolerance in fostering an understanding of difference and Otherness.

Tolerance Discourse and Young Adult Holocaust literature: Engaging Difference and Identity by Rachel Dean-Ruzicka

Reviewed by: Tolerance Discourse and Young Adult Holocaust literature: Engaging Difference and Identity by Rachel Dean-Ruzicka Gretchen Dodson (bio) Tolerance Discourse and Young Adult Holocaust literature: Engaging Difference and Identity. By Rachel Dean-Ruzicka. New York: Routledge, 2017. In this study, Rachel Dean-Ruzicka offers a literary analysis of the texts making up the canon of young adult Holocaust literature. Reading the texts through a critical lens, she argues that while tolerance is presented as a moral ideal in both literature and social discourse, it sustains inequity and power structures. A better goal for society is to acknowledge, engage, and accept differences. Tolerance labels groups of people as normal and abnormal, and it comes from a place of privilege. The majority (normal) is taught to tolerate the minority "other" (abnormal). Coexistence and tolerance might seem like viable conditions; however, in times of crisis, tolerance quickly fades, and the members of the majority are tempted to see the "other" as subhuman. In contrast, when people engage with the differences of the "other," they recognize their common human dignity. In times of crisis, especially moral crisis, people are more likely to choose a path that sustains that dignity when they have engaged with other cultures. Holocaust literature can open a discussion on engagement with difference because it depicts the tragedy of failed tolerance. Dean-Ruzicka presents young adult Holocaust literature, both historical fiction and memoir, as a vehicle for adolescents and young adults to engage with cultures and people they may not encounter in real life. Even though this book is focused on literary analysis rather than pedagogy, Dean-Ruzicka acknowledges that young adults often come in contact with Holocaust literature though experiences in schools. In her analysis, she asks the same two questions about each book: 1) Is the book historically accurate? and 2) Does the book engage [End Page 355] in depth with cultures and identities of groups who were victims of the Holocaust? She argues that any book with a "no" answer should be read very carefully, especially in an educational context, because historical inaccuracy and stereotypical, shallow depictions of culture lead to a continuance of the binary structure of superiority/inferiority. She contends that true engagement with differences "can encourage a transformative ethics, one leading to goals beyond tolerance" (247). The book is divided into five chapters, with an introduction and an epilogue. Chapters 1 through 3 feature analyses of books that introduce readers to the victims of the Holocaust. In chapter 1, Dean-Ruzicka gives a critical analysis of Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl and books related to Frank. Her main criticism is that many books portray Frank in a way that does not highlight her culture as a Dutch Jew. Dean-Ruzicka believes that adolescent readers can develop a desire for social justice through literature. She states that readers of literature create memories through the lives of literary characters. These shared memories allow adolescents and young adults to develop empathy through an imagined engagement with the differences of others. However, in order to have the profound effect of engagement, literature needs to present the details and complexities of European Jewish life and culture during the Second World War. Chapter 2 examines books about Jews, other than Frank, who were targeted by the Nazis. Here Dean-Ruzicka advocates for narratives that show the complexity of Jewish culture and religion. In chapter 3, she analyzes books treating the subject of the Romani (Gypsy) people, those with disabilities, and homosexuals, who were also persecuted under the Nazi regime. Dean-Ruzicka continually reminds us that young readers need to engage with specific cultural differences in order to tear down the discourse of superiority that merely tolerates minority populations. By the end of chapter 3, it is evident that the author is stuck in a repetitive loop: restatement of the thesis, history, literary analysis, restatement of the thesis. This repetition is intentional, preparing her readers for the hard work of reading and thinking through the second half of the book. In chapter 4, Dean-Ruzicka asks her readers to engage with "the other" in the form of wartime German citizens. She categorizes them as "good Nazis and...

(Un)tolerated Neighbour: Encounters with the Tolerated Other in The Reluctant Fundamentalist and The Submission

After the 9/11 attacks and events of its aftermath, discourses on respect for otherness and liberal tolerance are highly undercut by raising voices that are getting alarmingly close to fascism. However, while the concept of the Other is thus radicalized, it paradoxically gets so opaque that encountering it at a mundane level becomes almost impossible. It is equally difficult for the subject, that considers its self as liberal, and the “tolerated” Other to place themselves within the shifting parameters. Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Amy Waldman’s The Submission employ aesthetic tools to expose the intricate layers inherent in this paradox revealing the impossibility of a liberal discourse of tolerance in emerging representations of both self and the other after 9/11. In an attempt to understand the underlying implications of this change, this essay utilizes Slavoj Žižek’s concept of the Neighbour as well as Judith Butler’s ideas on grief to point out how aesthetic engagements with the world of the radicalized Other may provide critique of the current condition. And in the process, this study seeks an alternative to the discourse of tolerance.

Teaching and tolerance: aversive and divisive pedagogical encounters

ABSTRACTThis paper takes as its subject the circulation of tolerance discourse within two pedagogical encounters in two Australian educational settings, and draws from the work of Wendy Brown on tolerance as a regulatory force. Brown argues that discourses of tolerance are produced within historical and cultural milieu that enable tolerance and aversion to exist simultaneously. This has significant implications for how we might come to understand the project of working towards a socially just educational system and the various struggles encountered within pedagogical sites. I also examine the pedagogical affects that are produced within different educational moments as we work to teach in or around difference and when we embody the Other in the classroom. I engage with how these experiences speak to the way in which tolerance as national ideal acts to both alleviate and circulate discourses of inequality such as sexism and homophobia.

Fictions of Race: American Indian Policies in Nineteenth-Century British North American Fiction

This article explores the hemispheric and transatlantic uses of race and empire as tropes of settler-colonial otherness in the novelThe Canadian Brothers(1840) by Canadian author John Richardson. In this pre-Confederation historical novel, Richardson contrasts the imperial British discourse of racial tolerance, and the British military alliances with the Natives in the War of 1812, with the brutality of American Indian policies south of the border, in an effort to craft a narrative of Canadian difference from, and incompatibility with, American culture. At the same time, the author's critical attitude towards all European military and commercial interventions in the New World illuminates the rootedness of both American and Canadian settler colonialisms in British imperialism, and exposes the arbitrariness and constructedness of the political boundaries dividing the continent.

Humanisasi Pendidikan dalam Pembentukan Kesadaran Keberagaman Umat Lintas Agama di Lamongan

The discourse of interreligious harmony and tolerance has been widely discussed within countless forums. However, the phenomenon of religious disharmony, which is among other marked with social clashes, has been erroneously manipulated into intergroup conflicts among interreligious adherents. Such interreligious disharmony, viewing from simplistic category, has been commonly caused by two factors. The first is an internal factor, i.e. the factor which influences a person to behave based on his/her understanding to religious doctrines he/she subscribes such as radical-extreme, subjective-fundamental, exclusive, and literal behaviors. The second is an external factor, i.e. hedonistic and opportunistic behaviors. The article seeks to discuss interreligious harmony in the Village of Balun, Turi, Lamongan. The village is a home to three different religions, namely Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism. Regardless of such difference the Balun people have successfully created harmony among them. The study finds that there has been sort of values transformation of humanism education in the village. The values such as human rights, tolerance, solidarity, familial relationship, and social justice are culturally transformed through what so-called the Forum of Solidarity for Balun People (Forum Keakraban Warga Balun/FKWB).

Pluralism and Religious Tolerance in Indonesia: An Ethical-Theological Review Based on Christian Faith Perspectives

This article discussesed the discourse of pluralism and tolerance from a Christian perspective by understanding the scriptures of the Bible. The research applied library research. The study reached the conclusion that the understanding of pluralism and tolerance should be viewed positively and placed on the proportion of actual and be equipped concrete steps of interfaith dialogue and cooperation so as not to undermine the unity of the Indonesian nation and ultimately destructive to the life towards an impartial and prosperous society who represents the ideals of national life in our beloved republic. It is hoped this discussion can be a reference or evaluation of materials for readers to reduce the potential for horizontal conflict that often occurs among religious believers in Indonesia who use the name of belief/religious truth

Drawing the discourses of ontological security: Immigration and identity in the Danish and Swedish cartoon crises

The controversy of the Danish cartoon crisis in 2006 overshadowed a similar one that took place in Sweden a year later. The crises have broadly been framed as a clash of values but both cases reveal differences worthy of investigation, namely for the complex tensions and convergences between the two states on questions of immigration, Nordic solidarity and national identity. This article aims to explore the intersubjective discourses of identity that were threaded through the debates on the cartoon crises, looking to the overlapping discourses that have constructed ideas of identity in terms of ontological security, or security of the self. It argues that both cartoon crises represent a complex discursive performance of identity that speaks to a broader set of ontological security concerns which intersect at the international, regional and national levels. Even in their differences, Swedish and Danish discourses show the tensions associated with the desire for a stable and consistent idea of self when contrasted with the Muslim ‘other’, explored in the context of discourses of modernity and tolerance, which operate as key sites that work to reiterate, reclaim and reinstate the idea of the progressive state.

Othering, ableism and disability: A discursive analysis of co-workers’ construction of colleagues with visible impairments

The aim of this article is to explore how able-bodied co-workers engage in the ‘othering’ of colleagues with impairments. Taking a discursive analytical approach, the article examines interviews with 19 managers and 43 colleagues who all worked closely with an employee with cerebral palsy in 13 different work organizations. The primary finding of the article is that co-workers spontaneously refer to other ‘different’ people (e.g. transvestites, homosexuals, immigrants) when talking about a colleague with visible impairments. This finding suggests that disability is simultaneously a discursive category (i.e. the discourse of ableism prevents co-workers from talking about the impairments of a colleague) and a material phenomenon (i.e. employees with impairments are a distinct category of employees in the eyes of the co-workers). Othering of employees with disabilities thus demonstrates contradictory discourses of ableism (which automatically produce difference) and tolerance and inclusiveness (which automatically render it problematic to talk about difference).

Nicholas of Cusa's discourse of tolerance in modern thought

Notice, too, that although either religion or governance be seen to be stable for awhile in some nation or other of this world, nevertheless it is not stable in a precise way. For example, the Rhei...

"As long as they behave themselves": Heterosexual recuperation in South Africans' talk about homosexuality

Several qualitative researchers using discursive methodologies have noted how opposition to homosexuality has not necessarily diminished, despite the general expression of liberal tolerance in many settings. Instead, heterosexist rhetoric has shifted to accommodate political change. Our research builds on this observation within the South African context, using a discursive psychology approach. We examine rhetorical strategies of "heterosexual recuperation": the ways that heterosexual boundaries and the dominance of heterosexuality are maintained by speakers, at the same time as they attempt to avoid being heard as heterosexist. Drawing on data from a qualitative study conducted with heterosexual-identifying Black South Africans (32) from four provinces, we focus on talk that was resourced by a "discourse of tolerance" and characterised by speakers' concern to avoid the attribution of heterosexism. This talk was analysed using thematic analysis, to which discursive psychology techniques were applied. We identified two ways of speaking that relied on this discourse - (1) "As long as they do it in private", and (2) "Flashing their homosexuality" - and show how they ultimately worked to recuperate heterosexuality and marginalise non-normative sexualities. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to a critical psychology that works to challenge hetero-patriarchal norms.

Citizenship, nationality and minorities in Turkey's textbooks: from politics of non-recognition to ‘difference multiculturalism’

Responding to the identity-based claims of discriminated-against minorities while maintaining a shared national identity in and through education is a continuing challenge for Turkey, as it is in many other national contexts. Through a systematic analysis of 245 Turkish textbooks, this study explores the presentation in them of Turkish national identity and those of ethnic, religious and language-based minorities. Textbooks in Turkey take their present shape and content as a result of a comprehensive curriculum reform of 2005 that aimed to make them conform to the norms of the EU. Despite this rewriting, the study shows that textbooks do not include any radical change in terms of the representation of the national self and of ethnic minorities. Indeed, a close analysis of the textbooks demonstrates that they still preserve an ethno-religious national identity. Recent attempts to include ethnic and religious minorities in the textbooks within the frame of a discourse of tolerance, on the other hand, show an inclusion on the basis of unequal social position for minorities.

Aryas Unbound

This article analyzes a controversial book ban from the 1940s to trace the mutual determinations of print media, the legal regulation of communal sentiment, and the discourse of religious tolerance in late colonial India. Claimed as the Bible of the Arya Samaj, the Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth) was banned in the Muslim-majority province of Sindh because of its defamatory remarks about the Prophet Muhammad. The result was a controversy of national proportions. Through theoretically informed close readings of texts from the controversy, Scott shows how the legal regulation of religious offense altered the economy of textual circulation in South Asia. Colonial law fueled a thriving extralegal legal culture that bureaucratized religious affect. It also reorganized the unbounded social imaginary associated with mass publicity. This allowed controversialists to exploit previously unrealized potentialities of the print medium in order to politicize the Hindu public.

The Limits Of Multiculturalism In Japan: In Defense Of Interculturalism And Nomadic Assemblage

As part of a global trend, Japan seems to begin embracing the discourse of multiculturalism in what could be taken as a departure from the ideology of homogeneity. However, looking closer at the Japanese case, we can see the waysit has promoted the same hegemonic ideology of homogeneity with a post-modern veil of tolerance. Thus, what could serve as a subversion to the rigid and essentialized notion of national identity in Japan isneutralized under the discourse of tolerance without any need for anti-immigration policies, as Japan seems to move from a disciplinary society to a society of control characteristic of the neo-liberal countries. Throughout this article it is argued that the symbolic misery instituted through the schools’ curriculums, together with a culture of tolerance, acts in ways to prevent any creative interaction with difference, further solidifying rigid notions of Japaneseness and neutralizing possible nomadic assemblages to take place.

What is important in theorizing tolerance today?

if one wants to grasp tolerance politically, that is, as a problem of power and as organizing relations among citizens, subjects, peoples or states, then it must be understood, inter alia, as being enacted through contingent, historically specific discourses - linguistically organized norms operating as common sense. [...]any political discourse of tolerance - from that developed for handling Protestant sectarianism in seventeenth-century England to that used by the G.W. Bush Administration in the aftermath of 9/11 to distinguish the West from the rest, to that used by the Israeli state for describing (only) its policies toward homosexuals - is embedded within other discourses articulating the qualities and meanings of the religious, cultural, social or political order that the discourse of tolerance purports to pacify. [...]tolerance, correctly understood, is a virtue of the public use of reason.