Tocol Content Research Articles

Conventional steaming retains tocols and γ-oryzanol better than boiling and frying in the jasmine rice variety Khao dok mali 105

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various cooking methods on the white rice (WR), brown rice (BR) and parboiled geminated brown rice (PGBR) of the same variety, focusing on γ-oryzanol and tocols. The methods used for analysis of γ-oryzanol and tocols included solvent extraction and HPLC. The results indicated that PGBR had a higher content of γ-oryzanol and tocols compared to BR and WR, when different cooking methods (raw, steamed, boiled and fried) were used. Steaming method retained the higher γ-oryzanol content (53.6–62.2mg/100g) in both PGBR and BR, in comparison with boiling (53.0–60.6mg/100g) and frying (23.4–31.5mg/100g) methods. Frying reduced the γ-oryzanol content significantly regardless of the rice type. Regarding tocols, a similar trend was noticed in all the methods studied. Tocotrienol was the most abundant tocol found in PGBR and BR. Therefore, steaming is the best cooking method to preserved most of the bioactive compounds; however, a slight increase in total tocols was observed after frying.

Chemical composition of wild and feral diploid wheats and their bearing on domesticated wheats

The diploid wild wheats Triticum monococcum ssp. thaoudar and Triticum urartu are the direct ancestors of all domesticated wheats, but almost nothing is known about the chemical composition of their kernels. Aim of this research was to assess their content in several compositional traits and to compare it with that of domesticated wheats. To this end, fifteen diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid accessions belonging to different Triticum species were tested for 1000 kernel weight, protein, ash and starch content, β-amylase activity, carotenoid, tocol, anthocyanin and polyphenol concentration. The wild einkorns had high protein (21.7 ± 0.74 g/100 g), ash (3.0 ± 0.06 g/100 g), tocol (75.1 ± 3.95 mg/kg), carotenoid (8.0 ± 0.91 mg/kg) and anthocyanin (43.0 ± 4.66 mg/kg) content, and low β-amylase activity (20.2 ± 0.84 B3U/g). T. urartu instead coupled high protein (28.0 ± 0.07 g/100 g), ash (3.3 ± 0.03 g/100 g) and tocol (63.9 ± 2.91 g/100 g) content with low carotenoid (2.7 ± 0.02 g/100 g) and high β-amylase (57.7 ± 0.11 g/100 g) levels. These results fit well with those observed in the derived wheats, i.e. domesticated and feral einkorn on one side and emmer, durum, spelt and bread wheat on the other. Several positive nutritional traits present in the diploid wild species were not lost during the transition from wild to domesticated forms.

Physico-chemical properties of Tecoma stans Linn. seed oil: a new crop for vegetable oil

Tecoma stans Linn. is known to have various medicinal and therapeutic properties. However, to our knowledge, no information is available regarding their seed oils. In this study, the fatty acid (FA) compositions, physico-chemical properties and antioxidant capacities of T. stans seed oils (TSOs) were investigated. The oil content of the seeds was 15%. The FAs of the TSOs were analysed by GC–MS. α-Linolenic (45.47%), oleic (23.56%), linoleic (11.48%), palmitic (6.09%) and stearic (4.12%) acids were the major detected FAs. γ-Linolenic acid and stearidonic acid, unusually FAs, were also present (1.04% and 6.65%, respectively). The total tocol content in the TSOs was found to be 266.06 mg/100 g. The main component was γ-tocopherol (78.93%). The total phenolic content (168.69 mg GAE/100 g oil) and total flavonoid content (5.54 mg CE/g oil) were also determined in the TSOs.

Crude Palm Oil from Interspecific Hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis: Alcoholic Constituents of Unsaponifiable Matter

AbstractInterspecific hybrid Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis (O×G) palm is currently receiving increasing attention because of its interesting glycerides structure and composition. In this study, the alcoholic constituents of unsaponifiable matter of crude hybrid O×G palm oil were characterized for the first time and compared to data obtained analyzing crude African palm oil (E. guineensis).Total unsaponifiable matter content was 1.18 ± 0.11 g/100 g in O×G hybrid oil and 1.05 ± 0.06 g/100 g in African palm oil. O×G oil was characterized by lower contents of squalene and alcoholic constituents where the main differences concerned 4‐desmethylsterols and isoprenoid alcohols: O×G oil was characterized by higher (23.6 ± 6.1 %) contents of isoprenoid alcohols and by a different phytol/geranylgeraniol ratio. The tocol fraction constituted the class of unsaponifiable components on which the genetic exerts the greatest influence: tocol content showed no significant differences between the two oils, however, hybrid palm oil was characterized by higher percentages of γ‐tocotrienol (59.7 ± 1.1) and δ‐tocotrienol (11.7 ± 0.8) and lower percentages of tocopherols (10.6 ± 0.3), almost entirely constituted of the α isomer. These results suggest that O×G oil can also be considered an interesting alimentary source of nutraceutical components, especially for bioactive tocotrienols.

Phytonutrient concentration and unsaturation of glycerides predict optimal harvest time for Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis palm oil hybrids

Hybrid palm oil has been recently proved to have interesting chemical and nutritional characteristics. However, there is rather limited information on the chemical composition changes of hybrid palm oil during fruit ripening. In this paper we present for the first time a detailed chemical characterization of O × G interspecific hybrid palm oil extracted from fruits of Coari × La Mé cultivar, planted in the region of Llanos Orientales (Colombia) during the last 6 wk of fruit ripening (18–24 wk after anthesis [WAA]). It was found that during fruit development a progressive and significant decrease of the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) palmitic and stearic, and a corresponding increase in the relative percentage of the unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) oleic and linoleic occurred: the SFAs/UFAs ratio decreased from 0.84 to 0.58. Statistically significant changes in triacylglycerol species between 18 and 24 WAA were also observed. On the contrary, total unsaponifiable matter content ranged from 0.87 to 1.05 g/100 g oil sample, without any significant difference due to harvest time. However, a trend of increase in total tocol content was also observed, with a final value at 24 WAA of more than 26 ppm.Practical applications: The understanding of palm fruit development may be useful for setting both optimal harvest time and breeding purposes: the results of this study reveal that a better concentration of phytonutrients (tocols), together with a higher degree of unsaturation of glycerides, can be obtained at 24 WAA, which therefore represents the optimal harvest time for both quantitative (i.e., extraction rate, industrial applications, etc.) and qualitative (i.e., nutritional properties) characteristics of the O × G interspecific hybrid oil.Hybrid palm oil has interesting chemical and nutritional characteristics. During fruit development, a progressive and significant decrease of the saturated fatty acids palmitic and stearic acid, and a corresponding increase in the relative percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acid occurred, along with changes in triacylglycerol species. Furthermore, a trend of increase in phytonutrient (tocol) levels was also observed.

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of whole wheat products

Whole wheat contains an array of phytochemicals. We quantified alkylresorcinols (AR), phenolic acids, phytosterols, and tocols in six whole wheat products and characterized their antioxidant capacity and ability to induce quinone reductase activity (QR). Total AR content ranged from 136.8 to 233.9 µg/g and was correlated with whole wheat content (r = 0.9248; p = 0.0083). Ferulic acid (FerA) was the dominant phenolic at 99.9–316.0 µg/g and mostly bound tightly to the wheat matrix. AR-C21 and total FerA predicted the whole wheat content in each product (R2 = 0.9933). Total phytosterol content ranged from 562.6 to 1035.5 µg/g. Total tocol content ranged from 19.3 to 292.7 µg/g. Phytosterol and tocol contents were independent of whole wheat content. Whole wheat biscuits and pasta were the most potent products to induce QR in Hepa1c1c7 cells. This study provides a platform to characterize the relationship between the phytochemical composition of whole wheat and products formulated with this whole grain.

Impact of suppressing the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene on lignin, fiber, and seed oil composition in Brassica napus transgenic plants

The impact of suppressing the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene on lignin and fiber content as well as seed oil composition of Brassica napus was studied. Transgenic lines showed significant reduction in COMT enzyme activity ranging between 21 and 31 % residual activity. Lignin in the transgenic Cruciferin:COMT line 34-3 seeds was reduced by 35 % of the wild type, which decreased acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber by 17.92 and 13.04 % of the control, respectively. The main fatty acids were monounsaturated (67.2–69.5 %) followed by polyunsaturated (20.9–23.3 %). The content of tocols ranged between 338 and 440 mg/100 g oil. The highest antiradical action toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and galvinoxyl radicals was in the oil of the transgenic line 34-3, which contained the highest amount of total phenolic compounds and total tocols. The results show the possibility of reducing lignin in B. napus with no effect on oil content and quality.

Diversity in Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Dent, Flint, and Specialty Corns

ABSTRACTDent, flint, and specialty genotypes of Indian yellow maize were evaluated for phytochemical content and their hydrophilic antioxidant capacity. Solid‐phase extraction coupled with solid–liquid extraction was used to obtain free phenolics and flavonoids from maize samples, reducing the use of excessive solvents and handling time. Bound phenolics were extracted with enhanced acidic hydrolysis to improve extractability. The phenolic contents in Indian maize genotypes ranged from 46 to 79 μmol of ferulic acid equivalents per gram of sample on a dry basis (db). Carotenoids in Indian maize genotypes were found to be equivalent to Chinese yellow maize and ranged from 13 to 24 μg/g of sample (db), whereas tocol content varied greatly in the range of 607–1,238 μg of α‐tocopherol equivalents/g of sample (db). Dent and flint corn did not exhibit differences (P > 0.05) in their phenolic contents, whereas among the specialty genotypes sweet corn contained the highest phenolics but least carotenoids (P < 0.05). Bound extracts appeared to contribute largely to 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of maize genotypes. Sweet corn exhibited higher antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) among all the genotypes. The antioxidant capacities correlated well with the total phenolic contents of the maize genotypes.

Nutritional traits and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch., cv. Hayward) grown in Italy

This study provides original data on the compositional profile and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit grown in five orchards of the largest Italian production area (Lazio region). Data on macronutrients (moisture, protein, lipid, carbohydrate), starch, total dietary fiber, oxalic acid, organic acids, minerals, trace elements, and bioactive molecules including ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, carotenoids (lutein and ß-carotene), tocols (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol) content are reported. Kiwifruit was rich in ascorbic acid (mean value 60mg/100g). Lutein was the most abundant carotenoid (mean value 0.2mg/100g) followed by b-carotene. Among tocols, a-tocopherol was the most abundant (mean value 0.9mg/100g) followed by γ-tocotrienol (mean value 0.12mg/100g). The antioxidant activity (evaluated by means of FRAP, ABTS, ORAC assays) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Borgo Podgora orchard than in any other one, the fruit of this orchard showed also the highest bioactive molecules content. Antioxidant activity positively correlated with hydrophilic molecules content mostly with ascorbic acid (r=0.97) suggesting vitamin C as the major contributor to the total antioxidant activity in kiwifruit.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from seeds of six grape cultivars: Modeling of mass transfer kinetics and evaluation of lipid profiles and tocol contents

The current study focuses on the recovery of grape seed oil by supercritical CO2 extraction. Grape seeds from six grape cultivars were extracted in two subsequent harvesting years, and the resulting oils were characterized for the relative amount of: (a) lipid classes; (b) lipid acyl chains; and (c) tocopherols and tocotrienols. Comparative extractions were performed by utilizing n-hexane as solvent and by mechanical pressure. A well-established modeling approach was applied to evaluate the mass transfer parameters affecting the kinetics of supercritical CO2 extraction: with these parameters, process scale-up can be addressed. The results reported in this study testify the potentiality of grape seed oil as a source of unsaturated fatty acids and tocols. Moreover, they offer a clear picture of the similarities and differences among oils from different grape cultivars and obtained through different extraction techniques.

Effect of various heat treatments on rancidity and some bioactive compounds of rice bran

Rice bran contains natural phytochemicals but unstable against hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity. Various heat treatments, such as dry-heating (DH), freeze-drying followed by dry-heating (FDDH), microwave heating (MH), autoclaving (AC), and ethanol vapor (EV) treatment were applied to rice bran and their effects on the storage stability at room temperature were evaluated. The free fatty acid (FFA) content of untreated rice bran gradually increased from 2.14 to 19.81% during 24 weeks, whereas those of the treated rice brans were not or marginally changed. The FFA content in DH samples was greater than that in FDDH samples, indicating the positive effect of freeze-drying prior to DH. Among the treatments, autoclaving was most effective in retarding the FFA formation. The tocol content in the rice brans varied with the treatments, ranging from 181.4 mg/kg (EV) to 310.6 mg/kg (AC), whereas that in untreated rice bran was 216.3 mg/kg. Amounts of other bio-functional components such as phytosterols and policosanols were either unchanged or increased by the treatments. Policosanol level was increased by all the heat treatments, but not affected by EV treatment, indicating that the thermal treatments induced the release of free policosanols.

Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea André Date Palm Seed Oil: A Potential Dietetic Plant Product

Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea André (C. humilis) date palm seeds are an underutilized source of vegetable oil, and no studies describing their physicochemical characteristics to indicate the potential uses of this seed or seed oil have been reported. The oil content of the seeds is about 10%, mainly composed of oleic acid (38.71%), lauric acid (21.27%), linoleic acid (15.15%), palmitic acid (9.96%), and stearic acid (7.17%). The tocol (tocopherols and tocotrienols) content is 74 mg/100 g, with δ-tocotrienol as the major contributor (31.91%), followed by α-tocotrienol (29.37%), γ-tocopherol (20.16%), and γ-tocotrienol (11.86%). Furthermore, this oil shows high thermal stability. The differential scanning calorimetery curves revealed that the melting and crystallization points are 9.33 °C and -15.23 °C, respectively.

Quantification and Bioaccessibility of California Pistachio Bioactives

The content of carotenoids, chlorophylls, phenolics, and tocols in pistachios ( Pistacia vera L.) has not been methodically quantified. The objective of this study was to first optimize extraction protocols for lipophilic nutrients and then quantify the content of two phenolic acids, nine flavonoids, four carotenoids, two chlorophylls, and three tocols in the skin, nutmeat, and whole nut of California pistachios. The dominant bioactives in whole pistachios are lutein [42.35 μg/g fresh weight (FW)], chlorophyll a (142.24 μg/g FW), γ-tocopherol (182.20 μg/g FW), flavan-3-ols (catechins) (199.18 μg/g FW), luteolin (217.89 μg/g FW), myricetin (135.18 μg/g FW), and cyanidin-3-galactose (38.34 μg/g FW) in each nutrient class. Most phenolics are present in the skin, while the lipophilic nutrients are dominantly present in the nutmeat. Digestion with a gastrointestinal mimic showed <10% of most hydrophilic compounds are released from pistachio matrices. In conclusion, 9 lipophilic and 11 hydrophilic bioactives in pistachios are systematically quantified.

초임계 이산화탄소를 이용한 미강유 생리활성물질 농축

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of different pressure and temperature combinations on the concentrations of tocols homologues, policosanol, phytosterol, and γ-oryzanol in crude rice bran oil (RBO) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ). To effectively separate oily substances from bioactive substances, fatty acid ethyl esterification was performed by sulfuric acid or the lipase catalytic method. In sulfuric acid esterification, γtocotrienol content was decreased by ca. 50%, whereas in lipase esterification, γ-tocotrienol content was not decreased. Therefore, lipase catalytic esterification was performed for the fatty acid alkyl esterification of RBO. The fractional extraction of RBO ethyl esters was performed using SC-CO 2 in the condition of 9.62 Mpa, 10.34 MPa, or 11.03 MPa and 45C, 50C, or 55C. During the fractionation of RBO using SC-CO 2 , a little tocols content was extracted with fatty acid ethyl esters, but policosanol and phytosterol were not extracted. Especially, there is a high correlation (R=0.9306) between the density of CO 2 and tocols contents extracted to the fractions. The concentration rates of tocols and phytosterol were the highest in the condition of 55C and 9.62 MPa. Therefore, the lower CO 2 density applied, the more efficient the concentrations of tocols and phytosterol were in this study.

Tocol Composition and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lipids from Barley Pearling Flour

Samples of whole grain and 35% pearling flour of 20 different barley varieties grown in Alberta were analyzed for their lipid contents. Total lipid contents of whole grains were within 1.9% to 3.0% (w/w), whereas those of the 35% pearling flour were 4.3% to 7.9%. Lipids of 35% pearling flour fraction of Tercel barley were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 ) at different pressures (24, 45, and 58 MPa) and temperatures (40 and 60 °C) for 3 h. Lipid recoveries of 73% to 97% were achieved using SC-CO2 extraction under different operational conditions. Tocol contents and compositions of whole grain, 35% pearling flour, and SC-CO2 extracts were analyzed using HPLC. Tocol content of the whole grain was 53.8 to 124.9 μg/g and that of the pearling flour was 195 to 363 μg/g of flour. The hulless barley varieties were higher in tocols, with waxy, double waxy and Tercel varieties having the highest levels (P < 0.05). The ratios of total tocotrienols to total tocopherols varied within 1.6 to 3.9 range. Tocol concentrations of SC-CO2 extract fractions varied from 1171 to 4391 μg/g extract depending on the operational conditions. Barley oil is a good natural source of different tocol isomers rich in tocotrienols.

Bioactive Lipids, Radical Scavenging Potential, and Antimicrobial Properties of Cold Pressed Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Oil

Health promoting cold pressed oils may improve human health and prevent certain diseases. It is hard to find any research concerning the composition and functional properties of cold pressed clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil (CO). Cold pressed CO was evaluated for its lipid classes, fatty acid profiles, and tocol contents. In addition, antiradical and antimicrobial properties of CO were evaluated. The amounts of neutral lipids in CO was the highest (∼94.7% of total lipids), followed by glycolipids and phospholipids. The main fatty acids in CO were linoleic and oleic, which comprise together ∼80% of total fatty acids. Stearic and palmitic acids were the main saturated fatty acids. α- and γ-tocopherols and δ-tocotrienol were the main detected tocols. CO had higher antiradical action against DPPH• and galvinoxyl radicals than virgin olive oil. The results of antimicrobial properties revealed that CO inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms. CO had a drastic effect on the biosynthesis of proteins and lipids in cells of Bacillus subtilis. In consideration of potential utilization, detailed knowledge on the composition and functional properties of CO is of major importance.

Lipid profile, antiradical power and antimicrobial properties of &lt;i&gt;Syzygium aromaticum&lt;/i&gt; oil

In this investigation cold pressed clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ) oil (CO) was studied for its lipid classes, fatty acid profiles and tocol contents. The radical scavenging potential and antimicrobial properties of CO were also evaluated. The levels of neutral lipids in CO was the highest ( ca . 94.7% of total lipids), followed by glycolipids and phospholipids. The main fatty acids in CO were linoleic and oleic, which comprise together ca . 80% of total fatty acids. Stearic and palmitic acids were the main saturated fatty acids. a- and γ-tocopherols and d-tocotrienol were the main tocols. CO quenched 70% of DPPH• radicals after 1 h, while extra virgin olive oil was able to quench only 45%. ESR measurements also showed the same pattern, wherein CO quenched 57% of galvinoxyl radical and olive oil deactivated about 38%. The results of antimicrobial properties revealed that CO inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms. CO had a drastic effect on the biosynthesis of protein and lipids in the cells of B. subtilis . In consideration of is tpotential utilization, detailed knowledge on the composition and functional properties of CO is of major importance.

Phytochemical composition of extracts from wheat grain fractions obtained by tangential abrasive dehulling

This study examined the phytochemical content and composition of extracts from wheat bran fractions obtained by abrasive dehulling.Wheat grain was fractionated using a Tangential Abrasive Dehulling Device (TADD). The aqueous ethanol extracts of whole wheat, bran, TADD and commercial aleurone samples were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (DPPH). The fractions with the highest antioxidant capacity were further analyzed for their tocopherol, phenolic acid, carotenoid and organic acid contents. The correlations between chemical composition and antioxidant properties of wheat extracts were developed.All TADD samples had higher tocopherol contents than the bran from a quadrumat senior mill. Lutein was the primary carotenoid in all the samples. Ferulic and caffeic acids were the strongest contributor to DPPH and TPC of the extracts, respectively. Correlation between ORAC and tocols content of the samples was positive and strong (r = 0.75793, p < 0.0001). This study demonstrated that TADD was more effective than quadrumat senior mill to obtain wheat bran fractions enriched in health beneficial phytochemicals. The correlations between chemical composition and antioxidant properties of TADD bran extracts developed in this study are helpful to formulate products with desired efficacy.

The content of vitamin E in hop cones of the Saaz variety

The activity of vitamin E, total content of tocols and the content of individual isomers: α-tocopherols, β-tocopherols, γ-tocopherols and δ-tocopherols was monitored in samples of hop cones of the world-important Saaz variety. Hop cone samples originated from hop-breeding area Tršice, Czech Republic. The method used for the determination of vitamin E in barley was modified and used for this quantitative analysis. The results indicate that monitored characteristics are influenced by the year of harvest (2010 or 2011) but also by the age of hop-gardens (hop bucks). High values of vitamin E activity (up to 67.79 mg.kg−1) and total content of tocols (up to 76.31 mg.kg−1) in hop cones are worth further attention from the viewpoint of alternative use of hops.

Use of recovered frying oils in chicken and rabbit feeds: effect on the fatty acid and tocol composition and on the oxidation levels of meat, liver and plasma

The addition of some fat co- and by-products to feeds is usual nowadays; however, the regulations of their use are not always clear and vary between countries. For instance, the use of recycled cooking oils is not allowed in the European Union, but they are used in other countries. However, oils recovered from industrial frying processes could show satisfactory quality for this purpose. Here we studied the effects of including oils recovered from the frying industry in rabbit and chicken feeds (at 30 and 60 g/kg, respectively) on the fatty acid (FA) and tocol (tocopherol + tocotrienol) compositon of meat, liver and plasma, and on their oxidative stability. Three dietary treatments (replicated eight times) were compared: fresh non-used oil (LOX); oil discarded from the frying industry, having a high content of secondary oxidation compounds (HOX); and an intermediate level (MOX) obtained by mixing 50 : 50 of LOX and HOX. The FA composition of oil diets and tissues was assessed by GC, their tocol content by HPLC, the thiobarbituric acid value was used to assess tissue oxidation status, and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange method was used to assess the susceptibility of tissues to oxidation. Our results indicate that FA composition of rabbit and chicken meat, liver and plasma was scarcely altered by the addition of recovered frying oils to feed. Differences were encountered in the FA composition between species, which might be attributed mainly to differences in the FA digestion, absorption and metabolism between species, and to some physiological dietary factors (i.e. coprophagy in rabbits that involves fermentation with FA structure modification). The α-tocopherol (αT) content of tissues was reduced in response to the lower αT content in the recovered frying oil. Differences in the content of other tocols were encountered between chickens and rabbits, which might be attributable to the different tocol composition of their feeds, as well as to species differences in the digestion and metabolism of tocols. Tissue oxidation and susceptibility to oxidation were in general low and were not greatly affected by the degree of oxidation of the oil added to the feeds. The relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids/αT in these types of samples would explain the differences observed between species in the susceptibility of each tissue to oxidation. According to our results, oils recovered from the frying industry could be useful for feed uses.