Tokat Province Research Articles

Determinants of Access to Education: Factors Preventing Girls From Being Sent to Upper-Secondary Education in Rural Areas

This study aimed to identify the reasons why most girls living in rural areas are not able to pursue their upper-secondary education. The study group consisted of 10 girls living in the rural areas of Tokat province and had not been sent to upper-secondary education, 10 parents who did not send their daughters to upper-secondary education, and 66 teachers and school administrators. The data were collected via interviews. During the interviews, demographic data of the girls and families, as well as the reasons why the girls were not sent to school, were collected. The data were then examined via content analysis. Measures to ensure validity and reliability were taken during data collection, processing, and analysis. In the study, 21 reasons, which were further categorized into 4 themes, were identified. Our findings have determined patriarchy, distrust, conservatism, poverty, use of child labor, child marriage, distance to school, and peer pressure as the main reasons preventing the girls to pursue their upper-secondary education. Furthermore, most answers consisted of a combination of two or more reasons. Thus, we recommend that public institutions and NGOs, especially the Ministry of National Education, the Ministry of Family and Social Policies, and the Ministry of Health, should focus on studies that aim to change the gender perception of rural families for equality.

The Investigation of Attitudes Towards Physical Activity and Their Levels of Life Satisfaction of High School Students

The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes towards physical activity and their levels of life satisfaction of high school students. The sampling group of the study that was descriptive in scanning model was composed of 412 students, chosen by suitable sampling method, studying at high schools’ levels in Artova district of Tokat province. Personal Information Form, Cognitive Behavioural Physical Activity Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale were applied to the students. Descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean and standard deviation, and Kolmogorov Smirnov test to examine the distribution of data were performed in the analysis of the data. And in order to test the hypothesises of the study parametric tests such as independent sample t-test and one-way anova were performed. In addition, Pearson Correlation test was performed to test the relationship between dependent variables such as students' attitude towards physical activity and life satisfaction level. According to the results of the analysis, independent variables such as gender, sports, place of life and class level bring about a significant difference on students’ attitude towards physical activity and life satisfaction level. Moreover, the findings of the study show that there is a low level, positive and meaningful relationship between life satisfaction level and physical activity attitude. As a result of the study, it was found that the students' attitudes towards physical activity and their life satisfaction levels were affected by various variables and there was a meaningful relationship between these two dependent variables.

Theoretical Analysis of Energy Potential of Vegatable Waste (A case study in Tokat Province)

Theoretical Analysis of Energy Potential of Vegatable Waste (A case study in Tokat Province)

Geçmişten Günümüze Geleneksel Ebelik: Amasya, Tokat Örneği

Objective: This research aims to determine the views of traditional midwives in Amasya and Tokat regions about their past midwifery experiences. Material and Methods: The research is a qualitative one and a content analysis was conducted in line with the aims. A digitization concern was not aroused from the qualitative data obtained. The research was carried out in the central villages of Amasya and Turhal district villages of Tokat province. The data were collected by using in-depth interviews with 7 women who had been midwives in the past. The interviews were conducted by a single researcher. Results: Traditional midwives gave information about their practices about the profession, family planning, pregnancy, birth and postpartum period. It contains information about how they started their profession, where they learned midwifery and why they did this profession. They said that they learned by themselves and even had this experience at their first birth. They mostly made explanations about birth. Statements are common for the birthing position, although they mention different practices regarding the practices they perform during childbirth. They stated that they gave birth in sitting, squatting and semi-sitting positions. One of the important data is that only the traditional midwife who went to school until the 3rd grade at that time kept a record book. Conclusion: It is seen that women expressed that they do this job to help women. Traditional midwives, respecting the physiological natural process of labor, express that they give birth in upright positions such as squatting, especially during delivery. However, unlike current midwifery services, traditional midwives seem to focus only on childbirth.

Vital Problems of Primary and Secondary Schools and Solution Suggestions: A Qualitative Analysis Based on the Opinions of School Administrators

Based on the opinions of school administrators, this study aimed to identify the vital problems of primary and secondary schools and suggest solutions to these problems. It was designed with a multiple case study method from qualitative research approaches. The study group consisted of 35 school administrators working in primary and secondary schools in Tokat province in the 2016-2017 academic year. The data were collected by interview technique. During the interviews, demographic information about school administrators as well as information on the problems of schools were collected. The data were analyzed by content analysis technique. In data collection, processing, and analysis processes, measures to increase validity and reliability were taken. In the research, 38 problems were identified under five themes related to the problems experienced in primary and secondary schools. Twelve of these problems were found to be of “vital” importance. The first three of the vital problems of the schools in the study group were 'lack of funding for schools', 'insufficient physical infrastructure of schools', and 'parents lack of interest in school'. It is recommended that the Ministry of National Education pays attention to the voices coming from the schools, reestablish the balance of authority responsibility, switch to school-based budgeting, and allocate funds to each school.

Molecular Identification of Arabis mosaic virus, Grapevine fleck virus and Grapevine Syrah virus-1 in Grapevine Fields in Tokat Province

Bu çalışma, bağ yetiştiriciliğinin oldukça önemli olduğu Tokat ilinde üretilen asmalarda verim kaybına neden olan bazı viral etmenleri tespit etmek için yürütülmüştür. Tokat Merkez ve ilçelerinden alınan 196 asma örneği, Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), Grapevine Syrah virus-1 (GSyV-1) ve Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) etmenlerinin varlığını tespit etmek için, virüslere spesifik primerlerle RT-PCR yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Yapılan RT-PCR analizleri sonucunda ArMV (429 bp), GFkV (714 bp) ve GSyV-1 (611 bp) için beklenen düzeyde DNA amplifikasyonları gözlenmiştir. RT-PCR sonucunda, sırası ile ArMV (% 9.7), GSyV-1 (%6.6), GFkV (%0.5) etmenleri tespit edilmiştir. ArMV en çok Erbaa ilçesinde gözlemlenirken, GFkV sadece Tokat Merkez’de, GSyV-1 ise en çok Pazar ilçesinde tespit edilmiş ve Merkez ve Erbaa’da tespit edilmemiştir.

Entomopathogenic nematodes occurring in alfalfa fields

With this study, the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in 15 villages (Ulaş, Taşlıçiftlik, Söngüt, Büyükbağlar, Uğrak, Tahtoba, Dayılıhacı, Çördük, Kızılköy, Bakışlı, Ballıdere, Çöreğibüyük, Gaziosmanpaşa, Günevi, Akyamaç and 2 towns (Güryıldız, Emirseyit) of Tokat province where alfalfa was cultivated intensively was investigated between June-October 2016. For this purpose, 58 soil samples were taken and obtained 10 EPN isolates by trap-insect method. As a result of the morphological and molecular diagnosis, 8 of them were defined as Steinernema carpocapsae, one isolate as S.feltiae and one isolate as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. This paper is the first report showing the occurrence of EPNs in alfalfa fields in Turkey.

Türkiye’den Neoseiulus reductus (Wainstein) ve Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) caucasicus’un (Abbasova) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) yeniden tanımları

Two predatory mite species, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) caucasicus (Abbasova) and Neoseiulus reductus (Wainstein) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) are re-described and illustrated, based on specimens collected from strawberry plants on Gökal Plateau at 1450 meters above sea level in Tokat Province, Turkey. Typhlodromus (A.) caucasicus is a new record for the Turkish mite fauna. In addition, our examination revealed that N. reductus has a reticulated dorsal shield, as opposed to a smooth dorsal shield in its original description and in some re-descriptions. Apparently, the reticulation on the dorsal shield was not taken into consideration in some of the previous descriptions. Furthermore, this species may have been reported as N. cucumeris (Oudemans) in some previous studies from Turkey. The relative length of peritremes and the shape of pre-anal solenotomes are among the differences between N. reductus and N. cucumeris. The re-descriptions provided in this study are important for the further diagnosis of N. reductus and T. (A.) caucasicus.

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Sour Cherry used in the Sour Fruit Juice Production in Tokat provinces

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) (Rosaceae) is a spring fruits. It is not preferred to be consumed as fresh because it is sour, but it is extremely beneficial for human health. In addition to fresh consumption, it is used in the production of fruit juice, syrup, jam, marmalade, cake and ice cream in the food industry. Sour cherry is grown widely in Tokat and 80-85% of the grown cherries are sold to juice factories. Producers mostly adopt chemical control against pests. In this respect, monitoring pesticide residues on sour cherry is extremely important. This study was carried out to determine the pesticide residue levels in samples taken from sour cherry production areas in Tokat province in 2020. The residue analyses were performed by using QuEChERS method and LC-MS / MS (Liquid Chromatography / Tandem Mass Spectrometer). According to the results, the pesticide residue levels were found below the maximum residue limits (MRL) given in Turkish Food Codex (TFC).

Tokat İlinde Tütün Yetiştiriciliği Yapılan Arazilerin Verimlilik Durumu ve Toprak Özelliklerinin Alansal Dağılımı

Bu çalışmada, Tokat ili Erbaa ilçesinde tütün yetiştiriciliğinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı köylerde özel firmalar ile anlaşmalı üretim yapan üreticilerin arazilerinden toplam 202 adet yüzey (0-20 cm) toprağı alınarak temel toprak özellikleri, makro fosfor (P), potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg) ve sodyum (Na) ve mikro besin elementleri demir (Fe), çinko (Zn), bakır (Cu) ve mangan (Mn) konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Kil içeriği, pH, EC, organik madde, kireç, makro ve mikro besin elementleri konsantrasyonlarının tütün yetiştirilen arazilerdeki dağılımı jeoistatistiksel yöntemlerle modellenmiş ve alansal dağılımları haritalanmıştır. Bu çalışmada alınan her bir toprak örneğinin yerine ait koordinat hassas bir GPS yardımı ile kayıt edilmiştir. Topraklar çoğunlukla nötr ve hafif alkali karakterdedir. Nötr toprak pH‘sı bitkisel üretim için arzu edilen bir pH aralığıdır. Hafif alkali olan topraklarda bir kısım besin elementlerinin alımı zorlaşabilir. Bu durumda asit karakterli gübrelerin kullanımı tavsiye edilmektedir. Makro besin elementlerinin tamamı, tütün yetiştiriciliği yapılan arazilerde yeterli düzeylerdedir. Mikro elementlerden bakır ve demir tüm arazilerde yeterli düzeylerdedir. Yarayışlı mangan örneklenen arazilerin hemen hemen yarısında yeterli iken diğer yarısında yetersiz düzeydedir. Yarayışlı çinko ve bor konsantrasyonları ise arazilerin büyük bir kısmında yeterli seviyenin oldukça altındadır. Üretimin arzu edilen düzeye çıkarılabilmesi için, bitki gereksinimi ve toprak analiz sonuçları dikkate alınarak gübreleme yapılmalıdır. Örnekleme noktalarının yerlerinin kayıt edilmiş olması, tütün yetiştiriciliği yapılan arazilerin kalitelerinin zamanla nasıl değiştiğini anlamak isteyen araştırmacılar, üreticiler ve tedarikçi firmalar için çok faydalı bir veri tabanı oluşturma fırsatını vermiştir.

Tüketicilerin Coğrafi İşaretli Ürünler İçin Ödeme İstekliliğine Etki Eden Faktörler: Niksar Cevizi Örneği

Coğrafi işaretli ürünlerin gelişmesi için kuşkusuz arz talep dengesinin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Coğrafi işaretli ürünlere talep artışının sağlanması için ise öncelikle tüketicilerin coğrafi işaretli ürünlerden haberdar olmaları ve bu ürünlerin fayda ve avantajları konusunda bilgi sahibi olmaları gereklidir. Kuşkusuz diğer tarımsal ürünlerde olduğu gibi coğrafi işaretli ürünlerde de fiyat, satın alımlarda önemli bir konudur. Bu nedenle araştırmada Tokat ilinde coğrafi işaretli ürünler için tüketicilerin ödeme istekliliğine etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 382 tüketiciyle yüz yüze anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan tüketicilerin %49,21‘inin coğrafi işaret etiketi olan bir ürüne coğrafi işaret etiketi olmayan bir üründen daha fazla fiyat ödemek istediği belirlenmiştir. Yapılan probit analizi sonuçlarına göre, Niksar cevizinin coğrafi işaretli ürün olduğunu bilme ile coğrafi işaretli ürünler için ödeme istekliliği eğilimleri arasında pozitif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın aylık gıda harcaması ile coğrafi işaretli ürünler için ödeme istekliliği eğilimleri arasında negatif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir.

Molecular detection of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)in tick samples but not in blood and milk samples of domestic ruminant species (cattle, sheep and goat) in northern Turkey.

Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an important disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence / prevalence of CCHFV in tick and milk and blood samples of domestic ruminant (cattle, sheep and goat) in Resadiye town of Tokat province, where the disease is endemic. Although no virus RNA was found from whole blood and milk samples, it was detected in 10 of 78 (12.8%) tick pools. Viral loads ranged from 4.8x104 copies/ml to 2.66x109 copies/ml. Out of 171 serum samples examined, 113 (66.1%) were found to be positive for CCHFV. In conclusion, it was revealed that the prevalence of CCHFV was more common in small ruminants than in cattle. It is an important result in terms of public health that virus cannot be detected. The detection of virus RNA in tick samples shows that CCHFV is still endemic in domestic animals.

Examination of Lifelong Learning Trends of Physical Education and Sports Teachers on Different Variables

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the lifelong learning trends of physical education and sports teachers with regard to various variables and to compare them with the literature.
 
 Method: 113 physical education teachers working in secondary schools and high schools in Tokat province and its districts during the 2019-2020 academic year participated in the study. In order to obtain the research data, the “Lifelong Learning Scale” adapted to Turkish by Engin, Kör and Erbay (2016) and the demographic information questionnaire created by the researchers were used. This research is a descriptive study in scanning model. The research data were subjected to normality test and the research data were analyzed according to the results. In the analysis of the data, 0.05 significance level was taken as the criterion. In order to determine the level of lifelong learning competence of physical education and sports teachers, the variables with 2 level were analyzed by using t test statistics, and the variables with 3 or more levels were analyzed by the ANOVA F test statistic.
 
 Conclusion: According to the results of this study which was conducted on different variables, physical education teachers’ lifelong learning tendency scores are high. At the same time; gender, professional seniority and and the lvel of the institution (primary school, high school etc.) are not effective factors on lifelong learning motivations og physical education and sports teachers.

Effects of land and plant managements on soil erodibility in the Turhal District of Tokat, Turkey

In this study, changes in the erodibility (sensitivity to erosion) values of soils under different land and plant managements (sunflower, wheat, vegetables, sugar beets, alfalfa fields as well as orchards, meadows and pastures) were examined in the Turhal district of Tokat province, Turkey. Physical and chemical properties of surface soil samples along with land management practices against erosion were investigated for their impact on sensitivity to erosion. The sensitivity of the soil samples were found to be in the following order: Meadows< orchards<wheat<sunflowers<pastures<sugar beets<alfalfa<vegetables. The findings show that fundamental soil characteristics, and especially clay and organic matter content, were effective in shaping the soil structure and therefore the erodibility, as well as the way the land was used. The most suitable parametric values in soil characteristics were observed in the meadows, and the worst values were observed in the soil where vegetables beets were planted.

The Effect of Functional Problems on Performance in SMEs: Example of Tokat Province

Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemiz açısından da ekonomik ve sosyal yapının gelişmesi için KOBİ'ler çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ancak KOBİ’ler işletme fonksiyonları açısından pek çok sorunla karşılaşmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, KOBİ’lerin karşılaştıkları fonksiyonel sorunları analiz ederek işletme performansına etkisini ölçmektir. Araştırma kapsamını KOSGEB Tokat İl Müdürlüğü veri tabanına kayıtlı imalat işletmeler oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinden ulaşılan bulgulara göre işletme fonksiyonu kapsamında yönetim, pazarlama, üretim, finans alanları ile ilgili sorunlar yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu sorunların KOBİ’lerin performansını etkilediğine ilişkin istatiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.

Tokat Yöresinden Toplanan Cortinarius rufo-olivaceus (Pers.) Fr. (subgenus Phlegmacium sect. Calochroi) Türünün Morfolojik ve Moleküler Filogenisi

Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray samples were collected in the oak forests from Tokat province. Macro and micromorphological features as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses according to the DNA sequences corresponding to internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene regions indicated that the studied specimen is a Cortinarius rufo-olivaceus (Pers.) Fr. This study determined the first microscopic and macroscopic morphological description and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Cortinarius rufo-olivaceus (Pers.) Fr. in Turkey.

Uzaktan Eğitim Kullanılan Hizmet içi Eğitim Programlarına Yönelik Öğretmen Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi

Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, son yıllarda daha az maliyetle daha fazla öğretmene ulaşmak maksadıyla hizmet içi eğitim programlarında uzaktan eğitimi bir strateji olarak kullanmış, bu kapsamda birçok eğitim planlamış ve uygulamıştır. Ancak, planlanan ve uygulanan eğitimlerin niceliğinin fazla olması her zaman niteliğinin de fazla olduğu anlamına gelmemektedir. Eğitim programlarının niteliği, uygun değerlendirme modelleri ile değerlendirilmesi ile ölçülebilmektedir. Eğitim programlarının değerlendirilmesinde bilimsel yöntemler kadar programa katılanların görüşlerinin incelenmesi gibi hümanistik yöntemler de kullanılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, mevcut araştırmada, uzaktan eğitim yöntemi kullanılan hizmet içi eğitim programlarına yönelik öğretmen görüşlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, nitel araştırma paradigmasına dayalı olgu bilim deseninin benimsendiği araştırmanın verileri, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen açık uçlu sorulardan oluşan “Görüşme Formu” ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2018-2019 öğretim yılında Tokat ili Merkez ilçede görev yapan, daha önce hem yüz yüze hem de uzaktan eğitim hizmet içi programlarına katılmış olan 27 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında bireysel görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen veriler, içerik analizine tabi tutulmuş ve analizler sonucunda ortaya çıkan 5 tema (öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitime yönelik duygu ve düşünceleri, uzaktan eğitimin eğitsel etkililiği, avantaj ve dezavantajları, öğretmenlerin hizmet içi eğitimlerde tercih ettiği yöntemler ve hizmet içi eğitim programların geliştirilmesine yönelik öneriler) altında incelenmiştir. Bulgular, doğrudan alıntılara yer verilerek özetlenmiş, ilgili alanyazın ile karşılaştırılarak tartışılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

Investigation of BRUCELLA SPP in milk and dairy products and lifespan of BRUCELLA MELITENSIS and BRUCELLA ABORTUS in kefir

Brucellosis is common disease in our country and it is an important zoonotic infection that is up to date in terms of public health, animal industry and economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine Brucella IgG positivity of raw milk and dairy products purchased non-packed and non-labelled. In this study, a total of 450 samples including 250 raw milk, 100 white cheese, 50 butter and 50 yoghurt samples were investigated by ELISA method for Brucella IgG positivity. 85 (56.6 %) of 150 raw milk samples obtained from Sivas province center and surrounding villages, 32 (32 %) of 100 raw milk samples obtained from the milk deliverers of Tokat province center and Reşadiye and Pazar districts of Tokat were detected positive for Brucella spp. 2 (4 %) of 50 white cheese samples collected in Sivas province center and 9 (18 %) of 50 white cheese samples collected in Tokat province center were positive for Brucella spp. None of the yoghurt and butter samples were positive for Brucella IgG antibodiesAdditionally, in this study, the survival time of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus bacteria prepared in different bacterial density in kefir obtained from 3 different sources (A, B brand and homemade) were investigated. Bacteria in A and B brand kefir lived between 0-72 hours, while homemade kefir lived between 0-24 hours. No reproduction was observed at the end of the period. This study investigated Brucella Ig G positivity in milk and dairy products in Sivas and Tokat provinces and milk and dairy products may pose a risk for Brucellosis. Additionally, it was observed that Brucella could survive up to 3 days in probiotic fermented milk drink Kefir and the kefir suppresses Brucella growth.

Evaluation of Contracted Ovine Breeding Project in terms of Producer Conditions in Tokat Province

Türkiye’de 2018 yılında küçükbaş hayvancılığı teşvik etmek amacıyla “Üretici Şartlarında Sözleşmeli Küçükbaş Hayvancılık Projesi” diğer adıyla “300 Baş Koyunculuk Projesi” hayata geçirilmiştir. Proje kapsamında atıl kalan mera alanlarının üretime kazandırılması, koyun barınaklarının tam kapasite ile kullanımının sağlanması, mevcut koyun varlığının arttırılması ve kırsal alanda koyunculuk faaliyetinde bulunanların sosyal güvenceye kavuşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu projenin Tokat ilindeki uygulama sonuçları araştırılmıştır. Tokat ilinde yaklaşık 4 500 koyun yetiştiriciliği yapan kişi olduğu ve projeden yaralanmak için 326 kişinin müracaatta bulunduğu, sadece 11 kişinin projeden yararlanmaya hak kazandığı belirlenmiştir. Bu üreticilerden 4’ü ise, kendilerine temin edilen küçükbaş hayvanların damızlık özelliklerini yetersiz bulmuş ve sözleşmede belirtilen hayvan başı birim fiyatının temin edilen hayvanlar için fazla olduğu gerekçesiyle sözleşme imzalamamış ve projeden yararlanma hakkından vazgeçmişlerdir. Yapılan değerlendirmede, teorik açıdan her yönü ile olumlu sayılabilecek “Üretici Şartlarında Sözleşmeli Küçükbaş Hayvancılık Projesi”nin, uygulamadaki sonuçlarının iyi analiz edilmesi gerektiği, ortaya çıkan sorunların değerlendirilerek projenin devamının sağlanmasında yarar görüleceği belirlenmiştir.

Selection of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) genotypes naturally grown in Tokat province in Turkey

Selection of medlar (<i>Mespilus germanica</i> L.) genotypes naturally grown in Tokat province in Turkey