Tobacco Residues Research Articles

Manejo racional de resíduos da cultura do fumo (Nicotiana tabacum L.) para obtenção de composto orgânico

Crop residues may be used to produce organic composts for agricultural use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two inoculums on the decomposition speed of tobacco residues (stems). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six replications. The residue used in the study was passed through a forage chopper and mixed to the inoculums in a concrete truck mixer. The treatments evaluated were: TF + EB + RB - tobacco residue, bovine manure and bovine rumen; TF + EB + MP - tobacco residue, bovine manure and Microsept-Dust and TF + EB - tobacco residue and bovine manure. The temperature and humidity of the piles were monitored weekly. The piles were initially turned up side down every seven days, and then every fourteen days till closing 60 days. Samples for chemical analysis of the composted material were collected at 30, 60 and 90 days after the beginning of the composting process. The temperature of the piles stayed around 57 to 60 ºC in the period between the 20 to 40 days after the beginning of the composting process. The mix containing cattle rumen (RB) presented the lowest temperature after forty days. At the end of the composting the mix containing Microsept-Dust (MP) presented the lowest humidity. The C/N relation of the composts obtained was around 10/1 and 11/1. The three treatments presented pH values close to the neutrality in the mature stage. A period of sixty days seems to be sufficient to obtain a mature and stable biocompost of tobacco waste using manure independent of the addition of inoculums.

Thermogravimetric investigation on co-combustion characteristics of tobacco residue and high-ash anthracite coal

The thermal behavior of high-ash anthracite coal, tobacco residue and their blends during combustion processes was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (20Kmin−1, ranging from ambient temperature to 1273K). Effects of the mixed proportion between coal and tobacco residue on the combustion process, ignition and burnout characteristics were also studied. The results indicated that the combustion of tobacco residue was controlled by the emission of volatile matter; the regions were more complex for tobacco residue (four peaks) than for coal (two peaks). Also, the blends had integrative thermal profiles that reflected both tobacco residue and coal. The incorporation of tobacco residue could improve the combustion characteristics of high-ash anthracite coal, especially the ignition and burnout characteristics comparing with the separate burning of tobacco residue and coal. It was feasible to use the co-combustion of tobacco residue and high-ash anthracite coal as fuel.

Determination of kinetic parameters and analytical pyrolysis of tobacco waste and sorghum bagasse

The thermal decomposition of tobacco waste and sorghum bagasse was investigated by non-isothermal thermogravimetric analyses, applying slow heating rates and well-defined conditions. The purpose of evaluating the decomposition was to estimate the kinetic parameters of the analyzed materials. Activation energies and Arrhenius exponential factors were inferred by different estimation methods: the classical methods of Ozawa and Starink and the independent parallel reactions model. The analytical pyrolysis was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer coupled to a gas chromatographer/mass spectrometer. Values of activation energy obtained with single step reaction models by the Ozawa method were: 103.94 kJ/mol for tobacco waste and 120.01 kJ/mol for sorghum bagasse, and by the Starink method – 135.95 kJ/mol for tobacco waste and 148.91 kJ/mol for sorghum bagasse. The independent parallel reaction model presented energy activation values of 39.7–272.0 kJ/mol for tobacco waste and 35.7–220.0 kJ/mol for sorghum bagasse. In analytical slow and fast pyrolysis of tobacco residue and sorghum bagasse, holocellulose and lignin-derived compounds were identified, as well as hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. The kinetic behavior of the materials are presented and discussed. Our findings may be helpful in evaluating other types of lignocellulosic biomass.

Pyrolysis of tobacco residue. Part 2: Catalytic

The pyrolysis of tobacco residue in the presence of metal oxides and metal chlorides was investigated at 300, 400, and 500 °C. Catalysts used were Al2O3, Fe2O3, AlCl3, and SnCl4 in concentrations from 1 up to 5 wt% of the tobacco residue feedstock. The amount of catalysts and the pyrolysis temperature had significant effect on both product distributions and bio-oil composition. The catalytic effect was dominant at the lowest temperature (300 °C). The pyrolysis temperature was decreased by 200 °C compared to the thermal run. Bio-oil contained a large variety of compounds. Nicotine, which is very stable until temperatures in excess of 600 °C, could be degraded at the lowest temperature by using 1 wt% of AlCl3 and 1 wt% of Fe2O3.

Pyrolysis of tobacco residue: Part 1. Thermal

The pyrolysis of two types of tobacco residue was carried out at different pyrolysis temperatures between 300 and 600 °C and a residence time of 1 h in a nitrogen atmosphere. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the product distributions was investigated and the composition of the bio-oils identified. The variation in product distribution depended on both the temperature and the type of tobacco residues. The maximum liquid yields were obtained at 400°C for one sample and at 500°C for the other. The compositions of bio-oils from the pyrolysis of the two samples were found to be very similar. N-containing compounds were found to be the major compounds identified in ether extracts for both samples.

Adsorptive removal of phenol from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from tobacco residues: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics

This study consists of producing high surface area activated carbon from tobacco residues by chemical activation and its behavior of phenol removal from aqueous solutions. K 2CO 3 and KOH were used as chemical activation agents and three impregnation ratios (50, 75 and 100 wt.%) were applied on biomass. Maximum BET surface areas of activated carbons were obtained from impregnation with 75 wt.% of K 2CO 3 and 75 wt.% of KOH as 1635 and 1474 m 2/g, respectively. Optimum adsorption conditions were determined as a function of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial phenol concentration, contact time and temperature of solution for phenol removal. To describe the equilibrium isotherms the experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Temkin isotherm models. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were used to find out the kinetic parameters and mechanism of adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters such as Δ G°, Δ H° and Δ S° were calculated for predicting the nature of adsorption. According to the experimental results, activated carbon prepared from tobacco residue seems to be an effective, low-cost and alternative adsorbent precursor for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.

The Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Nicotine Dependence

In the United States and around the world, nicotine dependence is a leading cause of preventable death. Smoking cessation results in immediate and enduring health benefits. A wide range of clinical interventions have been shown to facilitate smoking cessation and to have a favorable cost-benefit profile. Practice guidelines and national reports have issued calls to action and have made smoking cessation resources readily available. Yet utilization of smoking cessation interventions and resources is lagging. Health care systems and providers have a shared responsibility to ensure that all smokers are offered appropriate interventions. This article summarizes the epidemiology and pathophysiology of nicotine dependence as a background for reviewing the central components of clinical evidence-based smoking cessation interventions: screening, assessment, advice, assistance, and follow-up. Specific patient populations are discussed, as well as emerging strategies to address nicotine dependence.

Determination of 50 kinds of pesticide residues in tobacco by GPC and HPLC-MS/MS

Determination of 50 kinds of pesticide residues in tobacco by GPC and HPLC-MS/MS

Pyrolysis analysis of different Cuban natural fibres by TGA and GC/FTIR

Abstract In this work, the pyrolysis of different Cuban biomass such as: sugar cane bagasse, coffee, residue of tobacco and sawdust of pine has been studied. The pyrolysis was carried out at different temperatures in a small furnace placed at the injection port of a gas chromatograph coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Py-GC/FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was also carried out using a thermobalance. For tobacco residue, pyrolysis yield of charcoal and liquid products decreases with pyrolysis temperature (300–600 °C). When the pyrolysis is carried out at 300 °C charcoal yield is similar for tobacco residue, sawdust of pine and husk of coffee (≈40%) while for husk of coffee and sugar cane bagasse the charcoal yield is lower but the yield of the liquid product is higher.

Fast determination of chlorogenic acid in tobacco residues using microwave-assisted extraction and capillary zone electrophoresis technique

In this work, for the first time, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) technique combined with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was developed for the fast quantification of chlorogenic acid (CA) in tobacco residues. CA in tobacco residue samples were extracted by MAE technique, and then analyzed by CZE. As a new sample preparation method for tobacco residues, the MAE procedure is optimized, validated and compared with conventional methods including ultrasonic extraction (USE) and reflux extraction (RE). It is found that MAE gives the best result due to the highest extraction efficiency within shortest extraction time (only 4.0 min). Here, CA is determined by CZE based on the calibration curve of its authentic standard. The method linearity, detection limit, precision and recovery are studied. The results show that the combined MAE and CZE method has a linearity ( R 2 0.991, 0.003–0.5 mg ml −1), a limit of detection (0.003 mg ml −1), a limit of quantification (0.01 mg ml −1), good precision (R.S.D. = 4.28%) and a finer recovery (89.0%). The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of CA in tobacco residue samples. The experiment results have demonstrated that the CZE combined with MAE is a convenient, fast, economical and reliable method for the determination of CA in tobacco residues.

Assessment of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticide Residues in Cigarette Tobacco with a Novel Cell Biosensor.

The conventional analysis of pesticide residues in analytical commodities, such as tobacco and tobacco products is a labor intensive procedure, since it is necessary to cover a wide range of different chemicals, using a single procedure. Standard analysis methods include extensive sample pretreatment (with solvent extraction and partitioning phases) and determination by GC and HPLC to achieve the necessary selectivity and sensitivity for the different classes of compounds under detection. As a consequence, current methods of analysis provide a limited sample capacity. In the present study, we report on the development of a novel cell biosensor for detecting organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues in tobacco. The sensor is based on neuroblastoma N2a cells and the measurement of changes of the cell membrane potential, according to the working principle of the Bioelectric Recognition Assay (BERA). The presence of pesticide residues is detected by the degree of inhibition of acetylcholine esterase (AChE). The sensor instantly responded to both the organophoshate pesticide chlorpyriphos and the carbamate carbaryl in a concentration-dependent pattern, being able to detect one part per billion (1 ppb). Additionally, tobacco leaf samples (in blended dry form) were analyzed with both the novel biosensor and conventional methods, according to a double-blind protocol. Pesticide residues in tobacco samples caused a considerable cell membrane hyperpolarization to neuroblastoma cells immobilized in the sensor, as indicated by the increase of the negative sensor potential, which was clearly distinguishable from the sensor's response against pesticide-free control samples. The observed response was quite reproducible, with an average variation of +5,6%. Fluorescence microscopy observations showed that treatment of the cells with either chlorpyrifos or carbaryl was associated with increased [Ca²+]cyt . The novel biosensor offers fresh perspectives for ultra-rapid, sensitive and low-cost monitoring of pesticide residues in tobacco as well as other food and agricultural commodities.

Effect of organic residues addition on the technological properties of clay bricks

The objective of this study is to investigate the utilization potential of several organic residues in clay bricks. Sawdust, tobacco residues, and grass are widespread by-products of industrial and agricultural processes in Turkey. These residue materials have long cellulose fibres. Sawdust and tobacco residues generally are used as fuel, and the grass is utilized for agricultural purposes. The insulation capacity of brick increases with the increasing porosity of the clay body. Combustible, organic types of pore-forming additives are most frequently used for this purpose. For this reason, increasing amounts of organic residues (0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% in wt.) were mixed with raw brick-clay. All samples were fired at 900 degrees C. Effects on shaping, plasticity, density, and mechanical properties were investigated. The organic residue additions were found to be effective for pore-forming in the clay body with the clay maintaining acceptable mechanical properties. It was observed that the fibrous nature of the residues did not create extrusion problems. However, higher residue addition required a higher water content to ensure the right plasticity. As a result, sawdust, tobacco residues, and grass can be utilized in an environmentally safe way as organic pore-forming agents in brick-clay.

Comparison between the “slow” and “fast” pyrolysis of tobacco residue

In this study, the trends in yields and product compositions of slow pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis were determined and compared with each other. Slow pyrolysis of tobacco residues with particles of between 0.425 and 0.850 mm were conducted in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with a heating rate of 7 °C min −1 for various pyrolysis temperatures (400, 500, 550 and 700 °C) and various nitrogen flow rates (50, 100, 200 and 400 cm 3 min −1). The maximum oil yield was 27% at the pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C with the sweeping gas flow rate of 100 cm 3 min −1. Increasing heating rate up to 300 °C min −1 caused 10% increase of liquid yields. Chemical compositions of the oils were investigated by using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques such as column chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography (GC), 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis has lower C distribution and higher H/C ratio than bio-oil obtained from slow pyrolysis. Consequently, the chemical characterization has shown that the obtained bio-oils could be used as conventional fuels.

Capillary gas chromatographic determination of dimethachlon residues in fresh tobacco leaves and cut-tobacco

Simple procedures for extraction and chromatographic determination of dimethachlon residues in fresh tobacco leaves and cut-tobacco are described. The determination was carried out by capillary gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD) and confirmed by GC-MS. The mean recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD) were 93.2%~112.9% and 3.5%~6.7%, respectively at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg. The limit of determination was 0.001 mg/kg. Tobacco samples in routine check were successfully analyzed using the proposed method.

Efficient High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Liquid‐Liquid Partition Cleanup Method for the Determination of Pymetrozine in Tobacco

For the first time, a novel, simple and reliable method for analysis of pymetrozine residues in flue-cured tobacco leaves has been developed utilizing HPLC-UV with liquid-liquid partition cleanup. Pre-treatment with ultrasonic extraction and liquid-liquid partition procedures gave preferable baseline separation and clean chromatograms by removing water-soluble and fat-soluble components which interfere with pymetrozine in the test. The performance of the method was evaluated and validated: the detection limit (LOD) was 0.005 microg x mL(-1), the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.2% (n = 5), and the overall recovery was above 90% at fortification levels of 0.200, 0.500, 1.000, and 5.000 mg x kg(-1). The proposed method was successfully employed for the determination of pymetrozine residues in twelve flue-cured tobacco samples collected from different regions of China.

Microbial community structure in soils with decomposing residues from plants with genetic modifications to lignin biosynthesis

Lignin is a major determinant of the decomposition of plant materials in soils. Advances in transgenic technology have led to the possibility of modifying lignin to improve the pulping properties of plant materials for papermaking. Previous studies have shown that lignin modifications also affect the rate of plant material decay in soil. The aim of this work was to investigate short-term changes in soil microbial community structures when tobacco residues with reduced activity of enzymes in the monolignol pathway decompose. The residues from lignin-modified plants all decomposed faster than unmodified plant materials. The relative proportions of some of the structural groups of microbial phospholipid fatty acids were affected by genetic modifications, especially the proportion of double unsaturated chain fatty acids, indicative of fungi.

Determination of Pyrethroid Residues in Tobacco by Means of Solid Phase Microextraction and GC/MS with the Aid of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Using Water as Extracting Solvent

A rapid and simple sampling approach using solid phase microextraction (SPME) for pyrethroid residues analysis in flue-cured tobacco was studied. The fibers coated with poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) at 100 microm thickness were chosen. Extraction time of 180 s, desorption time of 120 s and desorption temperature of 280 degrees C were selected. The whole sampling process, only including an ultrasonic assisted extraction step and a solid phase microextraction step, can be completed within 15 min. The associated SPME and ultrasonic assisted extraction using water as extracting solvent shows good results for tobacco pyrethroid residues determination. Results indicated that four pyrethroids can be determined simultaneously, and the limits of detection are below 35 ng g(-1) using GC/MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The reproducibility of the technique is found to be better than 11.8% RSD.

Matrix solid phase dispersion–Soxhlet simultaneous extraction clean-up for determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in tobacco

A novel method combining matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) with Soxhlet simultaneous extraction clean-up (SSEC) was developed. Being a single-step extraction and clean-up procedure, it could be used instead of multistep solvent extraction and Florisol column clean-up. It not only reduces sample contamination during the procedure, but it also decreases the amount of organic solvent needed. The retention times of standards were used to qualitatively assess the method, and the external standard method was used to quantitatively assess it. Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in tobaccos were determined by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD), and their identities were confirmed by the standard addition method (SAM). The performance of the method was evaluated and validated: the detection limit was 0.01-0.02 microg g(-1), relative standard deviations were 5-26%, and recoveries were 72-99% at fortification levels of 0.10, 1.00 and 10.0 microg g(-1). The analytical characteristics of MSPD-SSEC compared very favorably with the results from the classical multistep solvent extraction and Florisol column clean-up method.

Determination of Diphenamide, Napropamide and Metolachlor in Tobacco by Gel Permeation Chromatographic Clean-Up and High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Diphenamide, napropamide and metolachlor (FIG. 1) are selective, pre-emergence arylamide herbicides used to control the growth of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in a variety of fields, e.g. fruit trees, nuts, corns, green crops, etc. They possess high activity and moderate toxicity. For food and environment safety, the detailed investigations on their residues and metabolism are very important. Diphenamide, napropamide and metolachlor in the pesticide products, serum, urine, soil, environmental water, fruits and wine have been widely analyzed by ELISA, fluorescence, phosphorescence, capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography(GC) and GC mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, to our knowledge, simultaneous residue analysis of diphenamide, napropamide and metolachlor in tobacco samples has not been extensively documented. Tobacco is greatly consumed by smokers throughout the world. The pesticide residue in tobaccos might be potentially harmful to smokers' health. With this in mind the residue determination and control of diphenamide, napropamide and metolachlor in the tobacco leaves are very important for tobacco products and consumers. For these three herbicides, the tolerable maximum residue limits (MRLs) have been limited ranging from 0.05 (for tobacco products) to 5 mg/kg (for tobacco leaves) in different European countries. For the complex tobacco samples, the GC and HPLC with UV detection suffer from matrix interference making quantification and identification of these herbicides difficult. In such cases the removal of the matrix effects and identification of the target compounds are of great importance. The present work reports the extraction and clean up procedures, as well as, the chromatographic conditions developed for the simultaneous determination of diphenamide, napropamide and metolachlor residues in the fluecured tobacco leaves, from the different sources using HPLC-UV method.

Comparison of Vermicompost and Composts as Potting Media for Growth of Tomatoes

Vermicomposting and composting are efficient methods for converting solid wastes to useful products. Incorporation of composts and vermicomposts into potting and container media is a potential use for these materials. In a greenhouse trial, effects of a vermicompost produced from raw dairy manure (RDM) along with some other composts produced from tobacco residue (TR), yard leaf (YL), sewage sludge + rice hull (SS + RH), sewage sludge + yard leaf (SS + YL), and RDM were studied. The mixing proportions of vermicomposts and composts were 0, 15, 30, and 45% of pot volume and tomato seedlings were grown in pots. All potting mixtures produced significantly higher biomass than the control (soil + sand) and RDM. Shoot and root dry matters (DM) were greatest in VC and SS + RH. Rates of composts in potting mixture did not generally affect DM, although a decrease in DM was observed in pots containing 45% of SS + YL. TR and YL produced lower DM in comparison with VC, SS + RH, and SS + YL. Correlation coefficients between the amounts of nutrients added to the pots by composts and nutrients taken up by plants were in the following order: phosphorus (P) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu) > calcium (Ca) > manganese (Mn) > potassium (K) > nitrogen (N) > magnesium (Mg) > iron (Fe).