Toe Clips Research Articles

The Effect of Bicycle TOE Clips and Seat Modifications

Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1 had 12 subjects pedal on a stationary bicycle vs a constant load for 12 min twice in each of three conditions: a) standard bicycle seat and no toe clips, b) experimental web seat and toe clips, and c) experimental web seat and no toe clips. The criteria were heart rate (12 min work + 18 min recovery), Borg vote, and a semantic-differential vote. Heart rate was 105.3 for condition a, 110.2 for condition b, and 110.5 for condition c. Condition a was significantly lower than b and c; b and c did not differ significantly. Borg vote and semantic-differential vote gave similar results. Experiment 2 had 10 subjects pedal for 10 min once in each of 12 conditions. The 12 conditions were all combinations of: a) toe clips vs no toe clips, b) seat horizontal vs seat tilted 7° down, and c) center of seat at a 19, 25, or 31° angle vs vertical and hub centerline. The criteria were heart rate, Borg vote, and a semantic-differential vote. Toe clips reduced heart rate by 3.5% during exercise. Seat location was better at 25° than 19°; the difference between 25° and 31° was non-significant. Although tilt did not affect heart rate, the subjects preferred no tilt.

Small Mammals in Farmstead Shelterbelts: Habitat Correlates of Seasonal Abundance and Community Structure

Small mammals were studied from September 1978 to November 1980 in 5 Minnesota farmstead shelterbelts. Based on correlations between habitat variables characterizing vegetative features of shelterbelts and numbers of individuals captured in each season, Peromyscus leucopus and Clethrionomys gapperi were considered as woodland species, Microtus pennsylvanicus as a grassland species, and Sorex cinereus and Blarina brevicauda as intermediate in terms of their dependency on shelterbelts. Area and perimeter of shelterbelts were associated with numbers of all species except C. gapperi. Numbers of P. leucopus and C. gapperi tended to be higher in shelterbelts that were isolated from other wooded habitat, whereas numbers of S. cinereus were lower in isolated shelterbelts. Species richness was greater in larger shelterbelts with complex vegetative structure. Species of small mammals residing in shelterbelts were those that typically are not considered as agricultural pests. Management recommendations include maintenance practices that do not reduce stratification of vegetation, leaving woody and man-made debris within shelterbelts, and establishing shelterbelts that are as large as possible within the economic constraints of farming. These recommendations simultaneously would benefit other species of mammals and birds in the intensively farmed regions of the Midwest. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 47(1):74-84 Vegetative complexity and habitat size are major determinants of the abundance of individual mammalian species and the structure of mammalian communities in natural habitats (Dueser and Shugart 1978, Dueser and Brown 1980, Geier and Best 1980). Farmstead shelterbelts are small (generally 1.5 m in depth) that prevented access to traps. Traps were opened for 2 consecutive days each session and were closed between sessions. Rolled oats mixed with small amounts of peanut butter were used as bait. I marked each captured animal with ear tags (#1, National Band and Tag Co., Newport, Ky.) or toe clips for individual recognition. Sex, age, weight, reproductive condition, and trap location were recorded for each capture. Species captured >20 times during the study were included in the analyses; these were Sorex cinereus, Blarina brevicauda, Clethrionomys gapperi, Microtus pennsylvanicus. and Peromyscus leucopus. Fifty-four habitat variables were measured for each shelterbelt during August 1979 and 1980. These included 2 dimensional, 14 proximal land-use, 27 vegetative, and 11 physical variables (Appendix). Vegetative and physical features were based on sampling methods and procedures modified from Dueser and Shugart (1978) using 3 sampling units centered on each trap: a 10-m radius plot, a 1-m2 ring, and 2 perpendicular 20-m2 transects. Species variables were derived in each of the 9 seasons (autumn 1978, winter 1979, etc.) for the 5 species of small mammals. These variables consisted of the total number of individuals (all age-sex classes combined) and the total number of indiJ. Wildl. Manage. 47(1):1983 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.113 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:06:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 76 SMALL MAMMALS IN FARMSTEAD SHELTERBELTS * Yahner viduals per age-sex class (except for Sorex and Blarina) per shelterbelt in each season. In addition, species richness (S), or the total number of different species of small mammals captured, was determined per shelterbelt for the entire study period and for each season. Relationships between the 54 habitat variables and the species variables were examined. As a result of small sample size (N = 5 shelterbelts) and multicollinearity (Chatterjee and Price 1977) among habitat variables, simple correlation analyses were used (Sokal and Rohlf 1969). Both untransformed and log-transformed data were analyzed (after Dueser and Brown 1980). Throughout the text, significant correlations (P < 0.05) were based on product-moment correlation coefficients (r) ?0.878 and df = 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Bicycle pedal modifications for use in a physical therapy department.

Riding a bicycle ergometer is often included as part of the physical therapy rehabilitation program for patients with weakness in the lower extremities or for patients who need to improve their cardiovascular fitness. Some patients are unable to hold their feet on the bicycle pedals, however, because of their particular medical problems such as stroke, head trauma, or extreme weakness. In some cases, toe clips have been used successfully to solve this problem, but for many patients even these are not satisfactory. This is particularly true if the patient cannot be relied upon to keep his feet in the clips, because he could be injured if his feet slipped off the pedals. One way to remedy this problem is to attach a cast boot to a block of wood that has been cut to accommodate the bicycle pedal.…

Electromyographic Analysis of the Lower Extremity during Pedaling

EMG activity in the gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and anterior tibialis muscles was studied in six healthy male subjects. Each subject pedaled against changes in workload, pedaling rates, and different weight flywheels, with and without toe clips and from both sitting and standing positions. All the muscles tested were shown to be active at workloads greater than 300 kilograms per minute. In addition, the amplitude of the EMG signals increased with increasing workloads. No real differences in muscle activity timing were found between the light and heavy flywheels or between the competitive and noncompetitive cyclists. Standing while pedaling produced increased activity in the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis at high rpm and low workloads. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1981;2(4):163-170.

Response of Turkey Broilers to Different Stocking Densities, Lighting Treatments, Toe Clipping, and Intermingling the Sexes

A total of 7,428 turkey poults were used in two experiments designed to evaluate the interrelated effects of stocking density, lighting, toe clipping, and intermingling the sexes. Mortality was unaffected by stocking density. Although high stocking density had the effect of reducing body weight and percent Grade A carcasses, monetary returns were highest per unit of floor area for birds grown under high stocking density conditions. There was no apparent monetary advantage in extending the slaughter age from 98 to 119 days for males or by rearing the sexes separately to 14 weeks of age. Body weights of birds grown under low intensity, green light were heaviest but this was not reflected in higher monetary returns. There was no beneficial effect on the biological traits resulting from toe clipping. Body weight was adversely affected by toe clipping but this was not reflected in reduced monetary returns. In a windowless building, adequately ventilated, with the capability of maintaining low internal temperatures (not exceeding 21 C), high stocking density and low light intensity may be useful in the conservation of both heat and light energy.

The Effect of Toe Clipping on Survival in Fowler's Toad (Bufo woodhousei fowleri)

The Effect of Toe Clipping on Survival in Fowler's Toad (Bufo woodhousei fowleri)

The population pattern of Miniopterus schrebersii (Chiroptera) in north-eastern New South Wales

In north-eastern New South Wales Miniopterus schreibersii is found at a wide range of cave and mine roosts as colonies that may include up to several thousands of individuals. Between April 1960 and September 1963 a field study of the biology and population characteristics of this species was carried out. Field criteria permitting aging of individuals were developed. Age classes considered were juveniles (&lt; 9 months), yearlings (9-21 months), and adults (&gt; 21 months). Seasonal changes in numbers, and in the sex and age composition of colonies were followed in detail at several roosts and comparative information was obtained at others. Movement patterns were assessed by a marking and recapture programme in which 1365 recoveries were obtained from a marked (toe clips and bands) population of 8775. Conspicuous sex or age biases or both were shown to exist in clusters of M. schreibersii at specific roosts and it was suggested that clustering in this species functions, in part, as a social spacing mechanism. Segregation of different sex or age classes at specific colonies permitted classification of colonies as (1) maternity colonies in which adult females and their young predominate, (2) "adult" colonies which are predominantly adult, or adult and yearling, in composition, and (3) "juvenile" colonies in which juveniles, or juveniles and yearlings, are almost prevalent. The observed social biases of colonies appeared to be related to particular phases of the reproductive cycle. Certain adult colonies were interpreted as important sites of copulatory behaviour. Recovery data for two of these mating colonies showed that adult females were more transient members of the colony than adult males. Juveniles are often well represented at adult colonies in the autumn, and during this season their presence may be correlated with a drop in the abundance of older males.

Progressive Ambulation in the LCP Syndrome

To the Editor:— Discussing treatment of juvenile osteochondrosis Legg-Calve-Perche'sdisease (LCP), L. H. Wilk, MD, observes that although complete bed rest has been found to be excellent therapy, it can be an almost impossible task for the parents ( JAMA 192 :939-946 [June 14] 1965). In cases in which both sides of the body are affected two to four years of complete bed rest are indeed most impossible. For these cases a planned progressive ambulation may be effective. As activity of the process diminishes, a tricycle with a hand-operated front wheel brake and toe clips on the pedals may be permitted. Later four-footed ambulation followed by periods of tip-toe walking may be permitted. Only when the patient is fully recovered can resumption of impact ambulation be permitted, with the patient using the heel of the foot in walking or the knee in crawling. One thing missed in Dr. Wilk's report was a

A Comparative Study of Display Behavior in Phrynosoma (Iguanidae)

The behavior of six of the seven species of Phrynosoma found in the United States was studied. Most of the behavior patterns typical of iguanids are lacking in this genus. Analysis of display-action-pattern graphs is presented. These show a gradual decrease in display complexity from primitive to more recent forms. A hypothesis is presented to account for the loss of the display. It has long been known that members of the family Iguanidae perform bobbing motions of the head. In his studies on the behavior of this family of lizards Carpenter (1961a, 1961b, 1962a, 1962b) has found that these motions constitute a ritualized species-specific display pattern used for asserting dominance, defending the territory, sex recognition, and to some extent courtship. Hunsacker (1960) has indicated a possible use in species recognition. Carpenter (1961a) has further pointed out that specific differences in ritualistic behavior patterns, such as the display in iguanids, may be, along with morphological and physiological characteristics, the result of environmental selection. Investigations now underway show some indication of correlation between the elaborateness of the display and the site in the habitat where the lizard is usually active. It might also be expected that closely related forms which show a progression in morphological and/or physiological characteristics would also show a similar progression in behavioral characteristics. This study of the United States forms of Phrynosoma was undertaken with these ideas in mind. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Seven species of homed lizard occur in the United States. I have been able to study six of these: P. platyrhinos, P. modestum, P. coronatum, P. solare, P. cornutum, and P. douglassii. The homed lizards used in this study were obtained in the southwestern United States by personal collection, by gift from friends and resident herpetologists, and by purchase. The lizards were kept and studied in cages and in large outdoor enclosures where an effort was made to simulate the natural habitat. The lizards were fed meal worms, the contents of sweep nettings, and large red agricultural ants. Water was available at all times. A system of toe clips was used for permanent marking of individuals. Model airplane dope in various

Bicycle Toe Clip

Bicycle Toe Clip