Tobit Regression Model Research Articles

Community-based forest management promotes survival-led livelihood diversification among forest-fringe communities in Uganda

Livelihood diversification is a prominent feature of rural households in developing countries. It is a strategy commonly pursued by households to enhance their resilience to shocks and/or risks that affect their livelihood. While a common characteristic of Uganda’s community-based forest management (CBFM) is the promotion of alternative livelihood activities to reduce household reliance on natural forest resources from gazetted forests, it is unclear how livelihood diversification has been embraced by households engaged in CBFM. We explore livelihood diversification using cross-sectional survey data collected from 423 households in villages adjacent to Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) compartments and non-CFM compartments of Budongo Central Forest Reserve as well as two Community Forests (CF) in mid-western Uganda. We quantified the levels of diversification and fitted a Gini-Simpson Diversity Index as the response variable in two Tobit regression models to examine the determinants of livelihood diversification among forest-fringe communities in CFM and CF sites. Our results reveal high levels of survival-led household livelihood diversification in the area, with an average household engaging in five livelihood activities that were predominantly on-farm or involved the extraction of forest products for subsistence. In the CFM sites, livelihood diversification levels significantly increased with household heads’ duration of residence in the village and membership in other social groups in the village. In villages adjacent to the community forests, only the household dependency ratio positively influenced household livelihood diversification. Membership in forest conservation groups did not significantly predict the level of household livelihood diversification. Given the current survival-led diversification that these communities pursue, we recommended that development and conservation agencies in the area and other similar sites of CBFM deliberately enhance household access to high-return on-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to achieve meaningful transformations in rural livelihoods.

Analysis of regional differences in green energy efficiency in countries along “the Belt and Road” Initiative zone—Based on super efficiency DEA model and Malmquist index method

This study uses the super-efficiency DEA model and Malmquist index analysis to evaluate the green energy efficiency of 58 countries along “the Belt and Road” Initiative zone from 2012 to 2021 and uses Tobit regression to analyze the external environmental influences on their green energy efficiency. The results of the study show that in the static analysis, The overall green energy efficiency of 58 countries along the “the Belt and Road” initiative area is low, and there are obvious regional differences; In terms of dynamic analysis, the Malmquist Index shows a slight fluctuation trend from 2012 to 2021. Tobit regression models show that external factors such as economic strength, energy consumption structure, industrial structure, and R&D expenditure are significantly and positively related to green energy efficiency. Based on this, this study proposed that countries should make good use of their resource advantages to improve the overall green energy efficiency of “the Belt and Road” Initiative zone according to local characteristics; strengthen inter-regional cooperation and exchange among countries, and implement outbound strategies to create a favorable development environment for green energy efficiency in “the Belt and Road” Initiative zone. Create a favorable development environment for green energy efficiency in “the Belt and Road” Initiative region.

Health-related quality of life of Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease: a study based on four EQ-5D-3L value sets

Provide reference data on which EQ-5D-3L value set should be used with Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); assess differences in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) based on the use of the Chinese (from 2014 and 2018), the UK, and the Japanese value sets; and examine differences in utility scores for key preventive influencing factors. Data from 373 patients with CKD recruited for a cross-sectional multicenter HRQoL survey were used. Differences among utility scores based on the four value sets were determined using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICCs) and Bland–Altman plots were used to evaluate consistency among utility scores and Tobit regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of utility scores. There were significant differences between utility scores based on the four value sets, with the Chinese 2018 value set yielding the highest utility (0.957). ICCs between the value sets for China 2014, the UK, and Japan were all greater than 0.9, whereas the ICCs between the value sets for China 2018 and the other three were all less than 0.7. The influencing factors of utility scores included CKD stages, age, education level, city, and primary renal disease. This was the first study to report findings on the health utility of patients with CKD based on the two Chinese EQ-5D-3L value sets. Overall, the Chinese value sets performed similarly to the other two value sets (UK and Japan) commonly used in the Chinese population; however, value sets for different countries were not interchangeable. In Chinese contexts, the two value sets for China were recommended and the choice of which one should consider whether the value set of choice was established with a sample that is consistent with the targeted population.

Student access to technology at home and learning hours during COVID-19 in the U.S.

Studies have shown that the digital divide affects students' educational achievement across racial and ethnic groups. In light of this, the study investigates the effect of technology access at home on student learning hours during the COVID-19 pandemic and across racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. The Household Pulse Surveys (HPS), conducted by the United States Census Bureau and administered from August 19, 2020, to March 29, 2021, were used for the analysis. We compute a composite index of technology access using the principal component analysis (PCA). And for the empirical model, the study employed a Tobit regression model. The result shows that the estimated index of technology access based on PCA for the whole sample is about 0.92, indicating a higher level of access. However, the breakdown by race/ethnicity shows an average of about 0.93, 0.89, 0.90, 0.94, and 0.89 for students representing White, Black, Hispanic, Asia, and other races, respectively. This means the intensity at which households in the sample have access to technology is higher among the Asian and White students, followed by Hispanic, Black, and other races in that order. The estimated effect of technology access on the student learning hours during COVID-19 based on the Tobit regression model shows about a 3.1 unit points increase over the whole sample. And further analysis reveals variation at which access to the technology impacts learning hours across race and ethnicity groups. For example, we find that access to technology significantly increased learning hours by about 3.5, 1.6, 2.2, and 3.4 unit points among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian students, respectively. The observed differing effect of access to technology on learning hours further highlights the racial disparities in American society's digital divide, which reveal how access to technology disproportionately impacts student learning hours during the COVID-19 pandemic across race and ethnicity.

ADOPTION OF GOOD AGRONOMIC PRACTICES BY TOMATO FARMERS IN RURAL GHANA: AN APPLICATION OF THE UNIFIED THEORY OF ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY

This study uses the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology framework to analyze tomato farmers' intention and actual use of good agronomic practices (GAPs). Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 300 tomato farmers selected through the multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results reveal the three practices with the highest level of awareness: fertilizer application, weed control, and pest control. The GAPs practiced mostly by the tomato farmers are fertilizer application, row planting, disease control, and weed control. Results of the Tobit regression model show the extent (intention and actual use) of adoption of GAPs by tomato farmers is influenced by the age of the farmer, years spent in school, years in farming, sources of information, membership of farmer groups, availability of market, performance expectation, and social influence. The results from the study also show that among the major challenges affecting the use of GAPs, lack of credit facilities was ranked first. This study recommends that with the aid of Agricultural Extension Agents, farmers should form cooperatives to enable them to get access to financial support and enable extension workers to easily have access to them.

Elementary Classroom Views of Nature Are Associated with Lower Child Externalizing Behavior Problems.

Exposure to nature views has been associated with diverse mental health and cognitive capacity benefits. Yet, much of this evidence was derived in adult samples and typically only involves residential views of nature. Findings from studies with children suggest that when more greenness is available at home or school, children have higher academic performance and have expedited attention restoration, although most studies utilize coarse or subjective assessments of exposure to nature and largely neglect investigation among young children. Here, we investigated associations between objectively measured visible nature at school and children's behavior problems (attention and externalizing behaviors using the Brief Problem Monitor Parent Form) in a sample of 86 children aged seven to nine years old from 15 classrooms across three schools. Images of classroom windows were used to quantify overall nature views and views of specific nature types (sky, grass, tree, shrub). We fitted separate Tobit regression models to test associations between classroom nature views and attention and externalizing behaviors, accounting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, residential deprivation score, and residential nature views (using Google Street View imagery). We found that higher levels of visible nature from classroom windows were associated with lower externalizing behavior problem scores, after confounder adjustment. This relationship was consistent for visible trees, but not other nature types. No significant associations were detected for attention problems. This initial study suggests that classroom-based exposure to visible nature, particularly trees, could benefit children's mental health, with implications for landscape and school design.

Evaluation of Health Promotion Program at the Community Level in Mexico: Is the Program Efficient and Effective?

Health promotion programs have been encouraged in the Americas since 1990. In Mexico, health program promotion at the community level was implemented by the Ministry of Health in 2001 to encourage community health status improvement. Despite the longtime of its implementation, evaluations of its efficiency and effectiveness are scarce. To evaluate the efficiency of the Healthy Environments and Communities Program (HECP) through 2 means: (1) efficiency of the implementation and (2) technical efficiency, as well as to evaluate its effectiveness. Target communities of the HECP of 32 Mexican states during 2013-2017. The HECP developed community interventions to improve community organization, health behaviors, and family and communitarian sanitation. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the efficiency of HECP implementation and estimated the inclusion of target communities (focalization index), the retention of communities (continuity index), and the desertion of communities in the program (desertion index). To evaluate the adequate use of the program resources (technical efficiency), we used data-enveloped analysis and the Tobit regression model to identify external factors that can influence results. Finally, to evaluate the program's effectiveness, we estimated the index of the communities that improved their health indicators and were certified as healthy (community certification). The median rate of focalization was 3.44 (1.31-85.13); the continuity of communities' rate was 0.50 (0.16-2.67). Regarding technical efficiency to reach healthy communities, only 2 states reached the optimal efficiency (score 1); where the efficiency was adjusted for external factors, 6 states reached a score of 1. The median of global effectiveness was 0.19 (0.01-0.78). We found differences in efficiency and effectiveness scores among states. We found lower efficiency of the implementation and technical efficiency, as well as poor effectiveness of the program to reach healthy communities. To achieve HECP purpose, it is necessary to revise its guidelines, improve its strategies to work in communities, and establish the right mechanisms to monitor its implementation. It is essential to focus on the resources used to enhance technical efficiency and effectiveness at the community level.

Mapping health assessment questionnaire disability index onto EQ-5D-5L in China.

This research aimed to develop the more accurate mapping algorithms from health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI) onto EQ-5D-5L based on Chinese Rheumatoid Arthritis patients. The cross-sectional data of Chinese RA patients from 8 tertiary hospitals across four provincial capitals was used for constructing the mapping algorithms. Direct mapping using Ordinary least squares regression (OLS), the general linear regression model (GLM), MM-estimator model (MM), Tobit regression model (Tobit), Beta regression model (Beta) and the adjusted limited dependent variable mixture model (ALDVMM) and response mapping using Multivariate Ordered Probit regression model (MV-Probit) were carried out. HAQ-DI score, age, gender, BMI, DAS28-ESR and PtAAP were included as the explanatory variables. The bootstrap was used for validation of mapping algorithms. The average ranking of mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), adjusted R 2 (adjR 2) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to assess the predictive ability of the mapping algorithms. According to the average ranking of MAE, RMSE, adjR 2, and CCC, the mapping algorithm based on Beta performed the best. The mapping algorithm would perform better as the number of variables increasing. The mapping algorithms provided in this research can help researchers to obtain the health utility values more accurately. Researchers can choose the mapping algorithms under different combinations of variables based on the actual data.

Normative profile of the EQ-5D-5L dimensions, EQ-5D-5L index and EQ-VAS scores for the general Thai population.

To generate a normative profile for the EQ-5D-5L dimensions, EQ-5D-5L index, and EQ-VAS scores of the general Thai population and to examine the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and their norm-based scores. Data from 2019 general Thai samples were employed to estimate the norm-based scores elicited using the Thai EQ-5D-5L value set. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the norm-based scores stratified by gender and six age bands to obtain the normative profile for the general Thai population. Multivariable logistic and Tobit regression models were used to investigate the relationships between sociodemographic characteristics and EQ-5D-5L dimensions, EQ-5D-5L index, and EQ-VAS scores. The mean EQ-5D-5L index and EQ-VAS scores were 0.931 and 82.3, respectively. Approximately 88.9% of the participants reported 19 out of 3125 (3%) possible health states. The odds of having problems with mobility was greatest for the sample aged ≥ 65 years and declined with decreasing age. Women, samples with advancing age, and those with a household income of ≤ 10,000 Baht/month and fair and poor health perceptions were more likely to report a lower EQ-5D-5L index. Furthermore, advanced age and fair and poor health perception were significantly associated with lower EQ-VAS scores. The EQ-5D-5L population norms were established as the benchmark for both EQ-5D-5L index and EQ-VAS scores for the general Thai population. This is expected to support the health service research and inform policymakers on the allocation of limited healthcare resources.

Influence of R&D and ICT Capabilities on Innovation Performance: Evidence from Indian Firms

Innovation plays a critical role in the growth of developing economies like India. The primary purpose of the current study is to investigate the role of research and development (R&D) and Information and communication technology (ICT) in firms’ innovation outcomes. The study uses data from firm-level surveys in India to examine the linkages of R&D and ICT on innovation outcomes and establishes linkages with policy elements to develop innovation ecosystems. The study uses a set of tobit regression models, generalized structural equations model and explorative content analysis to examine innovation outcomes of firms. The results indicate that both R&D and ICT parameters play a significant role in influencing innovation outcomes though they are moderated by the size of the firm and sector. The study adds to the existing literature on the resource-based view of the firm and also the literature on innovation management in the context of emerging economies. The authors examine the role of capabilities around R&D and ICT in influencing firm-level innovations.

Analysis of the Evolution Characteristics and Impact Factors of Green Production Efficiency of Grain in China

Ensuring sufficient food production and guaranteeing the safety and quality of food are crucial aspects of food security, how to achieve the balance between food production efficiency and environmental protection is an urgent problem and challenge to be solved. This study introduced an assessment system for the green production efficiency of grain, and measured China’s green production efficiency of grain by using the slacks-based measurement (SBM) model, kernel density estimation, and Tobit regression model. The findings show the following: (1) From 2000 to 2019, China’s green production efficiency of grain showed an overall upward trend, while in different regions it was shrinking. The central region has the fastest growth rate, the western region and the northeast region have the same growth rate, and the eastern region has the slowest growth rate. (2) According to the kernel density estimation, China’s green production efficiency of grain increased year by year, and the national development was relatively balanced from 2000 to 2104. However, there are obvious regional differences from 2014 to 2019; the eastern and northeastern regions are relatively balanced, and the central and western regions have further expanded over time. (3) From the perspective of whole country, the regional financial support for agriculture and the urbanization rate have a significant positive impact on the green production efficiency of grain, while the crop disaster affected area and agricultural output value have a significant negative impact on green production efficiency. (4) From the regional perspective, the impact of different factors on the level of green production efficiency of grain varies.

A comparative study of green growth efficiency in Yangtze River Economic Belt and Yellow River Basin between 2010 and 2020

The Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Yellow River Basin are important economic regions and ecological barriers in China. Promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and promoting ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin are major regional strategies implemented by the Chinese government, and the green growth of the two regions is important for the high-quality sustainable development of the whole China. To investigate the regional differences in green growth efficiency of the same type of geographical units, this paper measures the green growth efficiency and decomposition indicators of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2020 using a three-stage DEA model and the Malmquist index method and establishes a panel Tobit model to identify the influencing factors of green growth efficiency. The results show that: ①After using the three-stage DEA model to remove the influence of external environment and stochastic factors, the mean values of green growth efficiency of Yangtze River Economic Zone and Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2020 are 0.996 and 1.089, respectively. The change of green growth efficiency of Yangtze River Economic Zone is slightly higher than that of Yellow River Basin. ②The Malmquist indexes of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Yellow River Basin have generally increased, with the Technological Progress Index, which characterizes technological innovation, being the main endogenous driver of green growth efficiency in the Yellow River Basin, while the technical efficiency index, which characterizes factor mix and management level, is more significant in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. ③The Tobit model regression results show that the factors influencing green growth efficiency are also different in the two regions. Among them, the urbanization rate has a significantly positive effect on the two regions, while the effects of environmental regulation and research intensity are not significant. External openness has a suppressive effect on green growth efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, while the level of financial development and human capital negatively affect green growth efficiency in the Yellow River Basin. Therefore, green development in the new era should pay attention to the differences between different regions, and make appropriate development policies according to the local conditions of the development status of different regions.

A Study of Well-Being-Based Eco-efficiency Based on Super-SBM and Tobit Regression Model: The Case of China

A Study of Well-Being-Based Eco-efficiency Based on Super-SBM and Tobit Regression Model: The Case of China

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Health-related quality of life among ethnic minority residents in remote Western China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPaying attention to the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of rural residents in poverty-stricken areas is an important part of China's poverty alleviation, but most studies on health-related quality of life have focused on rural residents, elderly individuals, and patients; evidence on the HRQOL of rural minority residents is limited. Thus, this study aimed to assess the HRQOL of rural Uighur residents in remote areas of Xinjiang, China, and determine its influencing factors to provide policy opinions for realizing a healthy China strategy.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed on 1019 Uighur residents in rural areas. The EQ-5D and self-administered questionnaires were used to assess HRQOL. We applied Tobit and binary logit regression models to analyse the factors influencing HRQOL among rural Uighur residents.ResultsThe health utility index of the 1019 residents was − 0.197,1. The highest proportion of respondents reporting any problem was for mobility (57.5%), followed by usual activity (52.8%). Low levels of the five dimensions were related to age, smoking, sleep time, Daily intake of vegetables and fruit per capita. Gender, age, marital status, physical exercise, sleep duration, daily intake of cooking oil per capita, daily intake of fruit per capita, distance to the nearest medical institution, non-infectious chronic diseases (NCDs), self-rated health score, and participation in community activities were correlated with the health utility index of rural Uighur residents.ConclusionsHRQOL was lower for rural Uyghur residents than for the general population. Improving health behavioural lifestyles and reducing the incidence of poverty (return to poverty) due to illness are effective means of promoting the health in Uyghur residents. The region must fulfil the health poverty alleviation policy and focus on vulnerable groups and low-income residents to improve the health, ability, opportunity, and confidence of this population to live well.

Determinants of the formation process in public-private partnership projects in developing countries: evidence from China

ABSTRACT Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are expected to play a pivotal role in mobilising financial resources for infrastructure. However, the promotion of PPPs has faced challenges to their success in many countries. This study empirically analysed the determinants of initiation and adoption in PPP projects. It employed Tobit regression models with a Chinese provincial-level panel dataset from 2009 to 2019 for evaluating how government, market, and operating environment affect the number and investments in PPP projects. The results unveiled that local governments are motivated by fiscal pressure to initiate PPP projects. They also showed that the successful adoption of PPPs is associated with the activeness of private capital in local markets while neither PPP policy nor PPP fund at provincial level could facilitate the formation of PPPs. This study distinguished the initiation of PPP projects from their adoption, through which the truly key determinants of formatting PPPs were successfully identified.

Methodology to Determine Faculty and Staff Parking Permit Fees on University Campuses

This article proposes a methodology to compute the annual parking permit fees for university employees on campuses. This methodology determines separate permit fees for faculty and staff for each parking zone. It first establishes the campus-wide base prices for employees, faculty, and staff parking permits. A tobit regression model, using the data from 213 universities across the United States, was developed to estimate the employee base price of a campus. The employee base price is then combined with the median salaries of faculty and staff, respectively, to derive the faculty and staff base prices. The methodology then assumes that the employees, faculty, and staff each have a constant value of parking access. For each zone, the annual value of parking access is the sum of the annual permit fee of the zone and the annual value of walking time from the zone to the subject’s workplace on campus. Knowing the average annual value of parking access and the average annual value of walking time from a zone, the average annual parking permit fee of the zone can be determined. The methodology is applied to a campus that has 41 employee parking zones in an example problem.

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Using EQ-5D-5L: Value Set Derived for Indian Breast Cancer Cohort.

The purpose of this study was to report quality of life of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients from India in a large cohort using the EQ-5D-5L instrument. The study used longitudinal data of 500 breast cancer and 200 non-cancer subjects registered at our centre, during June 2019 and March 2022. The EQ-5D-5L and EQ-VAS instruments were used to measure and compare utility scores among cancer and non-cancer subjects. Descriptive statistics were analyzed and Tobit regression model were used to confirm the predictors of the utility score. The cancer subjects had a mean EQ-ED-5L utility score of 0.8703 (SD=0.121), 0.8745 (SD=0.094) and 0.8902 (SD=0.107) at the time of baseline, completion and follow up surveys respectively. EQ-5D-5L values had significantly worsened after diagnosis of cancer as compared to the non-cancer cohort (0.87 vs. 0.93, p value 0.000). EQ-5D-5L utility scores as per stage for the cancer cohort were 0.88, 0.86 and 0.83 respectively for stage I-II, III and IV. Similarly, the EQ-VAS scores for stage I-II, III and IV were 74.9, 72.6 and 73.2 respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed strong association of age, religion and income with the utility-values. This is the first longitudinal study reporting the utility scores derived from a large cohort of breast cancer patients demonstrating lower utility scores compared to non-cancer cohort. The utility scores also improve post treatment completion for cancer patients and decrease with higher stage at diagnosis. This information will be useful for future health economic research in India pertaining to breast cancer.

Measuring the economic performance of small-scale rabbit production agribusiness enterprises

Reducing malnutrition and poverty remains at the centre of policy. Rabbit rearing, of great economic importance, is a critical pathway to achieving this. Good knowledge of the profitability of rabbit production and its driving factors can enhance participation in rabbit production. Thus, this study examined the economic performance (profitability) of rabbit production, the factors influencing profitability and its barriers. Descriptive statistics, profitability analysis, the Tobit regression model and Garret ranking were employed to achieve the objectives. The results indicated that rabbit production was economical, productive and profitable, with a gross margin of N675,990 (USD 1,633.5), a net income of N663,974 (USD 1,604.4), a profit ratio of 0.6, a benefit-cost ratio of 2.7, a return on capital invested of 1.7 and an operating ratio of 0.4. The factors that enhanced rabbit production profitability were stock size, education, experience, membership of the association and labour availability, whereas mortality, disease outbreaks and feeding costs were inhibiting factors to profitability. The major constraints affecting rabbit production are disease, a high mortality rate and poor access to credit. These call for the provision of disease management training and credits to motivate people to engage in rabbit farming, which will, in turn, lower poverty and increase protein availability.

Technical efficiency and constraints related to rice production in West Africa: The case of Benin Republic

Rice plays a major role in the fight against food insecurity in developing countries such as Benin. The objective of this research is to evaluate the determinants of technical efficiency, the factors influencing this efficiency, as well as the constraints related to rice production in Benin. The technical efficiency levels were obtained from the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and were regressed in a Tobit regression model to assess the determinants of the efficiency of rice producers. Production constraints were identified using Kendall’s W concordance test and descriptive statistics. The technical efficiency rate obtained was 51%. Inferential analysis showed that parameters such as the age of the rice producer, household size, the amount of agricultural credit obtained, and the use of inputs impact the technical efficiency of rice production. In addition, most rice producers suffer from limited access to agricultural credit and adequate agricultural equipment, while their production is subject to climatic hazards. Agricultural development policies related to the determinants of the technical efficiency of rice production should be formulated in order to improve the efficiency of the producers in Benin Republic.

From a strategic management perspective, comparison of graduate/undergraduate education performances of research universities and efficiency determinants: The case of Turkey

This study determined undergraduate and graduate education efficiency scores using the 2020 data from 20 state research universities in Turkey. The study used input-oriented data envelopment analysis to compare undergraduate and graduate education efficiencies. In the study, the efficiency of the research universities in the prioritized field(s) was compared with the efficiency in the field(s) in which they operate intensively. It also includes suggestions on increasing their effectiveness in the prioritized field(s). In addition, the Tobit regression model, which is a regression model for limited dependent variables, was used to determine the determinants of efficiency scores. The findings show the undergraduate and graduate education performances of research universities comparatively. In addition, based on the results obtained from the Tobit regression model, suggestions were made to increase graduate performance. Five factors (the number of graduate students per faculty member, the number of undergraduate students per academic staff, the number of graduates/undergraduates in the number of students and graduations, and the number of faculty members per program) have a significant effect on graduate performance. Therefore, it is important in terms of strategic management that research universities should be restructured by considering these factors or that they should be considered in plans. The study offers an alternative perspective to performance management in both education and management.