Tofu Wastewater Research Articles

Tofu Wastewater (TWW) Treatment and Hydrogen (H2) Production by Using A Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) System

High organic pollutant in tofu wastewater (TWW) raises a negative impact on environmental sustainability and health. Therefore, the TWW must be treated before it is discharged into the environment. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is one of the green technologies that can be used to treat wastewater and generate hydrogen as well. This work tries to investigate the performance of MEC based on the decrement of organic pollutants in TWW. Some important parameters of organic pollutants in TWW such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solid (TS), and pH were evaluated before and after MEC operation. The results showed that the COD and BOD levels decreased around 56% and 35% while pH increased from 7.90 to 7.16. Additionally, the TSS, TDS, and TS decreased by around 35.0%, 45.5%, and 33.2%. In addition, the optimum hydrogen yield (YH2) and hydrogen production rate (QH2) were obtained at 114 ± 0.1 mL H2/g COD 360 ± 20 mL H2/L/d. Overall, the MEC system could be used to reduce the level of organic pollutants in TWW and generated H2 at the same time.

PEMANFAATAN FERMENTASI LIMBAH CAIR TAHU TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SELADA MERAH (Lactuca sativa L var. Red) DENGAN TEKNIK HIDROPONIK SISTEM RAKIT APUNG

The use of tofu waste water using the hydroponic technique of the floating raft system is not well known, so it needs to be done as an innovation. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of tofu liquid waste fermentation on the growth of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L var. Red rapids) using the floating raft hydroponic technique. The research was carried out in an experimental stage, namely the effect of tofu liquid waste on the growth of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L var. Red rapids). This research method is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. Parameters observed were plant height, leaf width, number of leaves, root length, wet weight and dry weight. The results of the analysis of variance (Anava) at 5% level, the use of tofu liquid waste showed a significant effect on the growth of red lettuce. Giving a concentration of 2.5 liters of tofu liquid waste with 5 liters of water resulted in the best growth of red lettuce.

Growth pattern of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis using CO2 in biogas from anaerobic digestion of tofu wastewater: A preliminary study

Liquid waste from tofu production can be treated by anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. The main components of biogas are CH4 (methane) and CO2 (carbon dioxide), but usually, biogas also contains water, H2S (hydrogen sulfide) or other sulfuric compounds, and other trace gases and impurities. Therefore, purification and upgrading the biogas are necessary to improve its quality as a fuel. One of the alternative methods of biogas purification is by reducing CO2 content using microalgae culture, which involves the ability of microalgae to use the CO2 in biogas for photosynthesis. In this research, Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis were tested for their ability to grow under biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of tofu wastewater aeration in a batch system. The results indicated that Chlorella vulgaris could grow better than Arthrospira platensis on the same flow rate of input biogas. Despite the ability of Chlorella vulgaris to use CO2 in biogas, the cell numbers in culture aerated with biogas were lower than with air, which indicated an inhibition by biogas on Chlorella vulgaris growth.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI SAWI (Brassica juncea L.)

The aim of this work is to find out effect of several Liquid Organic Fertilizers (POC) based on their concentration and to obtain the best POC on the growth and production of mustard plants during two plantings. This research was carried out at the Experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University from February to April 2020. This study was conducted at then experimental method with a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions, namely tofu water with a concentration of 25% (250 ml of tofu + 750 ml water), 25% banana peel concentration (250 ml banana peel + 750 ml water). 25% concentration of rice washing water (250 ml of rice washing water + 750 ml of water), 25% concentration of eggshell (250 ml of eggshell + 750 ml of water), a mixture of tofu POC (62.5 ml) + banana peel POC (62,5 ml) + POC of rice washing water (62.5 ml) + POC of eggshell (62.5 ml). Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh plant weight, fresh plant weight per plot. The observational data were analyzed and continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a 5% level. The results showed that the treatment of several types of POC had the same effect to each other. However, presenting POC of tofu wastewater showed that fresh yield was generally superior in terms of leaf number, fresh plant weight, and plant weight per plot.

Potential of Chlorella sp As A Bioremediation Agent in Tofu Liquid Waste: Literature Review

Tofu liquid waste that contains high levels of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), and TSS (Total Suspended Solid) is usually discharged directly into the waters, causing a foul odor in community drainage and contaminating rivers. This study aims to determine the potential of Chlorella sp as a bioremediation agent in tofu wastewater. This type of research is research that uses the literature review method. The stages of literature collection used in this study refer to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. This stage consists of four procedures, namely, identification, screening, eligibility, and acceptance. This study shows that the microalgae Chlorella sp. can increase population growth and lipid levels, Chlorella sp. Can reduce COD and Nitrate levels contained in tofu liquid waste, and increase the pH from acidic to neutral. Based on the results of the study found, it can be concluded that Chlorella sp has the potential as a bioremediation agent in tofu liquid waste.

Enhancement of phycocyanin and carbohydrate production from Spirulina platensis growing on tofu wastewater by employing mixotrophic cultivation condition

The high carbohydrate content of readily commercialized microalgae, Spirulina platensis, has gained more attention since it could be utilized as a source of bioethanol. However, the high cost of cultivation needs to be pressed to lower the bioethanol price. The purpose of this study was to study the potency of Spirulina platensis growing in tofu wastewater (TWW) as C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and carbohydrate feedstock under mixotrophic conditions. S. platensis was cultivated on different TWW fractions and different organic carbon sources. Box-behnken response surface methodology was employed to optimize organic carbon concentration, UV-C irradiation, and FeEDTA addition. Results showed that glucose addition on 15% TWW accelerates carbohydrate and C-PC productivity. Box-behnken RSM revealed that 0.67 g/L glucose, 5 min UV-C irradiation time, and 10 mg/L FeEDTA resulted in high carbohydrate (49.94 mg/L/d) and C-PC (26.93 mg/L/d) productivity. Interaction of glucose and UV-C irradiation significantly enhances carbohydrate and C-PC productivity.

Variations of Organic Loading Rate on Tofu Wastewater Degradation using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor by Modified Stover-Kincannon Model

This research aims to examine the varians of organic loading rate (OLR) on degradation of tofu wastewater using the hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (hybrid UASB) reactor using the modified kinetic model of Stover Kincannon. This reactor was operated at OLRs variation of 1.5-12 kg COD m-3 d-1 and HRT of 12 - 24 hours for 328 days. Higher COD removal efficiency of 86.41% and biogas production of 7700 mL were achieved at OLR 4.8 kg COD m-3 d-1 and HRT 24 hours on 140 days. Modified Stover-Kincannon model was observed and matched data sets were obtained. The kinetic values of model obtained at HRT variations, the parameters KB and μmax were 3.7, 12.97, 2.42 mgL-1 d-1 and 0.59, 9.41, 0.014 mgL-1 d-1, respectively. This model was a plot of the inverse of the removal rate, versus inverse of the total loading rate resulted in a straight line. It showed that the Stover-Kincannon Model is the rate of substrate removal was affected by the organic load rate (OLR) that flowed into the hybrid UASB reactor.

Penerapan Teknologi Eco-Effisiensi Dan Green Economy Dalam Upaya Menuju UKM Tahu Mandiri Energi Di Kelurahan Margoagung, Kepenawon Seyegan Kabupaten Sleman

The Community Partnership Program at the Khale Tahu Sehat UKM in Margoagung Village, Kapanewon Seyegan, Sleman Regency aims to realize the role of IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta with the output of a superior research strategy plan on renewable energy and environmental engineering in a more real way in partner SMEs. One of the home industry clusters that has received a lot of attention from an environmental perspective is the small tofu industry located in the Margoagung Village. The rapid development of the small tofu industry will have a positive impact on progress that brings an increase in the economic income of rural communities. However, the waste generated from the tofu production process will have a negative impact on the village environment, becoming smelly and dirty. Based on these negative impacts, tofu waste water from small industries in rural areas has the potential to pollute the environment if it is disposed of directly without any treatment. Soil pollution can occur when wastewater seeps into the ground and can result in resident wells close to the seepage of the wastewater that cannot be used anymore. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technology for wastewater treatment that can produce biogas as renewable energy that can be developed so that it is beneficial for the community rural population (eco-efficiency technology). The use of this waste management method is not only "handling" but also has use/benefit as renewable energy and the liquid waste that comes out of the digester is used for agricultural irrigation and the sludge is used organic fertilizer, therefore saving on water, materials and energy is needed. This technology can reduce pollutant solids in the range of 75-90%. The method used in the implementation of the Tofu UKM development program is by socialization, the application of technology with the anaerobic method, eco-efficiency technology, easy to practice with relatively cheap and easy-to-obtain equipment so that small and medium industry players no longer assume that small and medium industry wastewater treatment is a very expensive load. In addition, alternative methods of waste treatment with economic value are sought that can produce biogas as renewable energy for fuel for grinding machines, and soy-boiling boilers. Meanwhile, the methods used are socialization, training, equipment manufacturing, application of technology based on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and marketing IT, as well as assistance to solve the liquid waste problem of small tofu industries in an effort to realize a Green Economy. UKM Tahu Sehat Khale expands the market network with the IT e-commerce method, which can increase by 40%. The results obtained are appropriate technological equipment to increase production by 40%, including 1 (one) vertical soybean grinding machine, 1 (one) horizontal soybean grinding machine, 1 (one) unit boiling boiler, 10 m3 volume anaerobic digester 1 (one) unit. one) unit, 1 (one) ERP-based IT e-commerce device, 2 (two) e-commerce accounts, turnover and assets increased by 40% in addition to publications through the mass media of National newspapers, 1 (one) video, 1 (one) ) articles in ISSN journals, 1 (one) article in national proceedings and 1 (one) article in international conferences, 3 (three) Copyrights, 10 MBKM students build villages that are recognized for 10 credits in one year of program implementation.

Bioremediation Tofu Liquid Waste Based on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Parameters

Background and Objective: The majority of liquid waste generated by the tofu industry in Semarang exceeds the recommended limit. This condition disturbs the ecology of the surrounding environment. so a solution is needed to manage it. The use of bacteria in bioremediation technology has been proven to reduce pollutants produced by the tofu industry. The purpose of this study was to identify specific bacteria and test their ability to bioremediate pollutants from tofu wastewater using the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) parameter.
 Methodology: Methodology: The study was exploratory and experimental in nature, with the variable ability of degradative bacteria degrading tofu industrial wastewater based on COD parameters. Bacterial identification was performed using the 16S-rRNA Gene Analysis method, genomic DNA extraction with the Quick-DNA Bacterial Miniprep Kit, PCR amplification, and bi-directional sequencing. 
 Results: The results of the identification of the selected bacteria show that they are molecules of the type nucleic acid with a query length of 1394. with a lineage report and a 93% phylogenetic tree as Bacillus subtilis, Bioremediation test shows that tofu waste can be degraded. The degradation percentage is 17%.
 Conclusion: Bacillus subtillis, a bacterium that degrades tofu industrial wastewater, was found as an indigenous bacteria.

Waste Water Treatment Installation Planning Industrial Know in Aerobic Using Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) (Study Case at “Sari Murni” Tofu Factory, Krajan Village, Mojosongo Village, Surakarta City)

The planned advanced processing technology is aerobically using Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC). The research method used was la iterature study, in-depth interviews, and direct observation to the Sari Murni tofu factory to determine the existing conditions of the existing Wastewater Treatment Plant (IPAL), as well as to determine the discharge and characteristics of the tofu wastewater. From the results of observations in the field, it is known that the maximum discharge of tofu wastewater produced every day is 25 m3 with an average BOD parameter value of 200 mg/L. Furthermore, the researchers calculated the required RBC dimensions so that the BOD parameter value could be below standard (<150 mg/L). Based on the calculation results, it can be seen that the surface area of ​​the Rotating Biological Contractors (RBC) required is 450 m2, the number of disks required is 131 pieces, and the length of the Rotating Biological Contractors (RBC) rotor required is 2.5 meters.

Sequencing Batch Reactor to Treatment Tofu Wastewater Using Impeller Addition

Sequencing Batch Reactor to Treatment Tofu Wastewater Using Impeller Addition

Kapasitas Resin Immobilized Photocatalyst Technology (RIPT) untuk Menurunkan Parameter Bod Limbah Cair Industri Tahu

Tofu liquid waste contains organic material, namely BOD which is quite high, if it is directly discharged into water bodies, it will reduce the carrying capacity of the environment. This causes the carrying capacity of the environment to decrease and ecosystem performance to become unbalanced, so that further processing is needed, namely Resin Immobilized Photocatalyst Technology (RIPT). In this study, the BOD reduction process was carried out with resin, photocatalyst, and immobilization. The process of immobilizing the catalyst against the resin aims to expand the surface and maintain photocatalyst activity. The type of catalyst used is ZnO and TiO2. After obtaining the RIP (Resin Immobilized Photocatalyst), then the RIP was added to the wastewater and the BOD concentration in the tofu wastewater was calculated. The resin capacity is calculated with the aim of knowing the ability of the resin to reduce the concentration of BOD. From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the highest resin capacity when using ZnO catalyst is 0.3159 g/L and 0.2806 g/L using TiO2. The effluent parameter concentration is directly proportional to the resin capacity. As the sampling time increases, the resin's ability decreases.

The Efficiency of Reducing COD and Turbidity of Tofu Wastewater using A Combination of Electrocoagulation and Ozone

We present an investigation of tofu wastewater that contains organic substances that can cause rapid microbial growth in the water. It can lead to a decrease in oxygen levels. In addition, tofu wastewater also contains suspended substances that cause turbidity. This study aims to evaluate changes in pH, temperature, and efficiency of reducing turbidity & chemical oxygen demand (COD) of tofu wastewater using a combination of electrocoagulation and ozone. This research method was carried out on a laboratory scale using tofu wastewater. The ozone generator is used for ozonising tofu wastewater and an acrylic batch type electrochemical reactor. The electrode material used for the anode and cathode is made of aluminum and iron sheets. There were also differences in the highest turbidity removal of 78.3% at the 60 th min when the wastewater was treated using a combination of electrocoagulation followed by ozone. The highest COD removal of 51.9% resulted from the treatment of tofu wastewater using ozone for 60 min. The initial temperature was 27.6°C then increased by 28.1°C (1.8%). Combination of electrocoagulation followed by ozone was more effective in reducing pollutants in tofu wastewater.

Utilization of magnetic silica as tofu wastewater treatment absorber (influence of mass and adsorption time)

Wastewater from tofu production generally has many pollutant parameters, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS). These pollutants can cause a decrease in oxygen levels and pollute water bodies. This study aims to determine changes in pH and removal efficiency of turbidity and TSS in tofu wastewater using the size of 80 mesh magnetic silica. The research used a laboratory-scale batch system with variations in the absorbent mass of 5 g, 7.5 g, and 10 g per 1 liter of tofu wastewater and adsorption times of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The stirring speed used is 100 rpm, and the operating temperature is adjusted to the laboratory temperature. As a result, the TSS removal has the most effective results of 80%, with 7.5 g of magnetic silica added per liter of wastewater and 45 minutes of adsorption time with a TSS value of 90 mg/L. Meanwhile, the optimum turbidity removal was 82.52% with 7.5 g adsorbent and adsorption time of 15 minutes resulting in a turbidity value of 82.1 NTU. The resulting pH varies in the range of 3.28-4.27, depending on the mass of the adsorbent and the adsorption time.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE GROWTH OF PROTEOLYTIC BACTERIA Bacillus toyonensis AT DIFFERENT SALINITY AND CONCENTRATION OF TOFU WASTEWATER

Proteolythic bacteria, including Bacillus toyonensis, have potencial to be used in feed industry and in processing of industrial waste. Cultivation of this bacteria requires appropriate enviromental condition and substrate for the growth. The objective of this research was to observe the growth of B. toyonensis at different salinity and tofu wastewater concentration. This experimental research used completely randomized design consisted of two factors. Those were salinity (0‰, 15‰, dan 30‰) and different concentrations of tofu wastewater (8%, 10%, and 12%). Bacterial cell growth was observed by the spectrophotometric method and total plate count (TPC) method. The bacterial cell growth was observed at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours-incubation. The results indicated that the best medium for the growth B. toyonensis was in tofu wastewater concentration of 12% at salinity of 15‰. The optimum growth occurred at 48 hours-incubation.

The Effect of Tofu Wastewater and pH on the Growth Kinetics and Biomass Composition of Euglena sp.

Media and pH are two crucial factors in microalgal cultivation. Industrial wastewater such as tofu wastewater can be utilized as alternative media for growing microalgae like Euglena sp. to produce biomass as feedstock in biorefinery activities. Here, we evaluated combinations of tofu wastewater (L) consisting of 0% (L1), 75% (L2), and 100% (L3) with pH (P) levels consisting of 5.0 (P1), 5.5 (P2), 6.0 (P3), 6.5 (P4), and 7.0 (P5). The analyses were carried out on the growth kinetics, biomass, primary metabolite compounds, and pigments of Euglena sp. Based on the study, the combinations with the highest cell density, biomass, maximum carbohydrate content, maximum lipid content, and protein content were L2P2 (23.13x105 cells/ml), L2P1 (4.53±0.17 mg/ml), L1P5 (0.93±0.02 mg/ml), L2P1 (1.27±0.11 mg/ml), and L3P4 (256±26.86 ppm), respectively. Moreover, the combinations with the highest chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoid were L2P4 (33.53±0.13 mg/l), L2P2 (17.73±0.50 mg/l), and L2P2 (11.65±0.00 mg/l), respectively. The addition of tofu wastewater combined with specific pH level enhanced the growth and biomass composition of Euglena sp. (P<0.05), with the exception of carbohydrate content. Additionally, each biochemical component of Euglena sp. had a different optimum combination of tofu wastewater and pH level. However, this wastewater can potentially be used as an alternative medium for cultivating this microalga in order to cut the production costs of biorefinery activity.

Short Communication: Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Chlorella sorokiniana cultured in tofu wastewater

Abstract. Mursandi H, Susanty D, Nurhayati L, Okasari AA. 2022. Short Communication: Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Chlorella sorokiniana cultured in tofu wastewater. Nusantara Bioscience 14: 155-159. Microalgae are microorganisms that grow quickly and produce secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity. Antioxidants of microalgae can be utilized in various aspects such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, supplements, and feed. Microalgae utilization will be more profitable if the microalgae can be cultured on waste media. This study aims to determine the concentration of a suitable medium for the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira & R.W.Krauss, total flavonoids, total phenolics, and the potential of ethanolic extract of C. sorokiniana as an antioxidant. This study cultured the microalgae C. sorokiniana on tofu liquid waste media at various concentrations (15, 20, 25, and 30%). The growth of C. sorokiniana on the media was observed using a spectrophotometer at 680 nm wavelength. C. sorokiniana biomass was collected on the 7th day. The biomass was extracted using ethanol as a solvent. Phytochemical analysis was performed using the standard method, Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were conducted to determine the IC50 value. The results showed that the best growth of C. sorokiniana was on TLW media at a concentration of 30%. The ethanolic extract of C. sorokiniana showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenolic content in the ethanolic extract of C. sorokiniana was 18.39 ± 0.29 mgGAE/g, and the total flavonoid content was 31.93 ± 5,60 mgQE/g. The IC50 of the ethanolic extract of C. sorokiniana was 288.95 mg/L, which shows this extract has a potent antioxidant.

The effect of Tofu Wastewater on Cabbage Growth and Preference of Plutella xylostella

Tofu wastewater containing a high proportion of organic compound may cause various adverse impacts, such as water pollution which bad smell and degrading the aesthetics of the environment. The efforts uses of tofu wastewater is a organic liquid fertilizer. The aims of this study was to determine the effect of tofu wastewater on cabbage growth and preference of Plutella xylostella. The experiment was carried out from April to June 2018, at Ciparanje Experimental Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. Randomized block design was used with nine treatment concentration of tofu wastewater consist of control 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5%, 75%, 87.5%, 100%, and three replication. The result showed that tofu wastewater by 100% could increase the growth of cabbage. The highest female P. xylostella preference.

Performance of natural coagulant extracted from tapioca and corn flour for the treatment of tofu wastewater

Present study investigates the ability of tapioca and corn flour for turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from tofu wastewater. The active coagulant agent were succesfully extracted from tapioca and corn flour using NaCl (namely tapioca and corn extract) and Amberlite resin (namely tapioca ionic and corn ionic). Experiment were conducted in batch mode for initial turbidity of 527 NTU, initial TSS 740 mg/L and initial COD 13,015.04 mg/L. Results demonstrated that tapioca extract is less efficient in turbidity, TSS and COD removal compare to corn extract. Corn extract was found to provide high turbidity removal with efficiency of 71% and TSS removal with efficiency of 35%. Meanwhile, corn ionic was reported have the highest ability in COD removal and reached 31.71% efficiency. Thus, the natural coagulants extracted from NaCl and Amberlite resin revealed to be effective only for turbidity removal.

Decision Making for Biological Tofu Wastewater Treatment to Improve Quality Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Using Analytical Hierarcy Process (AHP)

This research aims to build a support system for tofu wastewater treatment using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. This research was conducted in one of the household tofu industries in Jakarta. AHP method was used to choose/decide the most effective combination of technologies to treat tofu wastewater. Based on the literature study and inlet characterization, Three alternatives were proposed. Alternative 1 consists of a Collecting tank, Neutralization Tank, Preliminary Sedimentation, Anaerobic Digester, Aeration Tank, and Final Settlement Body. While alternative 2 consists of a Collecting tank, Neutralization Tank, Preliminary Sedimentation, Anaerobic Biofilter, Aeration Tank, and Final Settlement Tank. Alternative 3 consists of a Collecting tank, Neutralization Tank, ABR, Aeration Tank, and Final Sedimentation Tank. The decision criteria used for AHP were effluent quality, land requirement, construction cost and easy maintenance. The primary data used were wastewater flow and outlet concentration. While data of area use , maintenance cost and construction cost were extracted from literature study. The result shows that alternative 3 was the most effective sequence of technology. Eigen Vector Analysis Recapitulation showed that alternative 1 has an overal value of 0.31, alternative 2 has value of 0.2 and alternative 3 has value of 0.5. Using alternative 3, BOD5 can be removed up to 95%, COD can be removed by maximum of 95% by ABR, TSS can be removed by 80% which met the quality standard.