Prevalence Of Tobacco Consumption Research Articles

Prevalence Of Nicotine Use and Dependence in Depression


 Introduction: Prevalence of tobacco use is universal and individuals suffering from mental disorders come with no exceptions. There is paucity of study looking into prevalence of tobacco use and nicotine dependence in patients with depression in low income countries like Nepal. Thus this study aimed at determining the prevalence of tobacco consumption, nicotine dependence and motivation to quit in patients with major depressive disorders.
 Material And Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done among inpatient and out patients with diagnosis of depression at department of psychiatry and mental health, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH). Data were collected using semi-structured Porforma and WHO STEPS Instrument for Nicotine Use. Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Modified Fagerström - Smokeless Tobacco, and Assessment of Motivation: Readiness to Quit Ladder was applied for nicotine users. Data were tabulated and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 (SPSS version 20.0).
 Results: A total of 121 patients with diagnosis of depression were enrolled in the study. 37.2% (n=45) of patient used smoked tobacco only, 9.1% (n=13) used smokeless tobacco and 10.7% (n=11) used both smoked and smokeless tobacco. 92.3% of patients using smokeless forms of tobacco were nicotine dependent whereas this figure reaches to 81.8% in combined users. Median value of readiness to quit tobacco was 6 which indicates they often think about quitting but without any plans which was statistically significant (p<0.05).
 Conclusion: Prevalence of nicotine use and dependence was found high among people with depression. Use of standardized and translated screening tools can be used efficiently to evaluate the burden of nicotine use in standard clinical practice in low resource setting like Nepal.

Burden, prevention and control of tobacco consumption in Nepal: a narrative review of existing evidence.

Tobacco consumption is one of the major public health problems in the world. Annually, 27 100 premature deaths are attributed to tobacco-related diseases in Nepal. Despite enacting different policies and strategies, the prevalence of tobacco consumption is still high. This study aims to synthesize prevalence, factors associated with its consumption and the policy initiatives for prevention and control in Nepal. This review includes peer-reviewed studies retrieved from two databases (PubMed and EMBASE) and published from 2000 to 2018, and policy initiatives on tobacco prevention and regulations in Nepal. A total of 32 studies and 5 policy documents were reviewed. Findings suggest that tobacco consumption was higher among men, illiterates, older people, people living in rural and mountainous areas and those who initiated smoking as adolescents. Peer pressure and parental/family smoking were major contributing factors for tobacco initiation. Policy analysis showed that low excise tax, weak monitoring mechanisms, poor compliance to bans on the advertisement and promotion of tobacco, smoke-free zones and insufficient programs on tobacco cessation were the major factors behind weak implementation of tobacco-control policies. Hence, targeted and high-risk group tobacco-cessation interventions, increasing taxation and strict policy implementation are crucial for effective tobacco prevention and control in Nepal.

Behavioural risk factors in university students in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Abstract Background The changes generated in the studentś lifestyle due to the academic demands, may favour the prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases as well as compromise other domains of their life. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of behavioural risk factors in students of the Professional in Physical Activity and Sports program of a University in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods A cross-sectional study with a sample of 189 students was conducted. The students were surveyed with the first step of the STEPs questionnaire, which evaluates the behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases. A descriptive data analysis was performed, and Pearson tests were applied to determine the correlation between the analysed variables with a level of significance α = 0.05 using STATA 13.0. Results 80% of the participants were men. The age average was 22.7 ± 3.85 years. Regarding tobacco use, 10.1% of the participants were current smokers, while 30% smoked before. The majority of the participants (92.2%) have consumed alcohol within the past 12 months, while 69.8% consumed alcohol within the last month, with 8.7% of hazardous drinking. Concerning the diet, only 24.9% met the recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables per day. When assessing physical activity levels, only 6.3% were classified as physically inactive. Additionally, an average of 6 hours of sedentary behaviour was found, with 31.2% of excessive sedentary time. A weak correlation was found between age and academic cycle with the amount of physical activity at work (r = 0.24), (r = 0.18) and with sedentary time (r = -0.28), (-0, 32). Conclusions Although the prevalence of tobacco consumption was slightly higher than the national average, the students showed a lower prevalence of behavioural risk factors than the general population. However, it is necessary to promote strategies aimed at the control and prevention of these risk factors. Key messages Being a student of a program focused on physical activity and sport, can behave as a protective factor against the most prevalent risk factors in university life. It is necessary to implement more strategies centred on making students aware of the importance of the maintenance and improvement of their lifestyles in accordance with their professional profile.

The number of cancers attributable to tobacco by sex, in mainland Portugal, in 2008

Abstract Background In Portugal, cancer incidence increases annually about 3%. In 2016, cancer was the first cause of premature death, corresponding to 5 296.8 DALYs/100,000 inhabitants. The aim of this study is to estimate the number of cancers attributable to tobacco in mainland's Portugal by sex. Methods An observational, ecological, analytic study was performed. Data was collected by sex: tobacco consumption (current or past) in mainland Portugal resident population older than 20 years, in 1998; incidence of 12 types of cancer, by location: Esophagus (C15), Stomach (C16), Colon (C18), Rectum (C20), Liver (C22), Pancreas (C25), Larynx (C32), Lung (C34), Kidney (C64) and Bladder (C67), according to the ICD-10 classification, in 2008. The population attributable fraction (PAF), for each type of cancer, was calculated with Levin's formula. The confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. Results The prevalence of tobacco consumption in population between 20-79 years old was 33.41% (CI 95% 32.44-34.38) and 9.88% (CI 95% 9.29-10.54) for men and women, respectively. Higher values of PAF were estimated to lung cancer (76.32% in men, 46.99% in women) followed by larynx cancer (69.55% in men, 39.13% in women).The largest number of attributed cases was estimated for lung cancer (1211 in men, 368 in women) and bladder cancer (827 in men, 114 in women). Total cancers attributable to tobacco were superior in men (3776 vs. 677). Conclusions In 2008, 4453 of the total common cancers in both sexes could have been avoided if there was no tobacco consumption (current and past). More cancers would have been prevented in men because they smoked more, but also because in most cancers' RR is higher in men. Actually, tobacco consumption has been increasing in women, thus, it is expected that its number of avoided cancers will approximate the one in men. Campaigns with well-defined target populations are important to increase its health level. Key messages Tobacco is a modifiable risk factor which can be prevented; thus it is important to promote campaigns in order to prevent early consumption. Secondary data must be used to provide evidence that will help Public Health in taking better decisions regarding interventions.

Autoestima y consumo de tabaco en adolescentes de secundaria

Introducción: el abuso de sustancias psicoactivas, es hoy en día un problema de salud pública muy vinculado a la etapa de la adolescencia por no estar aun completamente definida la personalidad y autoestima. Objetivos: los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en adolescentes, identificar niveles de autoestima y la relación del nivel de autoestima con el consumo de tabaco. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, en una población de 900 adolescentes, muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia para una muestra final de 324 adolescentes de ambos sexos. Fueron utilizadas, la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y las prevalencias de consumo de tabaco global, lápsica, actual e instantánea. Resultados: la media de edad de los participantes fue de 13.3 años (DE = 0.99), el 54 % de los participantes correspondió al género femenino y el 46 % al masculino. La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco alguna vez en la vida fue del 9.6 %, mientras que en el último mes fue de 1.9 %. El 62.3 % de los adolescentes se ubicaron en el rango de autoestima alta; el porcentaje encontrado en los masculinos fue mayor (70.5 %), en comparación con el femenino (55.4 %). No se documentó relación significativa entre los niveles de autoestima y el consumo de tabaco (p > .05). Conclusiones: la prevalencia y la frecuencia en el consumo de tabaco reportada fue muy baja. Se identificó que el mayor porcentaje de los participantes en el estudio, mostraron niveles de autoestima alto.

A study to assess smoking habits and smoking exposure in sportspeople.

Tobacco smoking is a leading public health concern and is the most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sportspeople are no exception and those who smoke are predisposed to the same hazardous health effects as the general public, in addition to the potential effects it may have on their sporting performance. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of tobacco consumption in a sporting population. We also endeavoured to quantify the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and assess exposure to passive smoking. Observational study. A web-based e-questionnaire was distributed to participants from various sports across Ireland between November 2017 and January 2018, and data were analysed using SPSS. A total of 546 sportspeople completed the survey with more than twice as many male respondents. Of whom, 16% of participants were current smokers, with males significantly more likely to smoke (P < 0.001), 26% of rugby players were current smokers which was significantly higher when compared with other sports (P < 0.01), 10% of all participants were exposed to second-hand smoke for more than 1 h per day and 2% of all participants were current users of e-cigarettes. The prevalence of smoking in our study population was higher than other literature reports. Further studies are essential to evaluate the potential negative effects this may be having on sporting performance, career progression and indeed injury occurrence/rehabilitation. It is imperative to address the matter of smoking in athletes, not only for public health concerns but also considering they are important role models in our society.

An impact of reduction in point prevalence of tobacco use on cancer incidence- A challenge for global policy makers

Worldwide 8.2 million people die from cancer & 2/3rd of them are from LMIC. Tobacco-related cancer (TRCs) accounts a major share. In India, 45% of male's and 20% of female's cancer is due to tobacco use. Nearly half of all cancers in men occur at sites associated with tobacco use( Farhood and et al., 2018 Mar) .11 ObjectiveThis attempt to find out impact of tobacco prevalence on incidence rate of Tobacco related cancers across various states of India. This can help policy makers to understand and formulate control measures to curb the increasing trend of TRCs. MethodsAge standardised incidence rate of TRCs from Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study and tobacco prevalence from NFHS-4 data was observed. State-wise data harmonisation towards tobacco prevalence and cancer incidence was performed. ResultsReduction of tobacco consumption prevalence only 1% may decline incidence of lip, oral cavity and larynx cancer by 23.56 per 10 lac female populations and incidence of pharynx cancer by 25.31 per 10 lac male populations. ConclusionTobacco consumption contributes substantial AAR of TRCs among both sexes in most of the Indian states while, other factors need to be considered too. Hence, systematic, multi-sectorial coercive approach to curtail the burden related to TRCs is imperative.

Estimation of the Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption among Rural Women in South India using Mixed Methods Analysis.

Background:Tobacco consumption is a public health problem in Tamil Nadu.Objectives:The current study was done to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption among rural women and to identify the sociodemographic characteristics with high prevalence of tobacco consumption.Materials and Methods:It was a community-based cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among women ≥18 years of age. Mixed methods were employed to obtain the comprehensive picture about the substance use among women. Multistage random sampling method was used to interview 210 women using a semi-structured and pretested schedule. This was followed by key informant interviews, in which nine women were interviewed. Frequency distributions and Chi-square test were employed to study the association. In addition, manual content analysis was done to identify the reasons for the initiation of tobacco consumption and the measures to curb the practice.Results:The prevalence of tobacco consumption among the women was estimated as 15.2%. Women in the lower socioeconomic status group showed a higher prevalence of tobacco consumption than the middle and high socioeconomic status group. All 32 (100%) women were consuming tobacco products in the smokeless forms. Further, 28 (87.5%) women were not willing to quit tobacco consumption.Conclusion:The prevalence of tobacco consumption among the women was estimated to be above expectation of the national figures. Lower socioeconomic class and poor educational status were found to be major determinants for tobacco consumption among rural women.

In Amarpur village, Uttar Pradesh, India, May 2019: A cross-sectional study

Background: Globally, there are over 7 million deaths resulting from tobacco consumption with 1 million deaths in India per year, and among middle-income countries listed as the second major consumer of tobacco products. The prevalence of tobacco consumption according to the recent studies already done is dissimilar among gender, different age categories, religion, urban and rural areas. The study purpose was to assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption among rural men. Methodology: Community-based cross-sectional study conducted from December 2018 to May 2019 in Amarpur village, Uttar Pradesh, India. There were 244 men in the age group of 15–54 years old, selected for the survey. Purposive sampling technique was used for taking sample and SPSS 16 software for statistics analysis. Results: The prevalence of smoked and smokeless tobacco was 36.1% and 42.6%. The most prevalent form of tobacco among smoked form was bidi and hookah, while among smokeless forms were gutka with paan. Among the smokers, 69.3% were willing to quit smoking on smokeless consumers and 78.8% were willing to stop tobacco consumption at some point. Age, marital status, education, and the number of children were associated with tobacco smoker and chewer. Tobacco was highest 38 (48%) among 25–34 years of age for tobacco smoker with P = 0.002, and tobacco chewer highest among 35–44 years which was 34 (61.8%) with P = 0.000. About one-third of the patients do not know that tobacco intake has ill effect on their health; the most common influencing factors for tobacco use were for enjoyment and stress. Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco consumption was high in this community. Urgent awareness and increased literacy needed to improve knowledge on the effect of smoking in the rural area. Through the development of effective health education and multi-factorial quitting strategies to help those who are willing to quit tobacco.

Prevalence, knowledge, attitude and nicotine dependence among ESI-insured populations of Delhi NCR region: Institutional study.

Aim:To assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption among the ESI-insured patients. The study also assessed the knowledge, practice, and attitude among industrial workers as well as nicotine dependence with different forms of tobacco products consumed.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among industrial workers from various industries (small and large scale) insured under the employee state insurance corporation scheme. The study was conducted for 3 months included 500 workers of which 470 were males and 30 were females. A predesigned, pretested, and structured interviewed administered questionnaire was used to collect the data on sociodemographic factors, reasons for tobacco consumed, and level of dependencies among industrial workers. Questionnaire also included questions related to awareness regarding health hazards and lesion present in the oral cavity as a result of tobacco consumption. Fegarstrom scale was used to access nicotine dependency level. A Hindi translated version of Fegarstrom test for Nicotine dependence in the questionnaire was used which included six standard questions for both smokeless and smoked form.Result:Majority of both males and females consumed tobacco in smokeless (58.8%) form. Out of which 92.85% in males and 7.15% in females followed by the smoke (28.8%) form. 93.04% in males and (7%) in females (79.86%) of the tobacco users in our study were aware that consuming tobacco causes health related problems. 38.6% of the users have moderate dependency in both smoke and smokeless form. Seventy six percent of the consumers feel that they didn't have any changes in the mouth by consuming tobacco and thus never thought of quitting tobacco.Conclusion:Tobacco consumption among the ESI-insured patients is high. Execution of tobacco cessation programs are required to curb this trend.

Decision-making process for tobacco consumption by undergraduate tobacco consumers in select colleges in Mizoram

High prevalence of tobacco consumption is a major public health challenge in the state of Mizoram. The undergraduate students in Mizoram are vulnerable to tobacco consumption and its related harmful consequences. The objective of the study is to understand the specific decision-making process adopted for tobacco consumption by undergraduate students in Mizoram. The study incorporated information obtained by analysing primary data collected from a selected sample of undergraduate students from two colleges in Mizoram. The decision-making process for tobacco consumption has been explained using relevant theoretical models in consumer behaviour. The tobacco consumption decision-making process highlights the roles of external influences like tobacco marketing and socio-cultural environment, psychological factors and experiences regarding decision-making and post-purchase behaviour of the respondents. It has been also explained how general positive attitudes and subjective norms towards tobacco consumption leads to positive intentions and subsequently manifested in the form of tobacco consumption by the respondents. The specific knowledge about this consumer decision-making process is helpful for understanding the determinants for tobacco consumption and its evaluation by undergraduate tobacco consumers and can be utilized to improve social marketing strategies for targeted tobacco control measures in Mizoram.

Social factors associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption in Mexican adolescents from populations under 100 000 inhabitants.

To evaluate the social factors associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption in Mexican adolescents from populations under 100 000 inhabitants. Cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut100k). It included adolescents between 10-19 years. Adjusted logistic regression models were estimated, obtaining Odds Ratio (OR) and confidence intervals 95% (CI95%). Prevalence of tobacco consumption in the last month was 5.5% (10-14 years= 1.0%, 15-19 years= 11.2%); alcohol consumption 9.3%, and excessive alcohol consumption, 2.8%. Associated factors: smoking, sex (male, OR=6.00, CI95%: 2.89-12.46), age (OR=1.73, CI95%: 1.46-2.04), remunerated work (OR=2.87, CI95%: 1.12-7.34), affiliation to health services (OR=0.26, CI95%: 0.08-0.82); alcohol consumption, (male, OR=5.11, CI95%: 2.38-11.00), age (OR=1.70, CI95%: 1.51-1.92), remunerated work (OR=2.51, CI95%: 1.01-6.24). To reduce the consumption of alcohol and tobacco in adolescents, comprehensive prevention strategies must be implemented that consider the individual and social context.

National prevalence, perceptions, and determinants of tobacco consumption in Saudi Arabia

Introduction &#x0D; Tobacco use has been associated with many health risks that can lead to premature death. This study aims to assess the national prevalence of tobacco consumption and the associated determinants in Saudi Arabia. &#x0D; Methods &#x0D; The study involved a cross-sectional national survey of 5175 individuals conducted across the 13 official regions of Saudi Arabia. The sample included individuals aged 18 years and above from both genders recruited using a quota sampling technique. Data collection was carried out between September 2018 and May 2019 through Web-based computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATIs). Participants were asked to report their current consumption of tobacco products including cigarettes, shisha (waterpipe), smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, and electronic cigarettes/vaping. Knowledge of specific health risks associated with smoking and public perceptions of the smoking phenomenon were also assessed among never smokers, smokers, and former smokers.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results &#x0D; The national prevalence of tobacco consumption was 24.02% (1120/5175). Cigarettes were the most prevalent tobacco product consumed (16.18%; 95% CI: 14.5881–17.7663), and daily cigarette smoking prevalence was the highest (14.12%; 95% CI: 12.6433–15.5924). Shisha smoking prevalence was 8.12% (95% CI: 6.8054–9.4352). E-cigarette use prevalence was 2.22% (95% CI: 1.5770–2.8711). The most common tobacco product used among males was cigarettes (15.13%; 95% CI: 13.58–16.67), while shisha was commonly used among females (1.57%; 95% CI: 1.11–2.04). Cigarette smoking prevalence was the highest in the Aljawf region (21.12%; 95% CI: 17.07–25.18), shisha smoking prevalence was the highest in the Makkah region (12.41%; 95% CI: 8.64–16.17), whereas smokeless tobacco use was prevalent in the Najran region (4.75%; 95% CI: 2.81–6.70). Males (AOR: 8.17; 95% CI: 5.98–11.71; P &lt; 0.0001), young adults below 45 years of age (AOR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.50–2.98; P &lt; 0.0001), and those with below a bachelor’s degree (AOR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.01–1.77; P = 0.0396) were more likely to consume tobacco compared with others. The population mean knowledge scores of health risks associated with smoking among smokers was 1.91 ± 1.72 (Range: 0–10), with the highest knowledge scores (2.16 ± 1.68) among former smokers. Only 46.53% (95% CI: 44.30–48.75) of the population are bothered “to very large extent” by smoking health consequences.&#x0D; Conclusions &#x0D; Tobacco consumption is prevalent in Saudi Arabia. Different forms of tobacco use were reported, and the most common was cigarettes, followed by shisha and then electronic cigarettes. Tobacco use remains one of the major threats to the health of the population in Saudi Arabia.

Tobacco use among health care workers of tertiary care center of Faridabad, Haryana, India

BackgroundAssociated health risks and increasing mortality with tobacco consumption has been increasing. If people involved in health care of the community practice the same it may further increase the magnitude of problem. ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence and reasons of tobacco consumption among health care workers (housekeeping staff and nursing orderlies) of a tertiary care center in Haryana, India. MethodsIt was a fully mixed concurrent dominant status design with dominant quantitative part where cross sectional design was used. The qualitative component used phenomenology. All the housekeeping staff and nursing orderlies working (306 total) at a tertiary care center, Faridabad were recruited in the study. In depth interview was conducted on twenty workers (12 housekeeping staff and 8 nursing). ResultsOverall prevalence of tobacco consumption was 43.4%. Among tobacco users, smokeless tobacco was used by more than half of housekeeping staff (53.2%). Nursing orderly preferred smoked form i.e. cigarette (41%). Participants discussed social and cultural conditions in Haryana under which smoking hookah are practiced and maintained. Smoking as a means of socializing and relaxation were consistently discussed as the main reasons for continued use in everyday lives. Working condition was a compelling factor for housekeeping staff leading to its continuous use to carry on the current job. ConclusionTobacco consumption among health workers is higher as compared to general population. Appreciating their diverse representations their attitudes towards health and anti-tobacco measures; would increase acceptance of policies and probability that can lead to positive outcomes.

Comparison of prevalence of life style risk factors and 10 year risk of CVD event among rural and tribal population of Kollegal Taluk, Chamrajanagar district, South India

ContextCardiovascular diseases have been recognized as leading cause of death. Three-fourths of CVD deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Surveillance of CVD risk factors is a key strategy for effective CVD prevention. Aims: To identify the extent of CVD risk factors and 10 year risk of developing Cardiovascular Disease events among rural and tribal population. Subjects and methods: This community based cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 482 rural and 415 tribal subjects aged above 30 years from Kollegal taluk, Chamrajanagar, Karnataka, India. Tobacco and alcohol consumption, BMI, blood pressure and capillary blood glucose were estimated. WHO/ISH risk prediction chart was used to predict 10 year risk of MI/stroke. ResultsTobacco consumption was 15.4% (rural) and 90.8% (tribal). Alcohol consumption was 10.8% (rural) and 21.9% (tribal), Obesity was 40.2% (rural) and 14.0% (tribal). Prevalence of Hypertension was 49.8% (rural) and 32.2% (Tribal) and diabetes 8.3% (rural) and 2.9% (tribal). Nearly one fourth of the population are at moderate risk (10–30%) and one tenth are at high risk (30%) of MI/Stroke within 10 years. ConclusionsHigh prevalence of tobacco consumption among tribal and high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among rural predisposes 10% of population to moderate to high risk of stroke/MI within 10 years.

The Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption Among Women in Târgu Mureş and Associations with Socio-Demographic and Cultural Factors

Abstract The habit of smoking is one of the most dangerous long-term behaviors affecting the health of a population, especially for young women, who will become the mothers to give birth to the future generations. In order to identify the prevalence of smoking among young women in Târgu Mureş, as well as other lifestyle-related risk factors, in this cross-sectional study we used a questionnaire to assess lifestyle among 964 women aged 15 to 49 years. The results showed that almost half of the interviewed women declared being smokers. The highest prevalence was found to be associated with the 21 to 30 year age group, no high-school education, non-Romanian ethnics, showing no interest for a healthy lifestyle, low resistance to stress and lack of proper rest and relaxation. This increased prevalence of smoking among women of childbearing age was identified alongside a low willingness for smoking cessation.

Trends of Tobacco Consumption Among Women Admitted to and Visiting the Psychiatric Inpatient Unit of a Tertiary Care Center in Mumbai: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To gain insight into the current prevalence of tobacco consumption in various forms among female psychiatric inpatients and their visiting female relatives in Mumbai, India. In this cross-sectional study, survey questionnaires were administered to 127 female inpatients and 110 of their visiting female relatives from July to October 2016. A total of 100 patients and 108 of their relatives completed responses. Additionally, a modified version of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was incorporated into the survey to assess the level of nicotine dependence, with higher scores corresponding to higher levels of dependence. The rates of tobacco use were higher in the patients than in their relatives (χ² = 12.13, P = .0003). Patients had shorter periods of abstinence and lower World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment parameters. This study sheds light on certain data that may be utilized for future health programs and in the development of treatment plans for women with mental illness.​​.

Assessment of prevalence and knowledge, attitude and practice of tobacco consumption among school going adolescent boys in urban field practice area of medical college: a cross-sectional study

Background: Tobacco abuse is one of the biggest curses that modern society has come across. It is not confined to any one country or region alone, but has widely afflicted the globe. The most susceptible time for initiating use of tobacco in India is adolescence and early adulthood, ages 15-24 years while some start as young as 10 years.Approximately 55,500 adolescent start using tobacco every day in India, joining the 7.7 million young people under the age of 15 who already use tobacco on a regular basis.Methods: It is a community based cross-sectional study conducted among school going adolescent boys of urban field practice area of medical college during July to September 2017. Data was collected through pretested semi-structured self -administered questionnaire given to students by the investigators. Data collected were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 17 software.Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco was 17.5% among school going adolescent boys in urban field practice area. In the present study it was observed that 174 (95.1%) adolescent boys had knowledge regarding hazards of tobacco. 110 adolescents (60.1%) had knowledge that passive smoking was harmful.Conclusions: The study suggests that the prevalence of tobacco consumption was high among school going adolescent boys in urban field practice area of medical college. The knowledge of students regarding harmful effects of tobacco was not adequate. Attitude and practice regarding tobacco consumption is also not satisfactory.

Attitudes towards anti-smoking legislation and prevalence of tobacco consumption in Spanish primary healthcare personnel.

INTRODUCTIONOur aim was to ascertain how the anti-smoking legislation of 2005/2010 has affected the behavior of primary healthcare center (PHC) personnel (medical and nonmedical) with respect to their attitudes towards tobacco, its consumption and the legislative changes.METHODSWe conducted a multi-center descriptive study of a randomized conglomerate sample of PHC personnel from each Autonomous Community in Spain. The questionnaire covered tobacco consumption, and knowledge/attitudes towards smoking and legislation. The statistical analysis used SPSS software.RESULTSThe sample consisted of 2040 PHC employees (1578 women, 77.4%). Never smokers, ex-smokers, and smokers represented 46.7%, 37.8%, and 15.5% of the sample, respectively. Tobacco prevalence amongst physicians and nurses was 12.3%. Following the introduction of the antismoking legislation, a decrease in consumption was observed. Most of the participants considered that tobacco consumption affected health, was an addictive illness, and passive smoking had an impact on the health of non-smokers. Whilst 91.6% agreed with the current legislation, only 25% felt that it encouraged cessation.CONCLUSIONSSpanish primary healthcare professionals have a relatively low prevalence of smoking compared to the general population. It is necessary to implement more legislative measures to improve and maintain this outcome.

Addressing the disease burden of asthma and chronic bronchitis due to tobacco consumption: a study of Kanpur, India

There is a well-established association between tobacco consumption with asthma and chronic bronchitis (CB). This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of tobacco consumption and its association with asthma and CB in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. A cross-sectional household survey of 573 males was conducted during January–June 2015 in the Jajmau area of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The questionnaire was designed to collect information on self-reported symptoms pertaining to asthma and CB, which were considered as response variables for the study. More than one-third of the respondents (36%) smoked tobacco and 44% consumed smokeless tobacco. Men who were aged 35 years and above were more prone to CB, with odds ratios (ORs) of 2.08 in model 1 and 1.84 in model 2. The prevalence of CB is higher among those from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (12.4%). People consuming any form of tobacco are more likely to get CB (OR = 5.22) than their counterparts who do not consume tobacco. The chances of getting asthma was higher among those who consumed any form of smokeless tobacco (OR = 1.34) and those who consume any form of tobacco (OR = 2.30) in model 2. Our study found a significant association between tobacco consumption (smoking and use of smokeless tobacco) with asthma and CB and the predictors that affect the pattern of tobacco consumption, such as respondents’ age, education level, caste, level of exposure to the media, and standard of living index.