Pipe Tobacco Research Articles

Distribution of Foreign Clay Tobacco Pipes in Brazil: An Overview from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries

Distribution of Foreign Clay Tobacco Pipes in Brazil: An Overview from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries

Assessment of heavy metal levels in roll-your-own cigarette and water pipe tobacco blends

The increased consumption of roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes and water pipe (hookah), both globally and in Bulgaria, necessitated the current investigation aimed at the assessment of heavy metal levels in the tobacco blends used in those products. The concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni were determined by AAS in five brands of RYO tobacco (R1-R5) and seven brands of water pipe tobacco (W1- W7), all distributed on Bulgarian market. The average heavy metal contents (mg/kg) in the two types of tobacco blends, RYO and water pipe, respectively, were as follows: Mn - 214.20 and 37.89; Zn - 31.90 and 134.87; Cu - 12.06 and 10.07; Cd - 0.80 and 1.33; Pb - 1.60 and 3.57; Ni - 1.36 and 0.80. RYO cigarette tobaccos contained higher concentration of Mn, Cu and Ni, while water pipe tobaccos - Zn, Cd and Pb. Strong correlations were found between Cu and Zn (r=0.81), Cu and Cd (r=0.90) in RYO tobacco blends, and between Cu and Zn (r=0.86) - in water pipe blends, respectively. The results from the study give reason to recommend that this information be provided to the consumers, who consider the regarded tobacco products as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes.

New Insights regarding the Clay Tobacco Pipes discovered in the Historical City Center of Timisoara

Articolul de faţă tratează problema unor noi descoperiri de pipe de lut din centrul istoric al Timișoarei, realizate în urma cercetărilor preventive din Piaţa Sf. Gheorghe (2017) și Parcul Civic (2020). Cele paisprezece piese prezentate în cadrul acestei lucrări cuprind pipe databile atât în secolul XVIII, în timpul ocupaţiei otomane a orașului, cât și în secolul XIX. Analizarea pieselor respective a dus la stabilirea a trei mari categorii observate anterior și în alte lucrări referitoare la pipele de lut descoperite în cadrul săpăturilor arheologice din Timișoara: pipele nedecorate de culoare roșiatică, pipele turcești și pipele austro‑ungare.

Development and Dissemination of the kkiumipsa Technique in late Chosŏn, Focusing on Copper Crafts

This paper studies the development of the kkiumipsa technique used on copper crafts, focusing on the types of the technique, materials, and the cultural consumption of the crafted items. The surviving artifacts and Intangible Cultural Heritage also provide information on the history of kkiumipsa in the Chosŏn period. kkiumipsa is a representational example that demonstrate how a traditional craft technique can be transmitted, transformed, and disseminated while reflecting contemporary social environment. This study is significant in understanding how the socio-cultural circumstances affect the way craftworks are consumed, and in appreciating the evolvement of traditional ways that are critical in transmission and improvement of craft techniques. The surviving artifacts show that two types of kkiumipsa technique were used in Chosŏn, one passed down from the Koryŏ period, and the other developed in the late Chosŏn period. The first technique, type I, was mainly employed for silver inlay items that were used by the royal family, private individuals, and Buddhist temples. As not only silver, but different materials of copper alloy such as black copper, nickel copper, and brass were considered precious, they were also used for embellishments. The type II uses heat and soldering to apply the inlay technique on narrow or thin surfaces of copper craftworks, for example, tobacco pipes, acupuncture needle cases, and columns of candlesticks. The use of the inlay technique on these items show that it was a part of the everyday life. The history of copper pipe making artisans (paektong yŏngjuk chang) and the inlay technique that they preserve, show that it was popularly used since the mid- to latenineteenth century at the latest.

Clay tobacco pipes from Klaipėda: The oldest finds and its origin, typology, and chronology, 1620-1680

In the course of archaeological excavations in Klaipėda, fragments of almost ten thousand pipes have been found. Their chronology dates back to the 17th–19th centuries, and it is also known that most of these pipes came to the city, most likely by sea, from the Netherlands, Germany and other northwestern European countries, although local production is lacking. As only general research on Klaipėda pipes has been published so far, this article focuses on the specific period 1620–1680, when the first of this kind of product arrived in Klaipėda by sea. The article analyses the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Klaipėda; based on the typology of the finds and known analogues, the author distinguishes the main types of pipes and identifies possible locations for pipe production.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Smartphone Applications for Cessation of Tobacco Use among Adults with High Nicotine Dependence: Results from the iCanQuit Randomized Trial

Background: With 1 in 2 adult tobacco users being highly dependent on nicotine, population-based interventions specifically designed for this group are urgently needed. This study used data from a randomized trial to evaluate whether (1) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) delivered via a smartphone application (iCanQuit) would be more efficacious for cessation of nicotine-containing tobacco products than the US Clinical Practice Guidelines (USCPG)-based application (QuitGuide) among highly nicotine-dependent adults, (2) the effect of treatment on cessation was mediated by increases in acceptance of cravings to smoke, and (3) treatment utilization and satisfaction differed by arm. Methods: A total of 1452 highly nicotine-dependent adults received the iCanQuit or QuitGuide application for 12-months. Cessation outcomes were self-reported complete-case 30-day abstinence of nicotine-containing tobacco products (e.g., combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snus, hookahs, cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, and kreteks) at 3, 6, and 12-month post-randomization timepoints, missing-as-smoking, and multiple imputation analyses. Acceptance of cues to smoke and satisfaction with the applications was also reported. Results: Participants who received iCanQuit were significantly more likely to report 30-day abstinence of nicotine-containing tobacco products than those who received QuitGuide at 12-months (24% vs. 17%; OR = 1.47 95% CI: 1.11, 1.95). iCanQuit participants utilized their application more frequently and reported greater satisfaction than those who received QuitGuide. Increases in participants’ acceptance of cues to smoke mediated the intervention effect on cessation of nicotine-containing tobacco products. Conclusions: Among nicotine-dependent adults, an application-delivered ACT-based intervention was more engaging and efficacious than a USCPG-based intervention for cessation of nicotine-containing tobacco products.

Identification of superior haplotypes and candidate genes for yield-related traits in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) using association mapping

Tobacco is an industrial crop, and its leaves and stems are used to produce cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and to extract bioethanol and biofuel. However, knowledge of the genetic basis underlying agronomic traits related to quality and yield in tobacco is limited. Therefore, we undertook association mapping to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with seven yield-related traits in 94 natural tobacco accessions using 126,602 SNPs and two multi-locus models. The mapping identified 465 QTNs across five environments for stem girth (SG: 84 QTNs), leaf number (LN: 61), SPAD (76), leaf length (LL: 71), leaf width (LW: 71), leaf length to width ratio (LLW: 58), and node distance (ND: 67), with phenotypic variance ranging from 0.46% to 30.99%. Of these, 45 reliable QTNs were found in multiple environments and detected by both methods. In addition, the mapping identified 16 pleiotropic QTNs for different traits, e.g., pQTN-18–13 on Chr18 associated with all traits except SG. For 43 QTNs, yield-related traits significantly differed between superior and alternative alleles, with 13 forming haplotype blocks with 3–5 haplotype groups. We screened 15 putative candidate genes based on the 13 haplotype QTNs for yield-related traits, e.g., PCK1, ECR1, MTACP1, SMC6B, and FH14. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify superior haplotypes associated with yield-related traits, providing a foundation for genetic studies, map-based cloning, and molecular breeding to improve tobacco varieties with desirable yield-related traits.

Smoking Behaviors and Prognosis in Patients With Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer in the Be-Well Study

Tobacco smoking is an established risk factor associated with bladder cancer, yet its impact on bladder cancer prognosis is unclear. To examine associations of use of tobacco (cigarettes, pipes, and cigars), e-cigarettes, and marijuana with risk of recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and to explore use of smoking cessation interventions. The Be-Well Study is a prospective cohort study of patients with NMIBC diagnosed from 2015 to 2019 and followed-up for 26.4 months in the Kaiser Permanente Northern and Southern California integrated health care system. Eligibility criteria were age at least 21 years, first NMIBC diagnosis (stages Ta, Tis, or T1), alive, and not in hospice care. Exclusion criteria were previous diagnosis of bladder cancer or other cancer diagnoses within 1 year prior to or concurrent with NMIBC diagnosis. Data were analyzed from April 1 to October 4, 2022. Use of cigarettes, pipes, cigars, e-cigarettes, and marijuana was reported in the baseline interview. Use of smoking cessation interventions (counseling and medications) was derived from electronic health records. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of recurrence and progression of bladder cancer were estimated by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. A total of 1472 patients (mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 70.2 [10.8%] years; 1129 [76.7%] male patients) with NMIBC were enrolled at a mean (SD) of 2.3 (1.3) months after diagnosis, including 874 patients (59.4%) who were former smokers and 111 patients (7.5%) who were current cigarette smokers; 67 patients (13.7%) smoked pipes and/or cigars only, 65 patients (4.4%) used e-cigarettes, 363 patients (24.7%) used marijuana. Longer cigarette smoking duration and more pack-years were associated with higher risk of recurrence in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest risks for patients who had smoked for 40 or more years (HR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.43-3.91) or 40 or more pack-years (HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.32-2.95). There was no association of having ever smoked, being a former or current cigarette smoker, and years since quit smoking with recurrence risk. No associations with pipes, cigars, e-cigarettes, or marijuana were found. Of 102 patients offered a smoking cessation intervention, 57 (53.8%) received an interventions after diagnosis, with female patients more likely than male patients to engage in such interventions (23 of 30 female patients [76.7%] vs 34 of 76 male patients [44.7%]; P = .003). These findings suggest that longer duration and more pack-years of cigarette smoking were associated with higher risk of NMIBC recurrence. Cigarette smoking remains a critical exposure before and after diagnosis in survivors of NMIBC.

Addiction potential of combustible menthol cigarette alternatives: a randomised cross-over trial

IntroductionThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued proposed product standards banning menthol as a characterising flavour in cigarettes and cigars. The public health benefits of these product standards may...

Histomorphology and Chemical Constituents of Interdigital Gland of Vembur Sheep, Ovis aries.

The interdigital gland is a specialized skin gland located between the digits of Artiodactyla (i.e., even-toed ungulates). Its secretion participates in semiochemical communication, and protects from ultraviolet radiation as well as fungal and bacterial infections of the feet. The present study aimed at finding if there are male-female differences in the anatomy, morphology, and volatile compounds of the interdigital gland of the South Indian breed of Vembur sheep. A total of 24 sheep (12 each of male and female) were spotted at the slaughterhouse and the interdigital gland was removed for examination. The anatomical examination revealed it to resemble a tobacco pipe and to consist of a body, flexure, and excretory duct with an external orifice located at the cleft of the digits. Morphometrically, the interdigital glands differed between males and females. The gland possesses a distinct fibrous capsule, epidermis, and dermis. The fibrous capsule contains several parallel bundles of collagen fibers, nerve fibers, and blood vessels, etc. The epidermis consists of keratinized squamous epithelium formed of stratum basale, stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum. The dermis consists of hair follicles, nerve plexuses, arrector pili muscles, and apocrine and sebaceous glandular lobules. The latter, lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, are arranged in clusters of acini in the upper portion of the dermis. The apocrine secretory lobules, made up of parenchymal cells, are found in the lower portion of the dermis. The density and diameter of the apocrine and sebaceous secretory lobules were significantly higher in the males than females. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis confirmed the apocrine and sebaceous secretory components. Twenty-three major compounds were identified in the interdigital gland postings of male and female sheep, among which butanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 1-heptanol and octadecanoic acid were present only in the male glandular post, whereas octane, 7-hexyl-tridecane, tetradecane, heptadecane and decanoic acid were present only in the female glandular post. Tetradecanol, tetradecanoic acid and hexadecanol peaks, reportedly antibacterial compounds in pronghorn antelopes, were highly prominent in both male and female sheep. Thus, the interdigital gland of Vembur sheep has two major secretory lobules, namely, sebaceous and apocrine, larger in males than females, which secrete a variety chemical compounds that may serve as chemical communication systems and protect the sheep from foot-borne diseases.

Validation of Sugar Determination In The FCV Tobacco Leafe Using Fenol-Sulfat Method By Spektrofotometer UV-Visible

Virginia Flue Cured Tobacco is one of the type a lot of tobacco cultivated in Indonesia, Tobacco this many used as ingredient raw cigarette cigarettes, pipe tobacco and tobacco Susur (chewing tobacco). Leaf tobacco contain many compound very decisive chemistry the quality and taste of the resulting cigarettes, one of which is is sugar. Sugar content in tobacco give mild taste in cigarettes, but if rate too tall precisely will causes burning and irritation esophagus. However Thus, in SNI-01-4401-2006 it is not yet formulated method testing total sugar content. On research this conducted validation determination total sugar content in FCV tobacco with method phenol-sulfate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry aimed at get valid method for determination total sugar content of Virginia Flue Cured tobacco. Validity method showed through the parameters of linearity, precision, determination of LOD and LOQ, and accuracy. Test started with hydrolysis tobacco use sour 4.5% sulfate. Solution extract be read with UV-vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 490 nm with dye phenol-sulphate. Linearity test results curve obtained value of r = 0.9997 in the range work 20 – 100 mg/L, accuracy test results with 7 repetitions obtained the value of % recovery is 98.19 – 101.62%, LOD and LOQ test results respectively of 1,009 mg/L and 3,362 mg/L, while precision test results obtained deviation relative standard of 1.025%, result this still under the value of 2/3 CVH is 1.86. From the results of the t-test obtained score tcount of 0.85, the result this moresmall from table ie 2.18. Validation result method for all parameters tested has Fulfill condition acceptance so that method phenol sulfate could used in determining rate glucose FCV tobacco routine

Symptoms of tobacco dependence among middle and high school tobacco users – Data from the 2019–2020 National Youth Tobacco Survey

IntroductionPrevious studies have indicated that youth who use tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco, demonstrate dependence symptoms. However, the tobacco marketplace has expanded dramatically in recent years, and few studies have examined dependence symptoms among youth who use novel products. This study combined 2019–2020 National Youth Tobacco Survey data to report the prevalence and determinants of tobacco dependence symptoms among U.S. middle and high school current (past 30-day) tobacco users. MethodsPrevalence estimates were calculated to examine dependence outcomes and other covariates by user groups (single product users and multiple product users). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of tobacco dependence among current users of cigarettes, cigars (regular cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars), e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products, hookah, pipe tobacco, bidis, and smokeless tobacco products (chew, snuff, dip, snus, and dissolvables). ResultsAmong current tobacco users, 15.7 % (95 % CI: 14.2–17.3) reported wanting to use tobacco within 30 min of waking and 28.3 % (95 % CI: 26.3–30.5) reported strong cravings for tobacco in the past 30 days. Nearly-two-thirds of current users were single product users, of which 80.5 % reported using e-cigarettes. Reporting of dependence symptoms was generally associated with multiple product use, higher frequency of use, earlier initiation age, and use of flavored products. ConclusionsAmong U.S. adolescents, a considerable amount of current tobacco product users, even infrequent users, reported symptoms of dependence. These findings highlight the continued importance of prevention strategies for youth tobacco experimentation and progression to regular use.

Exploring correlation between social determinants and overweight/obesity in children and youths with epilepsy.

This study aimed to explore the correlation between social determinants and overweight and obesity in children and youths with epilepsy. The study data were derived from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) 2016-2017 and 2018-2019, a cross-sectional sample of young people aged 10-17. Three groups participated by weight: 423 in body mass index (BMI) 5th-84th group (normal weight), 108 in BMI 85th-94th group (overweight), and 124 in BMI ≥ 95th group (obesity). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted. The three subgroups were divided to explore the correlation between social determinants and overweight and obesity. A total of 655 children were included. After adjusting for sex, age, race, use of cigarets, cigars, or pipe tobacco inside, afterschool activity, and physical activity, children in poor physical condition reported by their parents [OR = 1.573 (95% CI, 1.164-2.125)] were associated with overweight/obesity. There were negative correlations between parents with higher education and overweight/obesity, especially in children and youths with previous or current epilepsy groups. Also, overweight/obesity was correlated with the 200%-400% family poverty level (FPL) [the adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.156 (95% CI, 0.028-0.876)] and above 400% FPL [the adjusted OR = 0.121 (95% CI, 0.023-0.641)] in children and youths with mild symptoms of epilepsy, and above 400% FPL [the adjusted OR = 0.103 (95% CI, 0.023-0.460)] in children with moderate to severe epilepsy. Poor physical conditions were correlated with obesity in childhood epilepsy. Parents with higher education and FPLs were negatively correlated to childhood obesity. Therefore, this study was intended to advocate for a greater emphasis on BMI for children and youths with epilepsy in families with lower-educated and low-income groups.

Association of Non-Cigarette Tobacco Advertisements and Racial Discrimination With Non-Cigarette Tobacco Product Use Among Black Adults.

Black communities are targeted by more cigarette advertisements than White communities and racial discrimination among Black people is related to cigarette use. However, little is known about these factors with non-cigarette tobacco product use among Black adults. Therefore, this study assessed the association of non-cigarette advertisement exposure and racial discrimination with use of non-cigarette tobacco products among Black adults. Black adults (n = 533) from The Family and Community Health Study in 2016 were asked if they had seen advertisements for e-cigarettes, snus pouches, filtered cigars, large cigars, cigarillos, dissolvable tobacco, smokeless tobacco, hookah, and tobacco pipe and if they used these in the past month. For products with the highest past month use and significant correlations with advertisement exposure, separate logistic regression models were performed that evaluated the association between advertisement exposure, racial discrimination, and non-cigarette tobacco product use while controlling for cigarette use, sex, socioeconomic status, and age. Use of cigarillos, large cigars, and hookah were higher than other non-cigarette tobacco products assessed. Logistic regressions revealed that more advertisement exposure in the past month was associated with higher odds of using cigarillos, large cigars, and hookah (p < .01). More experiences of racial discrimination were associated with past month cigarillo use, but not hookah or large cigars (p < .01). Non-cigarette tobacco advertisement exposure was associated with the use of non-cigarette tobacco products. Experiences of racial discrimination were associated with the most used non-cigarette tobacco product among Black adults, cigarillos. This is the first time that a specific type of cigar (ie cigarillos) has been associated with experiences of racial discrimination among Black adults. Efforts to reduce non-cigarette tobacco marketing and eradicate exposure to racial discrimination among Black adults may aid in eliminating tobacco-related health disparities.

Evaluation of mercury content in combustible tobacco products by employing cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy and considering the moisture content: a comprehensive study

Plants are mainly made up of water, which constitutes between 80 and 90% of their weight. Moisture factor comes across as one of the most important in tobacco products. Rapid determination of moisture content in tobacco products comes at necessity in any tobacco management plants (before and after production). Therefore, the concern has been raised in this study to evaluate the moisture content in four kinds of combustible tobacco products using the gravimetric method. In addition, a total mercury content using cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy has been evaluated in all chosen combustible tobacco products in this study. Determining moisture content in four types of tobacco products does not show significant differences within a product group. Moisture content ranged from 7.9% in bidis to 25% in pipe tobaccos. Mercury content in tobacco ranged from 13 µg/kg to 32 µg/kg while in cigarette wrapper paper and filter from the limit of detection (LOD) < 1.3 µg/kg to 8.2 µg/kg. As evidenced, cigarette wrapper paper and filters alone are unlikely to be a significant source of consumer exposure to mercury. However, the proposed sample preparation method provides good results for the preparation of specific material, such as tobacco products.Graphical abstract

Ancient dental calculus preserves signatures of biofilm succession and interindividual variation independent of dental pathology.

Dental calculus preserves oral microbes, enabling comparative studies of the oral microbiome and health through time. However, small sample sizes and limited dental health metadata have hindered health-focused investigations to date. Here, we investigate the relationship between tobacco pipe smoking and dental calculus microbiomes. Dental calculus from 75 individuals from the 19th century Middenbeemster skeletal collection (Netherlands) were analyzed by metagenomics. Demographic and dental health parameters were systematically recorded, including the presence/number of pipe notches. Comparative data sets from European populations before and after the introduction of tobacco were also analyzed. Calculus species profiles were compared with oral pathology to examine associations between microbiome community, smoking behavior, and oral health status. The Middenbeemster individuals exhibited relatively poor oral health, with a high prevalence of periodontal disease, caries, heavy calculus deposits, and antemortem tooth loss. No associations between pipe notches and dental pathologies, or microbial species composition, were found. Calculus samples before and after the introduction of tobacco showed highly similar species profiles. Observed interindividual microbiome differences were consistent with previously described variation in human populations from the Upper Paleolithic to the present. Dental calculus may not preserve microbial indicators of health and disease status as distinctly as dental plaque.

Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in the Filler and Smoke of Tobacco-Containing Tobacco Products.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration established a list of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products. While HPHCs are required to be submitted for tobacco products, knowledge gaps exist regarding which tobacco-containing tobacco product (TCTP, i.e., tobacco products that contain tobacco(s) as a component) types (cigarettes, cigars, roll-your-own tobaccos [RYOs], pipe tobaccos [pipes], smokeless tobacco products [STPs], waterpipe tobaccos [waterpipes]) and matrices (filler, smoke) contain which HPHCs. This study identified and addressed such gaps by conducting literature searches and measuring the amount of HPHCs in TCTP types and matrices. First, literature searches, performed for cigarettes, RYOs, and STPs for publications up to 2014 and for cigars, pipes, and waterpipes for publications up to 2016, identified knowledge gaps for the 93 HPHCs (or 119 HPHCs if cresols [o-, m-, p-cresol] are counted as 3 and chlorinated dioxins/furans as 25) across TCTP types and matrices. Then, three ISO 17025 accredited laboratories including two subcontracted laboratories performed the HPHC quantifications. Inclusion of the HPHCs, TCTP types, and matrices in the study scope was also determined by the availability of validated analytical methods in each laboratory. Eleven (9%) HPHCs are quantifiable in all brands for all TCTP types and matrices, 33 (28%) HPHCs are not quantifiable in any brands of any TCTP type and matrix, and 74 (63%) HPHCs are quantifiable only in some brands across TCTP types and matrices examined. Understanding the quantifiability of HPHCs in each TCTP type and matrix can inform the scientific basis for manufacturers regarding the regulatory requirements for reporting HPHCs. The quantity of HPHCs observed can also inform the evaluation of the public health impact of HPHCs and public communications regarding the health risks of tobacco products.

Sırlı Tütün Lüleleri

Since the mid-19th century, tobacco pipes have been one of the subjects that attracted the attention of researchers. These studies generally focus on the clay structures, clay and coating colors, types and ornamentations of the pipes, however no studies have been carried out directly on the glazed pipes. &#x0D; Glazed pipes are produced in two styles, Western and Eastern style pipe. It has been applied to the types produced with and without heels of Western style examples. In the Eastern style examples, besides the different types of bowls such as flattened round bowls, cylindrical bowls and tulip bowls, there are also special examples that go beyond the general types, such as in the form of shoes. The use of glaze can be seen both in the two-part mold making pipes and the pipes produced using the potter’s wheel. Glazed pipes are made of grey and kaolin clay or red clay. There is diversity in glaze colors. Light or dark green, opaque white, light or dark yellow, black and brown glazed samples of glazed pipes are found. Its visuality sometimes has been increased with herbal, geometric, figured or written ornaments applied to glazed bowls.&#x0D; As a result, while samples of Eastern style glazed pipes can be found especially in Ottoman area; one-piece pipes are mostly encountered in Central Europe. In this context, it is determined that the spreading area of three-part glazed pipes are wider than the one-piece ones. Eastern style glazed pipes may have affected Western style pipe or both types may have been influenced by each other.

Advancements and Challenges of Cigar Science, Testing and Regulation: A Review

Summary On May 10, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a Final Rule that extended its regulatory authority to all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars, hookah and pipe tobacco (Deemed Products). Effective August 8, 2016, this decision greatly expanded the scope of tobacco products being regulated by FDA and introduced significant testing challenges that need to be addressed. The major challenge for cigars in particular is testing as well as generation of accurate and reliable data, in the absence of certified reference products and standardized methodology for a product category with significant complexity and high inherent variability. In this article, we provide an overview of recent studies as well as active opportunities and on-going challenges associated with regulating and testing cigars. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of non-clinical research for this product category (cigars). We are therefore convinced that, tobacco scientists and farmers, analytical chemists, cigar consumers, tobacco legal counsels, state and federal regulatory authorities will find this review beneficial and insightful.

THE STYLES OF TOBACCO PIPES OF THE 17th — EARLY 19th CENTURIES FROM KYIV EXCAVATION AND THEIR PARALLELS

The paper is devoted to clay tobacco pipes of the 17th — early 19th centuries, found in Kyiv. The two-part type of pipes of the so-called «eastern» type is analyzed, the most widespread in the territory of Ukraine and prevailing among finds from Kiev. The chibouk and the pipe body of such products are separate parts. Other types are one-piece pipes of the so-called «western» type (or «Dutch»), in which the chibouk and the bowl are one whole, and three-part pipes, in which the middle part (shank) served for connection of chibouk with a one-part pipe. They are extremely few among archaeological finds.&#x0D; The author collects two-part pipes into groups according to their external similarity. Within these groups, there are styles of items that have gained popularity over time. Parallels for Kyiv finds from Ukrainian lands and other territories are provided.&#x0D; The evolution of some styles during the 17th — early 19th centuries is examined. For the seventeenth — early eighteenth century pipes of small sizes of three types: bud-shaped, fluted, pot-shaped are characteristic. Each type was designed with several styles. They are distinguished by the design of the bowl. Bud-shaped pipes had a spherical, hemispherical, disk-shaped, with a petal division, with a frequent division, shell-like lower part. Pot-shaped pipes were both rounded and elongated in height. The most homogeneous were fluted pipes. They were varied by simple or more decorative designs.&#x0D; In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries styles of pipes have changed. Bud-shaped pipes with a petal division of the lower part of bowl acquired of new styles: tall, slender pipes covered with colored glaze; pipes with a shell-shaped bowl became very similar to them; as a development of this style — pipes with a crest-keel under the lower part of the bowl; style of large, similar in height and length of pipes, which could be both glazed and terracotta. Pipes with a part of the lower part of bowl also evolved in a similar way: there were large low pipes with a wide bowl and pipes of vertical proportions. Among the pot-shaped pipes tall large items with rhymed geometric and floral ornaments up to 7—8 cm in size were spread. A variant of such pipes were products decorated on both sides of the bowl with a flower-shaped medallion.&#x0D; Along with large specimens in the eighteenth century similar items of smaller sizes continued to be used. Since the beginning of the eighteenth century imported «oriental» or «Turkish» styles are becoming more and more popular — Ottoman-chibouk, «narcissus», «lily», etc. Such pipes came from the Black Sea coast, their copies could be made in Ukrainian cities, including in Kyiv.