Tobacco Rods Research Articles

The effects of temperature on alpha-cellulose content and extraction result of tobacco stem

This research aims to obtain levels of cellulose and α-cellulose from the tobacco stems. Tobacco rods are extracted using several processes step, namely the Making of tobacco stem powder, powder characterization analysis, powder extraction with several temperatures, and FT-IR analysis. The results obtained at several temperatures showed that the highest cellulose yield was 76.25% with alpha-cellulose content of 82% at a temperature of 150°C.

EKSTRAKSI SELULOSA BATANG TEMBAKAU SEBAGAI PERSIAPAN PRODUKSI BIOETANOL

Nowadays the need for fuel has always improved as following the increase in community and industry activities. Therefore, we need to search for resources of alternative energy. The tobacco rod is one of the lignocellulosic materials which has three main components namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials is strongly influenced by the composition of cellulose in its raw materials. This research use the cellulose extraction of tobacco rods by a bases method on NaOH concentrations are 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% (v/v) . The results show that the concentration of NaOH strongly influences the yield of cellulose extracted. The highest cellulose yield of the extraction is obtained on 12.5% of NaOH concentration.Keywords:Extraction, cellulose, tobacco rod, bioethanol

Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 1: Series introduction

We have recently developed a Tobacco Heating Product (THP) comprising an electrical heating device, commercially known as Glo™, and consumable tobacco rods, commercially known as Kent Neostiks™. We refer to this system as THP1.0; Bright tobacco-flavoured variant THP1.0(T), or THP1.0(M) Menthol-flavoured variant. In this issue, we present a series of seven pre-clinical studies conducted on THP1.0,covering the following aspects of its design, development, safety and toxicological assessment, and a paper on placing THPs on an emissions continuum.

Hierarchically porous and heteroatom doped carbon derived from tobacco rods for supercapacitors

A novel tobacco rods-derived carbon (TC) has been prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and potassium hydroxide activation strategy for supercapacitors application. The physicochemical properties of TC are investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Scanning electron microscopy, Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and four-probe tests. Results show TC derived from different tobacco rods possesses similar properties, such as amorphous state, high specific surface area, hierarchical porous structure, numerous heteroatom groups, and good electrical conductivity. The electrochemical characteristics of TC are examined via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. In a three-electrode system, TC exhibits high capacitance with 286.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, excellent rate performance with 212.1 F g−1 even at 30 A g−1, and outstanding cyclic stability with 96% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Furthermore, TC supercapacitor devices can deliver an energy density of 31.3 Wh kg−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and power density of 11.8 kW kg−1 at 15 A g−1. Therefore, this novel concept of tobacco use, namely tobacco rods from cigarette (the harmful) to high-performance carbon for supercapacitors (the beneficial), is an extremely promising strategy for developing high-performance carbon from renewable sources, and supporting the tobacco control.

Catalytic degradation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines by ferric zeolite

New strategy of using ferric zeolite ZSM-5 and Y to adsorb and catalytically degrade tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) is reported in this article. These zeolites were modified by both aqueous ion-exchange with FeSO4 solution and wet-impregnation of Fe(NO3)3, and characterized by XRD, UV–vis DRS, H2-TPR and temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR). Apart from laboratory tests, these samples were put into tobacco rods of cigarette to assess their real performance of reducing TSNA content in smoke, and the determination of TSNA was carried out by LC–MS/MS technique with the assistance of internal-standards. The ion-exchanged zeolites are more active than their impregnated analogs, and the ferric Y zeolite could selectively reduce 26% of total TSNA in mainstream smoke of Burley type tobacco. Catalytic breaking of the chemical bond in NNO group of nitrosamines by zeolite is the key step of decomposition of these carcinogens.

Influence of Puffing Parameters and Filter Vent Blocking Condition on Nicotine Fate in a Burning Cigarette - Part 1. Full Flavor Cigarettes

Abstract Cigarette testing regulations based on more intensive puffing conditions than standard Federal Trade Commission/International Organisation for Standardization (FTC/ISO) conditions, together with intentional filter vent-blocking of cigarettes during testing, are currently required in some countries. Recently, an initial recommendation under the auspices of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, has called for international machine-testing of cigarettes with a 55 cc/30 s/2 s puffing regimen after 100% filter vent-blocking. While much is currently known regarding changes in smoke yields with different machine smoking parameters, a more limited understanding of potential changes in smoke composition exists. In the present work, the influence of smoking conditions on nicotine fate in a burning cigarette was studied by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) using core-injected nicotine-d4. Tobacco rods were injected via a syringe to a fixed length with a constant volume of a methanol solution of known concentration of deuterated nicotine. Four different puffing conditions and two different vent-blocking conditions were studied. GC with mass spectrometric detection was used to identify the deuterium-labeled compounds that gave an enhanced deuterium AED-response. A comparison of the distribution of compounds containing deuterium in the mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke, and cigarette remains (butt and ash) of a full flavor cigarette brand under the four smoking conditions studied indicated that a greater percentage of labeled nicotine remained intact during the smoking process as the intensity of the puffing regimen increased. As smoking regimen intensity increased, the amounts of nicotine pyrolysis and oxidation products detected in sidestream smoke decreased, while marginal increases in these compounds were observed in mainstream smoke and in the cigarette butt. The sidestream/mainstream nicotine ratio decreased significantly as smoking intensity increased. Small amounts of intact nicotine were observed in the sidestream vapor phase; however, nicotine was not observed in mainstream vapor phase samples.

The "low-tar" strategy and the changing construction of Australian cigarettes.

This article documents design changes in Australian cigarettes since the adoption of a "low-tar" harm reduction strategy in 1966. It also determines the relative contributions of specific technologies to machine-tested tar and nicotine yields in 1980 and 1994, using data from tobacco industry documents. Our findings are consistent with a first generation of low-tar cigarettes, which relied primarily on filtration efficiency, being displaced by a second generation, which relied heavily on filter ventilation and were more attractive to consumers. In 1980, both tar and nicotine yields correlated most strongly with filter density (r=-.66, p<.01, and r=-.70, p<.01), whereas in 1994 both tar and nicotine yields correlated most strongly with percentage filter ventilation (r=-.97, p<.01, and r=-.95, p<.01). We also found that median percentage alkaloid content of tobacco rods rose from 2.16% in 1980 to 2.4% in 1994, despite median nicotine yield declining from 1.0 mg to.58 mg. These changes can be expected to reduce the utility of the FTC/ISO yield testing system.

A Puff-by-Puff Delivery Model for Cigarettes

Abstract Materials generated by combustion and pyrolysis in a lit cigarette move through the tobacco rod and filter sections in two phases, the particulate phase and the gas phase. Some particles are removed while moving through the rod and filter sections. The gas-phase materials include the vapor of many volatile compounds. While moving through the rod and filter sections, part of the vapor are removed by adsorption and condensation. In this study, a puff-by-puff delivery model for cigarettes is developed to calculate “tar”, water, and nicotine in smoke on a puff-by-puff basis. A number of parameters can be obtained by the best fit to the experimental results of some cigarettes with different filter lengths. The parameters include the materials generated at the coal for each puff, the particle and vapor removal constants for tobacco rods and filters. The parameters may be useful in understanding some characteristics of cigarette smoke.

The Transfer of Nicotine from Nicotine Salts to Mainstream Smoke

Abstract Transfer of nicotine to mainstream smoke was measured for Reference cigarettes made with the addition of 20 -40 mg of seven different nicotine salts, d- and l-nicotine and N’-formylnornicotine. Regression analysis of the nicotine yields from these cigarettes as a function of the nicotine content of the tobacco rods indicated an average nicotine transfer efficiency (17.5%), similar to that found for a separate series of cigarettes made with single-grade tobacco materials (16.2%). Analysis of the enantiomeric purity of the smoke nicotine from the cigarettes made with added nicotine salts and neat nicotine showed no evidence of conversion between l- and d-nicotine during the smoking process. The cigarette made with added N’-formylnornicotine showed no evidence of additional nicotine transfer attributable to reduction of this compound to nicotine. A third series of cigarettes were made with varying levels of d- and l-nicotine added to a tobacco blend and to reconstituted tobacco to further investigate transfer efficiency of the enantiomers. Regression analysis indicated no statistically significant difference between transfer efficiencies of d- and l-nicotine. These results suggest that nicotine salts and d- and l-nicotine transfer to smoke at the same efficiency. However, transfer efficiency of either compound was lower when applied to reconstituted tobacco (9.7%) than when applied to the Reference tobacco blend (15.3%). The thermal stabilities of nicotine salts have little bearing on efficiency of transfer to smoke or on racemization between d- and l-nicotine. Formation of d-nicotine in mainstream smoke via reduction of N’-formylnornicotine does not appear to occur.

Observations of Density Variations in Tobacco Rods by Neutron Radiography

Abstract Neutron radiography was used to study the density of tobacco rods. Density variations in individual rods caused by local packing variations and the presence of more dense materials in the blend were easily discernible in both static and real-time radiographs. A density resolution of 0.35 mm was observed in the real-time system. By averaging center line density scans for several rods with the aid of an image processor, large scale variations in the density such as the increased packing at the rod ends could be measured. Comparison of the results from neutron radiography with those obtained by cutting rods into sections and weighing the sections showed good agreement. Both methods indicated the lighting end was approximately 9 % more dense than the middle of the rod. This work has demonstrated that neutron radiography can be used to provide accurate density information about cigarette rods with considerably greater resolution and in much less time than sectioning and the commercial beta ray gauging technique.

Pressure Drop - Flow Relationships in Cigarette Filter Rods and Tobacco Columns

AbstractWith a liquid displacement flow system, pressure drop and flow measurements were performed on filter rods, tobacco columns and multicapillary pressure drop standards. The purpose of these measurements was to determine the relative contributions of laminar or viscous flow, inertial flow, and entry and exit effects to pressure drop. Pressure drops were obtained both by forcing and drawing air through the article. No difference in pressure drop was obtained by either method provided that the flow was the same at a common point in the rod. This specification was necessary because of the change in flow rate due to gas expansion inside the rod. Pressure drop contributions from gas expansion, thermal effects and rod collapse were negligible. From regression equations, the major pressure drop component in all three types of article was viscous flow, ranging from 98 % of the total pressure drop in filter rods to 79 % in tobacco columns. Entry and exit effects were small in both filter rods and tobacco columns but were appreciable and the only other pressure drop contributor in multicapillaries. These measured entry and exit effects in multicapillaries agreed well with those estimated by flow theory. Inertial flow was found to contribute 1.5 % and 19 % of the total pressure drop in filter and tobacco rods, respectively. These contributions are reasonable from flow theory for packed columns.

Convective Heat Transfer Measurements in Cigarettes

AbstractAn unsteady-state technique has been used to measure convective heat transfer coefficients in the tobacco rods of American and British cigarettes. The coefficients measured in dry cigarettes near room temperature at flow rates from 7.6 to 28 cm