Tohoku Districts Research Articles

Analysis of contour map of natural radiation in Japan.

Natural background radiation in Japan was analyzed based on surveyed data which were rearranged from macroscopic points of view. The background levels were classified into seventeen groups from which a contour map was made by simple interpolations. The general pattern obtained showed that high levels are prominent in Hida Mountains-Wakasa Bay area and Joetsu-northern Kanto provinces, and low levels are prominent in Hokkaido and northern Tohoku districts along with Kanto Plain. The whole area was further divided into two classes according to whether the level is higher than the country-wide mean level. A boundary between the two classes seen in Chubu District was found almost exactly coincides with Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line. Kanto Mountainland was found to have higher levels than its neighborhood, which supports the current idea that old geology of granitic rocks gives high level radiation. A good correspondence could be seen between the radiation contours and every tectonic line proposed as the eastern border of Fossa Magna which is important in the tectonics of Japan Islands. It was then anticipated that informations of the natural radiation will give valuable side evidences to infer the geologic history of Japan Islands.

Migration of crustal deformation

Abstract Observations on the migration rates of crustal deformation, as recently discovered in several tectonic areas, such as the south Kanto and central Tohoku districts, Japan and the West Cordillera Mts., Peru, has opened up a new opportunity for the study of crustal dynamics. Briefly, these examples from coastal areas are characterized by migration landwards with a velocity of about 10–100 km/yr. This agrees well with the velocity of mIgration of seismicity as previously known. Dispersion and dissipation of the deformation waveform are also noted as characteristics. Simple extrapolation of the migration path back toward the ocean may locate a possible origin of the event. In the case of the south Kanto district, for example, the deformation front seems to have originated in the early 1950s from the vicinity of the junction of the Japan and Izu—Mariana trenches. The deformation front in the central Tohoku district, on the other hand, is thought to have originated in the northern part of the Japan Trench in the late 1960s. One may suppose that either a repeated irregular aseismic plate motion generates the deformation events, or that it results from a periodic seismic slip at a plate boundary. In the latter case, the 1953 Boso-oki and the 1968 Tokachi-oki earthquakes might be suspected of generating the deformation fronts in the south Kanto and central Tohoku districts respectively. As Scholz speculated, the migration of a deformation front might trigger earthquakes, if it hits areas of high seismic potential. Studies of migration events can contribute significantly to earthquake prediction studies.

Clay Minerals of Paddy Soils in Tohoku Districts (Part 3) : Alluvial Paddy Soils in the Area of Takada Town, Fukushima Prefecture

Clay Minerals of Paddy Soils in Tohoku Districts (Part 3) : Alluvial Paddy Soils in the Area of Takada Town, Fukushima Prefecture

Changes in “Ratio of Aged Population 65 and Over to Adults Aged 15-64” by Prefectures in Japan

Changes in ratio of aged population 65 and over to adults aged 15-64 -hereafter reffered to as “index”- in Japan were followed-up from 1920 to 1970. In the process of rapid population change, differences among prefectures in this index became clear in such a fact that Hokkaido and Tohoku districts have relatively lower value than Sanin and a part of Shikoku districts. This fact has continued up to present . It is natural that the change of this index is mainly affected by the interpref ectural migration of working ages, but we can also see the relation between this index and death rates of old age untill 1955. This relation may suggest that large differences in death rates of old age among prefectures were found till that time . Then, we will have to obtain detailed data about the population composition in pre-census days, say Meiji and Edo era, in order to understand the causes or factors of regional differences shown by this index.

A study of the influence of proteolytic enzymes on various types of Clostridium botulinum toxin

Botulism is a food poisoning which is caused by taking in nerve poison produced by Cl. botulinum which multiplies in foodstuffs.In Japan, since 1951 occurrence has been mainly in Hokkaido and Tohoku (northern part of Honshu) districts. Up until the present time 63 outbreaks have been reported and 93 people out of 359 patients died.Toxin produced by Cl. botulinum is classified into 6 different types: A, B, C, D, E and F according to their immunological nature. Of these 6 types of toxin, types A, B, E and F are the cause of poisoning in human beings whereas types C and D affect cattle and fowl.Botulism in Japan is mainly attributable to fermented preserved foods such as “IZUSHI” and “KIRIKOMI” which utilize raw fish as their component. But it should be mentioned that type B poisoning, which occurred in Miyazaki Prefecture in 1969, is thought to have been caused by imported caviare, 21 people were affected, 3 died.Therefore, while only type B episodes have been previously reported in Japan, the discovery of types A and B strains in the soil of Tohoku district should make it clear that outbreaks due to other types are now possible. The possibility seems to be higher since a poisoning from imported food has occurred.The study of botulism in Japan has been conducted mainly on type E which has frequently broken out. The geographical distribution of type E organisms in the soil, the multiplication in “IZUSHI”, the conditions of toxin production, the chemical nature of the toxin, and its remedy using antitoxic serum have all been studied. But the author has taken up the following problems broadly not only on type E toxin but also other types of toxin due to the above mentioned reasons.Why is botulinus toxin not affected by the proteolytic enzymes in the digestive tract? Though the effect of proteolytic enzymes on the toxin in the digestive tract is a very urgent problem, no unanimous conclusion has been reached.In other words, no report on the study of the effect of proteolytic enzymes of all the six toxins, already known to us, under the same conditions has yet been published. Bearing this in mind, the author made a study on the effect of various proteolytic enzymes using crude botulinus toxins (cultural super-mates) under simulated natural conditions.The results obtained are as follows:(1) With type A, strain 190, type B, strain Lamanna, and type F, strain Denmark which belong to the Proteolytic Group, a remarkable attenuation of their toxicity was observed on both acid and alkaline sides. But inactivation of the toxins due to enzymes was not particularly notable.(2) With toxin type C, strain Stockholm and type D, strain 1873 which belong to the Non-Proteolytic Group, the effects of fluctuation of PH and the action of various types of enzymes were comparatively slight.(3) With type B, strain QC, type E, strain Iwanai and type F, strain 70 F which belong to the Non-Proteolytic Group, activation of the toxins was observed by treating them with trypsin at PH 6.0. Generally speaking, except for type F, effects of fluctuation of PH and of various enzymes were slight.(4) When botulinus toxin is taken orally the toxin changes its toxicity in varying degrees by fluctuation of PH in the stomach and the intestinal tract or by action of digestive enzymes, and it is presumed that a considerable amount of active toxin remains in the digestive tract.

訛語によるわざわい

In Tohoku Districts of Japan, there are many kinds of dialects. Especially the confusions of vocal sounds, for example, between “ki” and “chi”, or “e” and “i”, are well known.Among 1449 applicants for admission into Teachers' College (Eukushima Univ.) 45 persons caused the abovesaid confusions (“ki”_??_“chi”) in the dictation tests last year (1954). They wrote KIKAKU for CHIKAKU. Here we want to divide these applicants into 2 groups, the Corrupted Group and the Normal Group. The success or failure for admission were determined by their synthetic results of tests and some other means. 600 were admitted into the College, only 9 included among them from the Corrnpted Troup. Thus we have the following contingency table.A COMPARISON OF THE APPLICANTS OF CORRUPTED AND NORMAL AS REGARDS THE RESULTS CF EXAMINATION. _??_From this table we have χ02=8.772 as the value of χ2 (χ20.01<χ20). So we must reject the Hypothesis that their success and failure do not depend upon their corruption or normality. Then it is very clear that the dialect or corruption handicapped them.As to the members of Corrupted Group, they are only from particular regions-AIZU district and the northern part of Fukushima Prefecture, almost all parts of Miyagi Pref. and the southern half of Iwate Pref., but none from other districts. These regions coincide nearly to the dominion of the feudal Lord of Date.Referring to these results, I gave a Hearing Test this autumn to pupils of 2 schools in (_??_293, _??_287) and 2 schools out (_??_190, _??_176) of these regions.The latters are so to say as the control groups. Conclusion:1) The confusion “ki”_??_“chi” was only in Corrupted Group, and not, at all, in other regions.2) This confusion disappears gradually as classes ascent, and faster in the pupils of higher marks in the same class. In those of lower marks such a confusion is not always diminished,.(Thus I guess the confusion perhaps depends upon the sensory or conscious status of not yet differentiated.)3) This confusion tends to disappear faster in female than in male pupils.

HIGH AND COOL RECLAIMED LAND IN JAPAN—Trend and Basic Fcts—

The arable land reclaimed by pioneers in postwar days now amounts to 5% of the nation-wide cultured land acreage and the farmhouses settled there 2% of those of the whole country. What attracts attention first is the disparity of the regional distribution. Generally speaking, the numerical value is greater in the eastern than in the western part of Japan. It is especially noteworthy that Hokkaido and Tohoku districts carry the greatest weight. 70% of the national reclaimed land acreage and 40% of the whole of the settlers' houses are concentrated in those two districts. The western part forms a striking contrast: Kinki district in particular shows very small numerical value regarding both the acreage and the farmhouses, the former 1% and the latter 2.9%. A similar tendency is seen in the regional difference of the acreage under cultivation per house. The average acreage in Hokkaido is 7.77ha, while that in the prefectures around the Inland Sea is less than 1ha. Next, the classification of those farmhouses according to the height above sealevel shows the following rate: 100m and below……41% 100_??_400m……40%400m_??_700m……14% 700m_??_1, 000m……4%1, 000m and over……1% The above list clearly indicates that 95% settled in the region below 700m, 5% over 700m, and only 1% over 1, 000m above sealevel. 1, 000m is the limit value showing the minimum height of “High and Cool Reclaimed Land” which is used as the title of this report. And 700m is the height above sealevel showing the lower limit of semi-“High and Cool Reclaimed Land, ” which is also taken up in this report. The present reporter puts the horizontal north limit of HCRL in the northwestern part of Kanto district. One reason for this is that the height limit of the arable land noticeably decreases toward north with this region as a borderline. Another reason is that the name of “High and Cool Land Agriculture, ” which is characterized by cool weather due to the height above sealevel, should be applied limitedly to the region to the south of the northwestern part of Kanto district. This opinion of the reporter's will be justified by the following fact: the distribution of the settlers over 1, 000m shows a remarkable inclination of their concentration in the region extending from Fukushima prefecture in the southern end of Tohoku district across the northwestern part of Kanto district to Gifu prefecture in Chubu district (97%) . If 700m is taken up as standard, 85% of the national total are concentrated in those seven prefectures. Those marginal zones, which had remained unutilized in prewar days, came to be highlighted for the first time, with a view to tiding over the postwar crisis as a result of the serious food shortage and the rapid increase of the unemployed. The development of national economy and the change of eating habits brought forth the increased demand for dairy products and vegetables, which consequently actualized the potent of HCRL. And this affords a clear proof of the mutability of the condition of location in accord with the development of social economy. HCRL is characterized by (1)the severe natural conditions (climate, topography, soil, etc.), (2)the restrictions by its isolated location, and (3)the large scale management area to make up for the unfavorable condition. HCRL, under its restricted condition, developed commercial farming, with dairy farming and vegetable growing as its principal axis. The present reporter, choosing eight out of the above-mentioned regions where are concentrated HCRL's, made some investigations into their actual situations. The principal forms of management in those regions are also dairy farming, vegetable growing and the mixed of the two.

4045 テラスハウスのENTRANCEについて (3) : (東北地方テラスハウスの住生活について)

4045 テラスハウスのENTRANCEについて (3) : (東北地方テラスハウスの住生活について)

3131 テラスハウスのENTRANCEについて(2) : 東北地方テラスハウスの住生活について(環境工学・設計計画,第1回 日本建築祭 研究発表会 学術講演要旨集)

3131 テラスハウスのENTRANCEについて(2) : 東北地方テラスハウスの住生活について(環境工学・設計計画,第1回 日本建築祭 研究発表会 学術講演要旨集)

Some Observations on the Patterned Grounds in Tohoku Districts

A small net-patterned ground was found on the bare ridge 1, 200 m to the southwest of Mt. Akahani, Bantai volcano (Photo. 1). The diameter of the net is 10 cm and that of the largest stone is 3 cm. The pattern develops on the scoria ground and its depth is 5 cm and beneath is no more the characteristics of the pattern.A small stripe-patterned ground was found on the ridge at the south of Mt. Kamuro on the western rim of the Onikobe basin (Photo, 2). The width of the stripe is 30 cm and it consists of angular schist fragments whose diameter is under 3 col. The underground level is also flat. Furthermore, there are plant-covered stripes near the growing stripe.

Geophysical Structures of Geothermal Area

Natural steam was first utilized practically in 1913 in Tuscany, Italy, as a source of thermal energy for electric power, and today steam from numerous bores is said to be producing more than 350, 000 kilowatts of power. Recently, since 1949, scientists and engineers in New Zealand have also studied very carefully the factors involved in the utilization of geothermal steam for power and they succeeded in developing power from geothermal steam in 1955. At Wairakei in New Zealand, drilling of production boreholes has now reached a stage where sufficient steam is available to generate approximately 150, 000 kilowatts (Smith, 1958).Iceland, the U. S. S. R., Mexico and the United States are also planning the exploitation of steam energy, and some of them have already succeeded in preliminary experiments.In Japan, the volcanic zones extend both along and across the islands. This country has many active and dormant volcanoes, fumaroles and hot springs, consequently people have utilized the heat of fumaroles and springs for medical and therapeutic purposes.In 1947, a geothermal advisory committee was set up in the M. I. T. I. (Ministry of International Trade and Industry), and it made a plan to obtain basic scientific data relating to the evolution of geothermal energy. In response to this proposal, scientific investigation was begun by the staff of the Geological Survey of Japan, and they succeeded in producing some power in Kyushu. It was only an examination and various experiments were carried out by this pilot plant.Since that time, test surveys have been continued covering many geothermal areas including Kyushu, Tohoku districts and Hokkaido in Japan (Studt 1957 ; Grange 1955 ; Mon. Rep. Geol. Surv., Japan 1955).Recently, we have been carrying on geophysical prospectings on two areas in Onikobe and Matsukawa, both situated in Tthoku distinct, and we are approaching to the success. Besides this, the Geothermal Society of Japan has been set up and many scientists have been able to discuss geothermal problems easily. Therefore, the writer believes this is a good time to reconsider the method of study and to present his ideas on this problem.The first part of this paper is devoted to the consideration on the geothermal source (Fig. 1) and the geophysical studies of some active volconoes (Fig. 2). The middle part deals mostly with the transportation of heat associated with steam and, secondarily, with the conduction and convection of it through the reservoir and fissured formations. This is followed by discussions on the method of exploration, applying geophysical prospecting.However unsolved the problem of the origin of heat may be, we could imagine the existence of magma or magma as the geothermal source of heat. After once the magma forms, the heat of this melt would be gradually infiltrating and penetrating the surrounding country rocks ; consequently, this melt would begin cooling during solidification. According to the writer's calculation, the temperature decrease of magma takes 104 or 105 years by assuming a spherical model as the heat source (Fig. 3). Needless to say in heat conduction, , the time elapsed is proportional to the squares of distances. Therefore, if we assume the radius of this sphere as three times of the case in Fig. 3, the time scale becomes ten times the initial states. (for example, 10, 000 years→100, 000 years.) Therefore, the result does not contradict that of average life of a volcano.

3117 東北地方の農村住宅、特に水田地帯を中心とした面積規模について : 居住室数と居住室面積について(計画)

3117 東北地方の農村住宅、特に水田地帯を中心とした面積規模について : 居住室数と居住室面積について(計画)

3118 東北地方の農村住宅の建築計画に関する研究 : 東北農村の家族構成(計画)

3118 東北地方の農村住宅の建築計画に関する研究 : 東北農村の家族構成(計画)

Morphological, ecological and cytological studies on cultivated and wild butterburs, Petasites japonicus MAXIM. IV.

Somatic chromosome numbers of the cultivated and wild butterburs collected from various localities of Japan were counted in order to elucidate the origin of cultivars, and relationships between polyploidy and their characteristics or geographical distribution were studied.1.“Aichiwasebuki”and“Mizubuki”, two commonly grown cultivars, were found to be triploid with 2n=87, and the gigantic cultivar called“Aichiwasebuki”, subsp. giganteus KITAM., was found to be diploid with 2n=58. The local strain“Akitaaobuki”was consisted both of triploid and diploid plants. (Table 1, Figs. 1, 6, 7.)2. In the wild butterburs, 437 diploid plants were collected from 142 different habitats and 191 triploid plants from 62 habitats. Gigantic wild butterbur“Akitabuki”which distributed in Hokkaido and Tohoku districts were found to be diploid with 2n=58 without exception. Diploid and triploid plants showed a marked difference in the geographical distribution. That is, diploids distributed widely in any localities of Japan, while triploids which were not found in Hokkaido district showed a gradual increase toward south. In Kyushu district, southern part of Japan, the number of triploid plants collected was larger than that of diploid ones. (Table 2, Figs. 2-5, 8-10, 11)3. There is no possibility of the triploid plants being hybrids between diploid and tetraploid plants, since no tetraploid ones have been discovered both on cultivars and wild butterburs. The interspecific hybridization may be also impossible, because only one species of genus Petasites has been found in Japan. Consequently, the triploid butterburs must have been derived form fusion between unreduced and normally reduced gamates of diploiod butterburs, and the triploids are presumed to be autotriploid.4. The completely sterile male and female plants were found to be triploids and differed morphologically in the individual floret or inflorescence from diploid plants. Namely, the style of triploid male plants was markedly shorter than that of diploid ones and the anther did not open. Of triploid female plants, the ovary and pappus did not develop at all, and the inflorescences or individual floret turned brown in appearance in an early stage of its development. (Figs. 13, 14)5. The sex expression of butterburs was not influenced by environmental factors and in spontaneous triploid plants sex expression was not related to polyloidy. In the triploid cultivars, however, more female plants were found, which suggested that more female plants has been introduced to cultivation accidentally and propagated vegetatively.6. Triploid butterburs, both cultivars and wild ones, were distinguished from diploid ones by their earlier sprouting, larger leaves and more vigorous growth habit. (Table3, Fig. 12)7. The results mentioned above suggested that cultivars of butterbur have been derived from triploid wild plants and not from diploid ones.

Study on Causes of Cerebral Apoplexy and Hypertension in Tohoku Districts

Study on Causes of Cerebral Apoplexy and Hypertension in Tohoku Districts

Morphological, ecological, and cytological studies on cultivated and wild butterburs, Petasites japonicus MAXIM

Butterbur, Petasites japonicus MAXIM., called “Fuki” in Japanese, is a deciduous perennial herb belonging to Compositae, and is growing wild almost all over Japan. Gigantic butterbur, subsp. giganteus KITAM., commonly called “Akitabuki”, is restricted in its distribution to the northern Japan such as Hokkaido and Tohoku districts. Butterbur is cultivated as a leaf-vegetable or for processing in Osaka, Aichi, Akita and other prefectures, and its cultivation has a long history. Stocks of cultivated and wild butterburs have been collected from various localities of Japan and cultivated for several years at the experimental farm of the University of Osaka Prefecture in Sakai City. Morphological, ecological and cytological studies have been carried out in order to elucidate the origin of cultivated varieties in relation to wild types and to provide basic information for future works of butterbur breeding. The present paper deals with the morphological and ecological studies on the cultivated and wild butterburs and on the geographical variations of those characters in wild types in relation to the latitube and altitude of their habitats. 1. The two cultivated varieties, “Aichiwasebuki” and “Mizubuki”, are distinguished in their larger size of leaf blade, longer petiole, more vigorous growth habit, and earlier sprouting of leaves in spring than those of wild ones (Fig. 2). 2. Wild butterburs showed a wide range of variations in their morphological and ecological characters when grown under the same conditions, but any definite geographical differentiation of those characters could not be found. Some stocks of wild butterbur had characters as excellent as those of the cultivated ones (Figs. 1 and 3). 3. The habit of “Akitabuki” to grow gigantic was not manifested in the experimental farm where it was warmer and drier than in its habitat (Figs. 1 and 2). 4. It was found that the seeds of wild butterburs did not undergo dormancy. 5. It was assumed that the cultivated varieties might be derived from certain wild stocks having desirable characters as vegetable crop, because of the fact that the useful characters can be easily and frequently found in wild ones.

3120 東北地方の農家における私室の分化について(計画)

3120 東北地方の農家における私室の分化について(計画)

3095 新築住宅における間取り変化の生活的意義 : 東北地方水田経営農家における新築住宅の動向(2)(計画)

3095 新築住宅における間取り変化の生活的意義 : 東北地方水田経営農家における新築住宅の動向(2)(計画)

Studies on udo, Aralia cordata THUNB. III

Stocks of domestic and wild udos (Aralia cordata THUNB.), collected from various districts in Japan, have been cultivated in Sakai, Osaka Pref., and studies were made chiefly on their morphological characters with regard to the variations among the domestic and wild udos. Wild udos showed a wide range of variations as a whole, and their geographic variations seemed to be related to the latitude or altitude. They can be grouped into two types; the northern type and the southern type. The plants of the northern type, which are found in Hokkaido and Tohoku districts, have shorter hairs on their stems, less developed stipules, and less numbers of nodes, side shoots, and leaflets of the compound leaves, owing to their earlier blooming, than the plants of the southern type, which are growing in Kansai and western districts of Japan. In domestic udos, however, the range of varietal variation is not so wide, and all varieties observed are found to resemble to the wild udos of the sou-thern type. “Kan-udo”, which has short rest period and can be easily forced early in the season, was said to be introduced from Hokkaido. Our observations, however, revealed that it belonged to the southern type, basing on its morphological characters.

3094 新築住宅における間取りの変化について : 東北地方水田経営農家における新築住宅の動向(1)(計画)

3094 新築住宅における間取りの変化について : 東北地方水田経営農家における新築住宅の動向(1)(計画)